Effects of a selective endothelin a receptor antagonist on the expressions of iNOS and eNOS in the heart of early streptozotocin-induced diabetic rats

Vascular tone is regulated through the actions of locally produced agents. Among the vasoconstrictors, the most potent agent is endothelin (ET), which exerts its vasoconstrictor actions principally through ET type A (ET(A)) receptors. Of the vasodilators, nitric oxide (NO) seems to be the most important contributor to the acute regulation of vascular tone. Vasculopathy is an important feature of diabetes mellitus (DM). Endogenous ET-mediated vasoconstrictor tone is augmented in diabetic states, and conflicting results persist concerning the NO system in diabetes. The present study investigated the expressions of inducible NO synthases (iNOS) and endothelial NOS (eNOS) in the heart of diabetic animals and the effects of a selective ET(A) receptor antagonist on these alterations. Type I diabetes was induced by intraperitoneal injection of streptozotocin (65 mg/kg) in Sprague-Dawley rats, while control (Con) rats received only citrate buffer. After 1 week, the streptozotocin-administered rats were randomly divided into two groups: the selective ET(A) receptor antagonist-administered group (DM+TA-0201, 1 mg/kg/day, by osmotic minipump for 2 weeks) and the DM+vehicle group (comprising the diabetic rats that received saline). The random blood glucose level was 405 +/- 103 mg/dl in DM animals, and this level was unchanged by ET antagonism. Body weight was more greatly decreased in DM rats than in Con rats, but the left ventricle to body weight ratio was increased in the DM group and was unaffected by ET antagonism. Protein expressions of eNOS and iNOS were assessed in the left ventricular tissues. eNOS expression was significantly increased in DM heart and was greatly inhibited by the treatment with ET antagonist. The expression of iNOS was also increased in early DM heart but was reversed by the ET antagonist. Thus, endothelin antagonism might be beneficial for DM heart by reversing the upregulated eNOS and iNOS expressions.     

硫化氢对1型糖尿病大鼠肾脏的保护作用

目的：观察硫化氢（H₂S）对1型糖尿病大鼠肾脏的保护作用及其机制。方法：32只雄性SD大鼠随机分为4组：正常对照（NC）组、糖尿病（DM）组、糖尿病治疗（NaHS+DM）组和NaHS对照（NaHS）组（n=8）。DM组和NaHS+DM组大鼠采用链脲佐菌素（STZ）55 mg/kg腹腔注射诱导1型糖尿病模型。造模成功后,NaHS+DM组和NaHS组采用腹腔注射NaHS溶液56 μmol/kg干预治疗。8周后,测定大鼠24 h尿蛋白含量、肾重指数、空腹血糖、尿素氮、肌酐等指标;HE染色观察肾脏组织形态学变化;测定肾脏组织脂质过氧化物丙二醛（MDA）含量、超氧化物歧化酶（SOD）和Caspase-3的活性;Western blot检测肾脏组织Bcl-2和Bax蛋白表达。结果：与NC组相比,NaHS组各项指标均无显著差异,DM组,24 h尿蛋白含量、肾重指数、空腹血糖、尿素氮和肌酐水平均明显升高;HE染色结果显示肾小球基底膜增厚、系膜基质增多;MDA含量、Caspase-3活性和Bax蛋白表达明显增高;SOD活性和Bcl-2蛋白表达显著降低。与DM组相比,NaHS+DM组肾功能损伤明显减轻,肾脏组织形态学变化明显改善,MDA含量、Caspase-3活性和Bax蛋白表达明显下降,SOD活性和Bcl-2蛋白表达显著增高。结论：H₂S对1型糖尿病大鼠肾脏具有保护作用,其机制可能与抑制氧化应激和细胞凋亡有关。     

苯那普利对糖尿病大鼠肾小球MMP-9影响的实验研究

目的探讨苯那普利对糖尿病大鼠肾小球基质金属蛋白酶-9（MMP-9）表达的影响。方法将雄性SD大鼠30只,随机抽出10只动物作为正常对照组（C组）,其余20只采用腹腔注射STZ制备糖尿病大鼠模型。将这20只造模成功的糖尿病大鼠模型随机分为2组：糖尿病组（DM组）和药物处理组（DB组）。其中药物处理组即DB组大鼠每天应用苯那普利进行治疗性灌胃,C组和DM组用等量自来水灌胃。分别于治疗4、8周后,测定皿糖和内生肌苷清除率,用代谢笼收集24h尿量。利用免疫组织化学染色及图像分析方法,对MMP-9在肾组织不同时间点的含量变化进行定性分析。结果苯那普利治疗组血糖水平和内生肌苷清除率明显降低,与糖尿病模型组相比有显著性差异。免疫组织化学染色显示：MMP-9在正常肾小球有阳性表达;DM组大鼠病程第8周时,MMP-9在肾小球表达明显减弱;DB组大鼠病程第8周时,经苯那普利治疗后,与同期糖尿病组比较表达明显上调。图像分析方法定量分析免疫组织化学染色阳性面积百分比,苯那普利治疗后第4周和第8周糖尿病肾病的大鼠肾小球MMP-9的阳性面积百分比分别为25．55％±3．44％和20．10％±2．11％,与糖尿病组对比有明显的提高（P〈0．01）。结论MMP-9在糖尿病肾小球中的表达随病程进展逐渐减弱,苯那普利可能部分通过上调MMP-9在肾小球中的表达起到保护肾脏的作用。     

GABA in the endocrine pancreas: cellular localization and function in normal and diabetic rats

Gamma amino butyric acid (GABA) and its related enzymes have been demonstrated in pancreatic beta cells of normal rat. Antibodies against GABA-synthesizing enzymes have been implicated in the pathogenesis of Type I diabetes. In spite of the importance of GABA in the aetiology of diabetes mellitus, detailed morphological data on the pattern of distribution of GABA in the pancreas of normal and diabetic rats are lacking. Diabetes mellitus (DM) was induced by a single dose of streptozotocin (STZ) given intraperitoneally (60 mg kg body weight(-1)). Four weeks after the induction of DM, normal (n = 6) and diabetic (n = 6) rats were anesthetized with chloral hydrate and their pancreata were removed and processed for the localization and effect of GABA on insulin secretion using immunohistochemistry and radioimmunoassay techniques. The number of GABA-like immunoreactive (GABA-LIR) cells in the pancreatic islets of STZ-diabetic rats decreased significantly (P<0.0001) when compared to non-diabetic control rats. The pattern and percentage distribution of GABA in the islet of Langerhans of normal and diabetic rat was similar to that of insulin. GABA induced a significant (P<0.0007) increase in insulin secretion from the pancreas of normal rats. In diabetic pancreas, GABA evoked a higher but not significant (P<0.1) increase in insulin secretion. These findings showed that the number of GABA-LIR cells is reduced significantly in diabetes. Moreover, GABA is a strong secretagogue of insulin from the pancreas of normal rat.     

低浓度乙醇对糖尿病大鼠心肌损伤后线粒体融合素2表达的影响

目的：探讨低浓度乙醇对糖尿病大鼠心肌损伤后线粒体融合素2（mfn2）表达的影响。方法：糖尿病大鼠模型采用链脲佐菌素55 mg/kg腹腔注射,分为正常对照组（Control组）,糖尿病组（DM组）和糖尿病+乙醇组（DM+EtOH组）（n=6）;糖尿病+乙醇组于造模成功1周后给予2.5%乙醇日常饮用,1周后改为5%的乙醇持续至8周,8周后行离体心脏灌流,测定心室血流动力学指标,应用自动生化分析仪测定血清乳酸脱氢酶（LDH）和天门冬氨酸转移酶（AST）的水平。Western blot测定左心室组织线粒体融合素2（mfn2）蛋白表达,免疫组化测定心肌组织mfn2蛋白表达。结果：与control组大鼠心肌相比,DM组大鼠心率、左室发展压、左室做功下降,左室舒张末压抬高,血清LDH及AST升高明显,心室mfn2蛋白表达降低;与DM组大鼠心肌相比,DM+EtOH组明显促进心率、左室发展压、左室做功的恢复,降低左室舒张末压,同时降低LDH的水平和AST的释放,mfn2的蛋白表达增高。结论：糖尿病大鼠心肌损伤时,心肌mfn2表达降低;低浓度乙醇增强mfn2在心肌组织中的表达,提示mfn2的增加可能参与低浓度乙醇对糖尿病诱发的心肌损伤的保护作用。     

枸杞多糖对糖尿病大鼠视网膜神经元的保护作用及其机制

目的:观察枸杞多糖(LBP)对糖尿病大鼠视网膜神经细胞的保护作用,并探讨其作用机制。方法:18只SD大鼠随机分为3组(n=6):正常对照组(NC),糖尿病模型组(DM)和LBP治疗组(DM+LBP),通过一次性腹腔注射链脲佐菌素(STZ)的方法制备糖尿病大鼠模型。DM+LBP组按1 mg/(kg·d)剂量的LBP灌胃12周。治疗结束后检测大鼠体重、空腹血糖、视网膜活性氧簇(ROS)的生成、视网膜神经节细胞(RGCs)和无长突细胞的表达、视网膜NF-E2相关因子2(Nrf2)和血红素加氧酶-1(HO-1)的蛋白表达。结果:STZ诱导糖尿病大鼠模型造模成功率100%。与NC组相比,DM组大鼠体重明显降低、空腹血糖值升高、ROS的生成明显增加、RGCs和无长突细胞的数量均明显减少(P<0.01)。与DM组相比,LBP治疗组大鼠体重升高、血糖降低、ROS的生成减少、RGCs和无长突细胞的数量均明显增加(P<0.01或P<0.05);视网膜Nrf2和HO-1的蛋白表达均明显升高(P<0.01)。结论:LBP能改善糖尿病大鼠视网膜的氧化应激状态,对糖尿病大鼠视网膜神经细胞有一定的保护效应,其作用机制可能与其激活Nrf2/HO-1信号通路有关。     

Upregulation of small GTPase RhoA in the basilar artery from diabetic (mellitus) rats

The goal of this study was to determine whether RhoA, a small GTPase, might be involved in the development of cerebral pathogenesis in diabetes. Male SD rats (n = 120) were divided into six groups: diabetic for 2, 4, 8 weeks, and an age-matched control group. Diabetes was induced by intravenous injection of streptozotocin (50 mg/kg). RhoA mRNA expression in basilar artery was measured by competitive RT-PCR. RhoA mRNA level was significantly increased in 4 weeks (184.1 +/- 28.5%, n = 7) and 8 weeks (218.7 +/- 24.5%, n = 7) after STZ injection compared to the age matched control basilar arteries (P < 0.05). Western blot was used to measure the membrane binding RhoA level to represent the activity of RhoA. We found that RhoA activity was strikingly increased in the diabetic basilar artery (n = 10 in each groups) compared to control basilar artery after STZ injection. Our data demonstrated that there was an upregulation of RhoA in the basilar artery of STZ induced diabetic rats, suggesting that RhoA might be involved in the cerebral vascular pathogenesis during diabetes mellitus.     

Adrenalectomy Blocks the Compensatory Increases in UT-A1 and AQP2 in Diabetic Rat Kidney

In normal rats we showed that glucocorticoids participate in the downregulation of UT-A1 protein abundance in the inner medullary tip and in lowering of basal and vasopressin-stimulated facilitated urea permeability in terminal IMCDs. To examine the relevance of this response to a rat model of human disease, we studied rats with uncontrolled diabetes mellitus (DM) induced by streptozotocin (STZ), since these rats have increased corticosterone production and urea excretion. We found that at 3 days of DM, UT-A1 protein abundance is downregulated in the inner medullary tip compared to pair-fed control rats, while DM for more than 7 days caused an increase in UT-A1. To test whether adrenal steroids could be a mechanism contributing to the latter increase, we studied adrenalectomized rats (ADX), ADX rats given STZ to induce diabetes (ADX + STZ), and ADX + STZ rats receiving exogenous aldosterone or dexamethasone. In contrast to control rats, UT-A1 protein abundance was not increased by prolonged DM in the ADX rats. Aquaporin 2 (AQP2) was not increased in the inner medullas of 10-day DM rats either. However, UT-A1 protein abundance was significantly reduced in the inner medullary tips from both diabetic aldosterone-treated (40 ± 2%) and dexamethasone-treated (43 ± 2%) ADX rats compared to diabetic ADX rats without steroid replacement. AQP2 was unaffected by steroid hormone treatments. Thus, both mineralocorticoids and glucocorticoids downregulate UT-A1 protein abundance in rats with uncontrolled diabetes mellitus for 10 days. These results suggest that: 1) the increase in UT-A1 observed in DM is dependent upon having adrenal steroids present; and 2) adrenal steroids are not sufficient to enable the compensatory rise in UT-A1 to a steroid-deficient diabetic animal.     

辛伐他汀对糖尿病大鼠肾脏的保护作用及其可能机制

目的：观察辛伐他汀对糖尿病大鼠肾脏损伤的保护作用并探讨其可能的分子机制。方法：24只SD大鼠随机分为正常对照（NC,n=8）组和糖尿病造模组（n=16）。糖尿病造模组大鼠采用55 mg/kg链脲佐菌素（STZ）单次腹腔注射的方法建立糖尿病大鼠模型。造模成功后,糖尿病模型大鼠随机分为糖尿病（DM）组和糖尿病+辛伐他汀（DM+Sim）组。DM+Sim组大鼠每天给予辛伐他汀40 mg/kg灌胃,1次/日,连续4周。采用组织病理学方法观察肾脏的形态学改变和间质纤维化;采用分子生物学方法检测肾脏组织中内质网应激、炎性因子的表达以及细胞凋亡。结果：①与NC组相比,DM组可见肾小球和肾小管间质有明显的病理学改变,胶原纤维明显红染,呈不均匀分布;DM+Sim组形态学以及纤维化有明显改善。②DM组大鼠肾组织GRP78、p-IRE1α、NF-κB p65、MCP-1表达均高于NC组（P<0.05）,DM+Sim组GRP78、p-IRE1α、NF-κB p65、MCP-1表达较DM组均下降（P<0.05）。③TUNEL法检测,NC组肾小球及肾小管存在少量凋亡的细胞,DM组肾小球及肾小管存在大量凋亡的细胞（P<0.01）;与DM组比较,DM+Sim组凋亡的细胞明显减少（P<0.01）。结论：给予糖尿病大鼠辛伐他汀后,肾脏形态学以及纤维化明显改善,细胞凋亡明显减少。其对糖尿病肾脏的保护作用与抑制内质网应激和NF-κB炎症信号通路及减少肾脏细胞的凋亡有关。     

Changes in the expression levels of CB1 and GLP‐1R mRNAs and microRNAs 33a and 122 in the liver of type 2 diabetic rats treated with ghrelin

The aim of the study is to clarify the effect of ghrelin treatment on the messenger RNA (mRNA) expression of the cannabinoid receptor 1 (Cnr1/CB1) and glucagon‐like peptide 1 receptor (Glp1r/GLP‐1R) as well as microRNAs (miR)‐122 and miR‐33a in the liver of rats with type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM). Adult Sprague‐Dawley rats were divided into three groups: control (n = 7), T2DM (n = 7), and treatment (n = 7). Control animals received tap water. T2DM was induced by feeding 10% fructose in drinking water for 2 weeks followed by a single injection of streptozotocin (40 mg/kg, intraperitoneally [IP]). In the treatment group, diabetic rats were injected ghrelin (25 μg/kg, IP) for 14 days. Serum lipid profiles were evaluated, and mRNA expression levels of Cnr1 and Glp1r in the liver were detected using quantitative real‐time polymerase chain reaction (RT‐qPCR). In addition, miR‐122 and miR‐33a levels were measured using RT‐qPCR. Serum triglycerides, low‐density lipoprotein cholesterol, and very‐low‐density lipoprotein cholesterol significantly increased in the T2DM group compared with control rats but ghrelin treatment showed no effect on serum lipid levels. The mRNA expression levels of Cnr1 and Glp1r decreased in the T2DM group compared with the control group. These reductions were significantly increased in the T2DM group treated with ghrelin. Furthermore, the increase in miR‐33a expression level was reduced in the treatment group compared to rats with T2DM. Our findings suggested that ghrelin treatment may alter the mRNA expression levels of CB1 and GLP‐1R in the liver of rats with T2DM. The mRNA levels of Cnr1 and Glp1r may inversely correlate with the expression level of miR‐33a but not miR‐122.     

Neuroprotection of aucubin in primary diabetic encephalopathy

Hippocampal neuronal apoptosis accompanied by impairment of cognitive function occurs in primary diabetic encephalopathy. In this study, we investigated the neuroprotective mechanism of the iridoid glycoside, aucubin, using rats (n=8). Diabetes mellitus was induced in the rats by intraperitoneal (i.p.) injection of streptozotocin (60 mg/kg body weight). After 65 d, half of the DM rats were administered aucubin (5 mg/kg; i.p.) for 15 d, yielding treatment DM A. A third group of rats received no strepto- zotocin or aucibin, and served as controls (CON). Encephalopathy was assessed using Y-maze be- havioral testing. Rats were euthanized on Day 87, and hippocampi were excised for visual (light and transmission electron microscopic) and immunochemical (Western blot; immunohistochemical) as- sessments of the CA1 subfield for apoptosis and expression of regulatory proteins Bcl-2 and Bax. Treatment responses to all the parameters examined (body weight, plasma glucose, Y-maze error rates, pyramidal cell ultrastructure, proportions of apoptotic cells, levels of expression of Bcl-2 and Bax, and survivability of neuronal cells) were identical: there were highly significant differences between DM and CON groups (P<0.001), but the effects were significantly moderated (P<0.01) in DM A compared with DM. These findings confirm the association of apoptosis with the encephalopathic effects of diabetes mellitus, and suggest a major role of the expression levels of Bcl-2 and Bax in the regulation of apop- totic cell death. All of the results suggest that aucubin could effectively inhibit apoptosis by modulating the expressions of Bcl-2 and Bax genes.     

Differential effects of selective endothelin type a receptor antagonist on the gene expression of vascular endothelial growth factor and its receptors in streptozotocin-induced diabetic heart

Cardiovascular complications are an important feature of diabetes mellitus (DM). Abnormal and decreased coronary collateral development has been implicated in the pathogenesis of cardiac complications in DM. More recently, decreased expression of vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) and its receptors has been found in diabetic heart. To our knowledge, no study has focused on the therapeutic improvement associated with VEGF in diabetic heart. DM was induced by intraperitoneal injection of streptozotocin (65 mg/kg) in Sprague-Dawley rats, while control rats received only citrate buffer. After 1 week, the streptozotocin-treated rats were randomly divided into two groups: one group received the selective endothelin (ET) type A receptor antagonist TA-0201 at a dose of 1 mg/kg/day for 2 weeks by osmotic mini-pump, and the vehicle group received saline only. The plasma glucose level was 504 +/- 75 mg/dl in the diabetic rats and was unchanged by treatment with ET antagonist. The body weight was decreased in the diabetic rats compared with the control rats, but the left ventricular (LV)-body weight ratio was increased in the diabetic group and was unaffected by treatment with ET antagonist. mRNA expression of VEGF and its receptors (Flt-1 and Flk-1) in the LV tissues was assessed using real-time polymerase chain reaction. VEGF expression was significantly decreased in diabetic heart and was greatly improved by treatment with ET antagonist. The expression of VEGF receptors was down-regulated in early diabetic heart but was not recovered by treatment with ET antagonist. ET and its receptor A might have differential regulation on the gene expressions of VEGF and its receptors in early diabetic heart.     

有氧运动联合褪黑素对Ⅱ型糖尿病大鼠骨质疏松的影响

目的：观察有氧运动和褪黑素对Ⅱ型糖尿病大鼠骨质疏松的影响。方法：6周龄的成年雌性SD大鼠60只,随机分为安静对照组（N组）10只和Ⅱ型糖尿病模型组50只,N组大鼠不加任何干预,Ⅱ型糖尿病模型组大鼠一次性腹腔注射35 mg/kg链脲佐菌素（STZ）,1周后检测大鼠血糖大于16.7 mmol/L为Ⅱ型糖尿病造模成功,将40只成模大鼠随机分为糖尿病对照组（D）、糖尿病+有氧运动组（DE）、糖尿病+褪黑素组（DM）、糖尿病+有氧运动+褪黑素组（DEM）,每组10只;DE组和DEM组大鼠采用20 min的递增负荷的方式进行跑台有氧运动,训练持续6周,DM组和DEM组大鼠每天灌胃40 mg/kg褪黑素,观察各组大鼠体重、脊椎骨以及左右股骨骨密度（BMD）、观察大鼠血糖、血清丙二醛（MDA）、超氧化物歧化酶（SOD）、谷胱甘肽过氧化物酶（GSH-Px）、血清总钙（Ca）、无机磷（P）和甲状旁腺素（PTH）的变化。结果：与N组相比,D组大鼠体重、血清SOD、GSH-Px水平、血Ca、腰椎和左右股骨BMD显著降低（P < 0.05,P < 0.01）,血糖、血清MDA和血PTH水平显著升高（P < 0.01）,血P无明显变化（P > 0.05）;与D组比较,DE组、DM组大鼠大鼠体重、血清SOD、GSH-Px水平、血Ca、腰椎和左右股骨BMD显著升高（P < 0.05,P <0.01）,血糖、血清MDA和血PTH水平显著降低（P < 0.05,P < 0.01）,血P无明显变化（P > 0.05）,有氧运动和褪黑素同时干预效果更好。结论：有氧运动和褪黑素均能改善糖尿病骨质疏松,且两者联合干预的效果更加显著,其可能与通过提高糖尿病大鼠的抗氧化应激能力,调节糖的代谢从而有效地降低血钙和PTH,改善BMD来缓解骨质疏松有关。     

硫化氢对1型糖尿病大鼠膈肌NO含量和iNOS活性的影响

目的：观察硫化氢（H2S）对1型糖尿病大鼠膈肌一氧化氮（NO）含量和诱导型一氧化氮合酶（iNOS）活性的影响。方法：将32只雄性SD大鼠随机分为4组：正常组（NC组）、糖尿病组（DM组）、糖尿病治疗组（DM + NaHS组）和NaHS对照组（NaHS组）（n=8）。采用一次性腹腔注射链脲佐菌素55 mg/kg制备1型糖尿病大鼠模型,造模成功后第4周起,DM + NaHS组和NaHS组大鼠腹腔注射NaHS溶液14μmol/kg干预治疗。连续注射5周后,测大鼠空腹血糖值（FBG）和膈肌重量/体重量比（DW/BW）;HE染色观察膈肌显微结构变化;利用NOS分型测试盒测膈肌组织iNOS活性;硝酸还原法测定膈肌组织NO含量;利用RT-PCR和Western blot分别检测膈肌组织iNOS mRNA和蛋白表达。结果：与NC组比较,DM组大鼠FBG显著升高,膈肌显微结构损伤明显,DW/BW下降,膈肌组织iNOS活性和NO含量显著增加,iNOS mRNA和蛋白表达明显增高,NaHS组各项指标差异无统计学意义。与DM组比较,DM + NaHS组膈肌显微结构明显改善,DW/BW增高,膈肌组织iNOS活性和NO含量明显下降,iNOS mRNA和蛋白表达显著降低。结论：外源性补充H2S可能通过下调膈肌组织iNOS活性和蛋白表达,降低NO含量,进而保护糖尿病大鼠膈肌的功能。     

西红花水提物对实验性糖尿病小鼠血糖水平的影响

目的：观察西红花水提物对链脲佐菌素（STZ）诱导的糖尿病小鼠血糖、血脂及胰腺组织的影响。方法：采用STZ （60 mg/kg）连续2 d腹腔注射建立糖尿病小鼠模型。将造模成功后的小鼠随机分为3组（n=10）：糖尿病模型（DM）组、西红花水提物（SE）组、阳性对照二甲双胍（MH）组。另取10只正常小鼠设为正常对照（NC）组。给药组每天灌胃1次,连续6周,模型组和正常对照组灌胃生理盐水。给药期间每周测定小鼠进食量、饮水量及体重,给药6周后测定空腹血糖（FBG）、口服糖耐量（OGTT）、糖化血清蛋白（GSP）、血清胰岛素（INS）和血脂等指标的变化情况;HE染色观察胰腺组织病理变化。结果：与NC组相比,DM组进食量、饮水量、线下曲线面积、FBG、GSP以及血脂中的总胆固醇（TC）均显著升高,空腹体重、血清胰岛素（INS）及高密度脂蛋白胆固醇（HDL-c）均显著降低;与DM组相比,SE组小鼠饮水量、FBG、线下曲线面积、TC显著降低,HDL-c以及INS显著升高。病理学显示DM组胰岛结构破坏、胰岛细胞数量明显减少、胰岛血管增生、形态不规则等变化,SE能明显修复受损胰腺组织。结论：SE对链脲佐菌素诱导的糖尿病小鼠有一定降血糖、降血脂作用,可以有效改善胰腺病变的情况,提示西红花可能用于糖尿病的防治。     

姜黄素类似物L6H4对2型糖尿病大鼠肾脏的保护作用

目的：探讨姜黄素类似物L6H4对2型糖尿病大鼠肾脏的保护作用及机制。方法：24只SPF级雄性SD大鼠,随机分成3组（n=8）：对照组（NC组）、糖尿病组（DM组）和糖尿病治疗组（DT组）,采用高脂饮食加腹腔注射低剂量链脲佐菌素诱导2型糖尿病大鼠模型。DT组按0.2 mg/kg·d剂量的L6H4灌胃8周。治疗结束后测24 h尿蛋白、空腹血糖（FBG）、甘油三酯（TG）、血肌酐（Scr）、血尿素氮（BUN）、尿酸（UA）。采用光镜和透射电镜观察大鼠肾脏的形态学改变;用免疫组化法测定大鼠肾脏组织转化生长因子-β1（TGF-β1）、纤维粘连蛋白（FN）、四型胶原（Col-IV）的表达水平。结果：DM组大鼠24 h尿蛋白、FBG、TG、Scr、BUN均明显升高（P<0.01）,肾小球体积增大、不规则,弥漫性系膜基质增多,伴基底膜不同程度的增生肥厚及足突融合现象;肾组织的TGF-β1、FN、Col-IV表达水平明显增加（P<0.05）。经L6H4治疗后,DT组的24 h尿蛋白、FBG、TG、Scr、BUN水平明显下降（P<0.01）,大鼠肾小球形态较规则,系膜区基质明显减少,足细胞肿胀、融合现象减轻;肾组织的TGF-β1、FN、Col-IV表达明显减少（P<0.05）。结论：L6H4可能通过下调TGF-β1的表达,抑制FN、Col-IV的大量分泌,减轻细胞外基质的沉积,从而起到保护2型糖尿病大鼠肾脏的作用。     

花生油对2型糖尿病大鼠海马CA1区神经生长因子及胆碱乙酰转移酶表达的影响

目的通过观察2型糖尿病大鼠海马CA1区神经生长因子（NGF）和胆碱乙酰转移酶（ChAT）表达的改变,研究花生油对2型糖尿病大鼠海马神经元NGF及ChAT表达的影响,探讨花生油在防治糖尿病脑病中的作用。方法 60只健康雄性SD大鼠随机分为4组：正常对照组（C组）、2型糖尿病组（T2DM组）、2型糖尿病给予2 mL花生油组（T2DM＋2 mL组）及2型糖尿病给予5 mL花生油组（T2DM＋5 mL组）。其中C组给予正常饮食,糖尿病组大鼠给予高脂饮食喂养,2个月后,按25 mg/kg体质量腹腔注射链脲佐菌素（STZ）制成2型糖尿病模型,T2DM组、T2DM＋2 mL组及T2DM＋5 mL组大鼠继续给予高脂饮食。糖尿病造模1个月后处死全部大鼠,行脑冰冻切片,用免疫组织化学方法检测各组大鼠海马CA1区NGF和ChAT的表达。结果 （1）T2DM组大鼠海马CA1区NGF表达比C组明显降低（P〈0.05）,T2DM＋2 mL组及T2DM＋5 mL组大鼠海马CA1区NGF表达均明显高于未给予花生油的T2DM组（P〈0.05）。（2）T2DM组大鼠海马CA1区ChAT表达显著低于C组（P〈0.05）,T2DM＋2 mL组和T2DM＋5 mL组大鼠海马CA1区ChAT表达均明显高于未给予花生油的T2DM组（P〈0.05）。结论 2型糖尿病大鼠海马CA1区神经生长因子表达降低,胆碱能神经元数量减少,这可能是2型糖尿病脑病发生的原因之一。花生油能增加2型糖尿病大鼠海马区内神经生长因子表达,促进胆碱能神经元存活,表明花生油具有一定的保护大鼠糖尿病脑病的作用。     

Exercise protects against diabetic cardiomyopathy by the inhibition of the endoplasmic reticulum stress pathway in rats

To explore the protective effect of exercise training on the injury of myocardium tissues induced by streptozotocin (STZ) in diabetic rats and the relationship with endoplasmic reticulum stress (ERS), the male sprague-dawley (SD) rats were fed with high-fat and high-sugar diet for 4 weeks, followed by intraperitoneal injection of STZ, 40 mg/kg, to establish a diabetes model, and then 10 rats were randomly selected as diabetes mellitus (DM) controls and 20 eligible diabetic rats were randomized into two groups: low-intensity exercise training (n = 10) and high-intensity exercise training (n = 10). After 12 weeks of exercise training, rats were killed and serum samples were used to determine cardiac troponin-I (cTn-I). Myocardial tissues were sampled for morphological analysis to detect myocardial cell apoptosis, and to analyze protein expression of glucose-regulated protein 78 (GRP78), C/EBP homologous protein (CHOP), and caspase-12. Different intensities (low and high) significantly reduced serum cTn-I levels compared with the DCM group (p < 0.01), and significantly reduced the percentage of apoptotic myocardial cells and improved the parameters of cardiac function. Hematoxylin and eosin and Masson staining indicated that exercise training could attenuate myocardial apoptosis. Additionally, exercise training significantly reduced GRP78, CHOP, and cleaved caspase-12 protein expression in an intensity-dependent manner. These findings suggest that exercise appeared to ameliorate diabetic cardiomyopathy by inhibiting endoplasmic reticulum stress-induced apoptosis in diabetic rats.     

IL-10 基因对糖尿病大鼠胰岛beta细胞凋亡的保护作用

目的：研究白细胞介素10（IL-10）基因对链脲佐菌素(STZ)诱导的糖尿病大鼠胰腺炎症浸润程度及胰腺组织中Bcl-2 及Bax 表达的影响。方法：建立链脲佐菌素性糖尿病模型,腺病毒介导的IL-10 基因(Ad-mIL-10)腹腔注射。检测大鼠空腹血糖值;免疫组 织化学法观察胰腺炎症浸润程度;TUNEL法检测胰岛细胞凋亡;免疫组化方法观察Ad-mIL-10 对实验性糖尿病大鼠胰岛凋亡调 控基因Bax 和Bcl-2 表达的影响。结果：Ad-mIL-10 腹腔注射糖尿病发病率低,平均血糖水平低,可以降低胰腺炎症浸润程度,减 少胰岛细胞凋亡。给予Ad-mIL-10 后大鼠Bax 基因的表达明显下降, Bcl-2 与Bax 的比值明显增加。结论：IL-10基因对实验性糖 尿病大鼠有降血糖作用,减少胰岛细胞凋亡,与调节Bcl-2 与Bax 基因的表达有关。