几种高等水生植物的克藻效应

研究了水花生、水浮莲、满江红、紫萍、浮萍和西洋菜对雷氏衣藻的相生相克关系,并和水葫芦的作用进行了比较。试验指出前五种水生植物对雷氏衣藻表现了克制作用,但它们的克藻效能不如水葫芦强。西洋菜没有克制作用,甚至稍有促进效应。从水花生、水浮莲、水葫芦的种植水中得到的分泌物粗提物,都显示了对雷氏衣藻的抑制效应,进一步证实了有相生相克关系的存在。试验结果说明高等水生植物对藻类的克制作用似有一定的普遍性,在水生生态系统的形成和演替过程中可能起着重要的作用。     

Contribution of Oxidative Stress to the Development of Cold-Induced Damage to Leaves of Chilling-Sensitive Plants: 3. Injury of Cell Membranes by Chilling Temperatures

Changes in permeability of cell membranes (judged from electrolyte leakage) were examined on leaves of 7- to 11-day-old seedlings of maize (Zea mays L.), cucumber (Cucumis sativus L.), millet (Panicum miliaceum L.), and on etiolated shoots of potato (Solanum tuberosum L.) immediately after cooling plants for 1–24 h at 2°C and one day after a 24-h chilling treatment. A gradually increasing leakage of ions from the cells was observed upon prolongation of chilling exposure, with the maximum attained by the end of 24-h chilling treatment. The leakage of electrolyte was slightly reduced in the post-treatment period but it was still higher than the electrolyte leakage from the control samples (untreated plants). The cold treatment of chilling-sensitive plants (but not of potato) revealed a positive correlation between the rates of lipid peroxidation, indicative of chilling injury, and the electrolyte efflux (r = 0.61–0.96). The evaluation of plant susceptibility to injury showed that millet and potato plants recovered from the chilling damage in 24 h after the treatment, whereas maize and cucumber plants did not show such a recovery.     

Genome-wide association study for electrolyte leakage in rapeseed/canola (<Emphasis Type="Italic">Brassica napus</Emphasis> L.)

Freezing temperature/frosts can cause significant damage to plants by rupturing plant cells. Rapeseed/canola (Brassica napus L.) is susceptible to freezing temperature at early seedling stage. The degree of cell rupture or seedling damage can be evaluated through the measurement of electrolyte leakage. Here, we measured the electrolyte leakage of a diversity panel of B. napus germplasm accessions under simulated freezing conditions. Preliminary data for electrolyte leakage measurement indicated that cold acclimation of two-week-old seedlings for 7 days at 4 °C followed by freezing treatment at ??12 °C for 2 h provided a reasonable diversity in response. With this protocol for electrolyte leakage, a genome-wide association study was conducted on 157 winter, semi-winter, and spring types of B. napus accessions that originated from 17 countries. A total of 37,454 single-nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) markers based upon genotyping-by-sequencing were used for the analysis. Ten QTL were identified as associated with electrolyte leakage of canola seedlings, which together explained 43% phenotypic variation. Five of the QTL were located on A-genome. We identified at least 33 orthologs of the functional candidate genes. Although no well-characterized cold regulatory genes were identified, there were some indications that genes involved in membrane structure, developmental processes, and extracellular transport may be involved in altering the electrolyte leakage following the short-term hard freeze and rapid defrosting suffered by the plants in our protocol.     

再力花地下部水浸提液对几种水生植物幼苗的化感作用

采用砂培法研究了不同浓度再力花地下部水浸提液对荇菜、苦草、水田芥、芦苇和黄菖蒲幼苗的生长、光合速率、根系活力、叶绿素含量以及抗氧化保护酶活性的影响,并采用气相色谱-质谱(GC-MS)联用技术对再力花地下部水浸提液的化学成分进行了分析。结果表明:再力花地下部水浸提液对荇菜、苦草、水田芥、芦苇和黄菖蒲5种水生植物幼苗生长有明显的影响,其中使用50mg干重/mL再力花水浸提液处理5种水生植物幼苗,对其生长指标有着极显著的抑制作用(P<0.01),苦草、水田芥和黄菖蒲的净光合速率分别降低69.0%、63.7%和73.5%,荇菜、苦草、水田芥和黄菖蒲幼苗根系活力分别降低67.3%、65.4%、52.2%和46.7%,5种水生植物幼苗叶绿素含量分别下降59.7%、71.2%、35.2%、50.0%和76.5%。当处理浓度为5mg/mL时,对5种水生植物幼苗体内过氧化物酶(POD)、超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)和过氧化氢酶(CAT)活性有显著的促进作用;当浓度为50mg/mL时,对5种水生植物幼苗体内POD、SOD和CAT有显著的抑制作用,丙二醛(MDA)含量增加。分析显示,再力花地下部水浸提液中主要含有愈创木酚(78.93%)、邻苯二甲酸二丁基酯(7.13%)、邻苯二甲酸二乙氧基乙酯(1.48%)、香豆满(1.09%)、邻苯二甲酸二乙酯(0.98%)、松油醇(0.70%)、吲哚(0.65%)、二丁基羟基甲苯(0.64%),合计占到总量的91%以上。     

Phytotoxicity of the volatile monoterpene citronellal against some weeds

A study was undertaken to assess the phytotoxicity of citronellal, an oxygenated monoterpenoid with an aldehyde group, towards some weedy species [Ageratum conyzoides L., Chenopodium album L., Parthenium hysterophorus L., Malvastrum coromandelianum (L.), Garcke, Cassia occidentalis L. and Phalaris minor Retz.]. A significant effect on weed emergence and early seedling growth was observed in a dose-response based laboratory bioassay in a sand culture. Emergence of all test weeds was completely inhibited at 100 micro/g sand content of citronellal. Seeds of A. conyzoides and P. hysterophorus failed to emerge even at 50 microg/g content. Root length was inhibited more compared to shoot length. The failure of root growth was attributed to the effect of citronellal on the mitotic activity of growing root tips cells as ascertained by the onion root tip bioassay. At 2.5 mM treatment of citronellal, mitosis was completely suppressed and at higher concentrations cells showed various degrees of distortion and were even enucleated. The post-emergent application of citronellal also caused visible injury in the form of chlorosis and necrosis, leading to wilting and even death of test weeds. Among the test weeds, the effect was severe on C. album and P. hysterophorus. There was loss of chlorophyll pigment and reduction in cellular respiration upon citronellal treatment indicating the impairment of photosynthetic and respiratory metabolism. Scanning electron microscopic studies in C. occidentalis leaves upon treatment of citronellal revealed disruption of cuticular wax, clogging of stomata and shrinkage of epidermal cells at many places. There was a rapid electrolyte leakage in the leaf tissue upon exposure to citronellal during the initial few hours. In P. minor electrolyte leakage in response to 2 mM citronellal was closer to the maximum leakage that was obtained upon boiling the tissue. The rapid ion leakage is indicative of the severe effect of citronellal on the membrane structure and loss of membrane integrity. In all, the study concludes that citronellal causes a severe phytotoxicity on the weeds.     

冷锻炼和ABA诱导水稻幼苗提高抗冷性期间膜保护系统的变化

冷锻炼和ＡＢＡ处理提高了水稻幼苗叶绿体ＳＯＤ和ＧＲ活性及叶片抗氧化剂ＡｓＡ和ＧＳＨ的含量,降低了膜电解质泄漏,增强了幼苗的抗冷性．等电聚焦电泳分析表明,冷锻炼和ＡＢＡ处理苗叶绿体ＳＯＤ三条同工酶带和ＧＲ１、２、３和６同工酶带都有不同程度的增强．低温胁迫后,处理和未处理首的ＳＯＤ、ＧＲ活性和ＡＳＡ、ＧＳＨ含量均有所下降．但处理苗的水平仍维持在未处理苗之上．亚胺环已酮可抑制因冷锻炼和ＡＢＡ诱导增加的ＳＯＤ和ＧＲ活性,并使叶片电解质泄漏增大．本试验结果表明冷锻炼或ＡＢＡ诱导水稻幼苗抗冷性提高时,对防御活性氧的保护系统有类似的影响。     

Cold-induced changes in the polysome pattern and protein synthesis in winter rye (Secale cereale) leaves

Cold-induced changes in the polysome pattern and protein synthesis were analyzed in winter rye, Secale cereale L. cv. Voima, during one week's cold stress treatment, which was performed by transferring the 7-day-old plants from the greenhouse (25°C, long-day conditions) to 3°C and a photoperiod of 10. 5 h. Freezing resistance determined by electrolyte leakage increased significantly upon cold stress starting from LT₅₀ value –5°C. and reaching –9°C on the day 7 of cold exposure. After 4 weeks at low temperature, plants reached an LT₅₀ of –12°C. The polysome content increased markedly during cold stress compared to the control plants. After 2 weeks of cold treatment the polysome content decreased to the same level as that in control plants. The size-class distribution of polysomes showed a high proportion of large protein synthesizing polysomes in cold-stressed plants. After 2 weeks the values were comparable to those in control plants. Cold-induced proteins were detected using ³⁵S-labelled methionine for in vitro translations. At least 2 new polypeptides, M_r 30000 and 18000, were induced on the first day of cold stress and continued to be expressed at low temperatures 4 weeks later.     

Participation of H2O2 in Enhancement of Cold Chilling by Salicylic Acid in Banana Seedlings

The possible physiological mechanism of enhancement of cold tolerance by salicylic acid (SA) in banana seedlings (Musa acuminata cv. Williams 8188) was explored. Measurements of leakage electrolyte after 2 d of recovery at 30/22 ℃ (day/night) following 3 d of cold stress at 7 ℃ showed that pretreatment with hydroponic solution containing SA 0.3－0.9 mmol/L as foliar spray under normal growth conditions (30/22 ℃) could significantly enhance cold tolerance of banana plants. The highest enhancing effect of SA occurred at 0.5 mmol/L and it showed the lowest leakage rate of electrolyte or smaller leaf wilting area after 2 d of recovery at normal temperature from 3 d of 7 ℃ or 5 ℃ cold stress. Higher concentrations (≥2.5 mmol/L) of SA, however, caused more electrolyte leakage, indicating that they aggravated chilling damage. Enhanced cold tolerance by SA could be related to H2O2 metabolism. Compared with water-treated seedlings (control), SA 0.5 mmol/L treatment inhibited activities of catalase (CAT) and ascorbate peroxidase (APX), increased peroxidase (POX) activity, but did not affect the activity of superoxide dismutase (SOD) under normal growth conditions, and these changes might lead to an accumulation of H2O2, whereas SA pretreatment enhanced the activities of CAT and APX, and reduced the increase in productions of H2O2 and thiobarbituric acid-reaction substances (TBARS) during subsequent 7 ℃ cold stress and recovery periods. Exogenous H2O2 treatments (1.5－2.5 mmol/L) also increased cold tolerance of banana seedlings. Furthermore, pretreatment of banana seedlings with dimethylthiourea (a trap for H2O2) significantly inhibited cold tolerance induced by SA. These results suggested that endogenous H2O2 may be required for SA-enhanced cold tolerance. The significance of the interaction of SA, H2O2 and H2O2-metabolizing enzymes during cold stress has been discussed.     

Effects of climatic warming on cold hardiness of some northern woody plants assessed from simulation experiments

Effects of climatic warming on cold hardiness were investigated for some northern woody plants. In the first experiment, seedlings of Norway spruce ( Picea abies [L.] Karst.), Scots pine ( Pinus sylvestris L.) and lodgepole pine ( Pinus contorta Dougl. var. latifolia Engelm.) were exposed to naturally fluctuating temperatures averaging −6°C (ambient) and 0°C (elevated) for 16 weeks in midwinter before they were thawed and re-saturated with water. In lodgepole pine, needle sugar concentrations had decreased by 15%, and the temperature needed to induce 10% injury to needles in terms of electrolyte leakage had increased by 6°C following treatment to elevated as compared with control temperatures. In contrast, Norway spruce and Scots pine showed no effects. The lack of an effect for Scots pine was ascribed to seedlings containing unusually large energy reserves that buffered respiratory expenditure of sugars. A strong, linear relationship between levels of cold hardiness, assessed by the electrolyte leakage method, and sugars was found when combining data from this and previous, similar experiments. In the second experiment, the evergreen dwarf shrub Empetrum hermaphroditum Hagerup was analysed for leaf cold hardiness, using the electrolyte leakage method, and sugar concentrations in late spring and late autumn during the third year of a warming experiment in a subarctic dwarf shrub community. The objective was to test the hypothesis that warming in the growing season alters hardening/dehardening cycles by increasing soil nitrogen mineralization and plant growth. Data found, however, suggested that cold hardening/dehardening cycles were unaffected by warming.     

Improved tolerance of maize plants to salt stress by arbuscular mycorrhiza is related to higher accumulation of soluble sugars in roots

The effect of colonization with the arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) fungus Glomus mosseae (Nicol. & Gerd.) Gerdemann & Trappe on the growth and physiology of NaCl-stressed maize plants ( Zea mays L. cv. Yedan 13) was examined in the greenhouse. Maize plants were grown in sand with 0 or 100 mM NaCl and at two phosphorus (P) (0.05 and 0.1 mM) levels for 34 days, following 34 days of non-saline pre-treatment. Mycorrhizal plants maintained higher root and shoot dry weights. Concentrations of chlorophyll, P and soluble sugars were higher than in non-mycorrhizal plants under given NaCl and P levels. Sodium concentration in roots or shoots was similar in mycorrhizal and non-mycorrhizal plants. Mycorrhizal plants had higher electrolyte concentrations in roots and lower electrolyte leakage from roots than non-mycorrhizal plants under given NaCl and P levels. Although plants in the low P plus AM fungus treatment and those with high P minus AM fungus had similar P concentrations, the mycorrhizal plants still had higher dry weights, soluble sugars and electrolyte concentrations in roots. Similar relationships were observed regardless of the presence or absence of salt stress. Higher soluble sugars and electrolyte concentrations in mycorrhizal plants suggested a higher osmoregulating capacity of these plants. Alleviation of salt stress of a host plant by AM colonization appears not to be a specific effect. Furthermore, higher requirement for carbohydrates by AM fungi induces higher soluble sugar accumulation in host root tissues, which is independent of improvement in plant P status and enhances resistance to salt-induced osmotic stress in the mycorrhizal plant.