电场中的蛋白质结晶

人们一直致力于寻求提高蛋白质晶体质量的方法,利用电场诱导蛋白质结晶即是诸多方法中的一种。已有文献报道显示,电场对蛋白质结晶的影响是积极的。我们从直流电场、交流电场、内置电场、外置电场对蛋白质结晶的影响及相关结晶设备,电场中生长的蛋白质晶体质量的评估,电场中蛋白质结晶的原理及影响因素等方面,对已报道的电场中的蛋白质结晶研究工作进行了总结。     

八角茴香油溶剂结晶分离的研究

对八角茴香油（ａｎｉｓｅ ｏｉｌ）在三种溶剂中的结晶分离过程进行了研究,考察添加剂对结晶析出的影响,并用溶解度参数理论阐明溶剂的性质与结晶的关系,结果表明,乙醇,甲醇的结晶分离性能较为理想,而丙酮较差;添加剂能显著提高结晶产物的收率,但对结晶产物的纯度有一定的负面影响。     

中等强度稳态磁场影响小分子结晶的初步探索

葡萄糖、钙和钠等生命所需基本物质在维持生物体生理机能,改变电势能和调控细胞和细胞器功能等多项生命活动中起着关键作用。细胞功能的实现很大程度上依赖于特定分子在一定浓度下的聚集和解聚,而越来越多的证据表明相分离过程可能参与其中。溶液结晶本身也是一种特殊的相分离,虽然磁场影响溶液结晶已有零星报道,但不同参数磁场对不同物质结晶的影响尚未有报道。本文使用2种不同强度的外加磁场（0.036 T、0.068 T）对葡萄糖、葡萄糖酸钙和氯化钠的结晶过程进行了初步探究。试验结果显示：虽然2种磁场对3种物质析出晶体的质量影响程度不同,但均有促进;从结晶数量上来讲,磁场对葡萄糖和葡萄糖酸钙也有促进,但对氯化钠无显著影响。虽然溶液蒸发量受不同强度磁场影响不同,但与溶液质量浓度成反比。根据结果可以推测,对于蒸发结晶过程来说,磁场可能通过对蒸发量和对带电粒子的影响共同调控结晶过程。本研究通过对磁场影响结晶过程的初步探究,不仅为进一步研究磁场生物学效应及机制提供了理论基础,也为工业生产中提高结晶效率提供了新的思路。     

白蜡虫马氏管的超微结构

白蜡虫Ericerus Pela的马氏管由两条黄色膨泡串状的端管和一条公共管构成,通过公共管与消化道相连。端管和公共管细胞结构相似,都具有非胶原质的基膜,高度发达的基褶, 长而致密的微绒毛,微绒毛无线粒体插入,细胞质中线粒体少,且随机分布。细胞质的绝大部分为两种矿质-尿酸颗粒结晶所占据,一种为不规则结晶,另一种为轮纹状结晶。白蜡虫马氏管可能发生了合胞化,其排泄方式可能是一种以滞留排泄为主,离子梯度排泄方式为辅的特有的排泄方式。     

筛选蛋白质结晶条件的试剂盒研发进展

蛋白质结晶条件筛选是蛋白质分子三维结构解析的主要限速环节之一,因此发展筛选效率较高的结晶条件筛选试剂盒有着十分重要的意义.目前广泛应用的结晶条件筛选试剂盒的设计方法主要有不完全因子法、稀疏矩阵法和系统筛选法.结晶学家基于这三种方法研发了一系列用于蛋白质结晶条件筛选的试剂盒.评述了20世纪以来筛选试剂盒的设计方法及应用进展,并展望了其未来的发展方向.     

胆固醇结晶激活动脉粥样硬化斑块巨噬细胞NLRP3炎症体的途径

动脉粥样硬化既是胆固醇在血管壁聚集的疾病,也是发生在动脉壁的一种低强度慢性炎症形式。近年来有研究证实胆固醇结晶在动脉粥样硬化发生发展中具有重要作用。新的显微技术证实,胆固醇结晶在动脉粥样硬化斑块形成的早期即已出现,并与早期炎症有关。胆固醇结晶通过诱发局部炎症,促进大的脂质核心形成;刺破纤维帽,导致斑块破裂进而促进动脉粥样硬化斑块的进展。在影响斑块进程中,NLRP3炎症体的激活对此发挥了重要的作用。NLRP3炎症体是研究最多最明确的炎症体,其与非炎症性疾病的发生发展密切相关。以胆固醇结晶激活NLRP3炎症体的途径作为研究靶点,为动脉粥样硬化的诊断和治疗提供了新的思路和方法。该文就胆固醇结晶在动脉粥样硬化斑块中激活巨噬细胞NLRP3炎症体的两种途径做一综述。     

天然纤维素超显微结构的扫描隧道显微镜研究

用扫描隧道显微镜（ＳＴＭ）对天然纤维素脱脂棉的超显微结构进行了研究,结果表明用ＳＴＭ可直接观察到脱脂棉的微纤丝和基原纤丝。另外,还直接观察到了脱脂棉中纤维素分子的结晶区和非结晶区以及分叉状结构,从而表明棉花纤维素是一种结晶不完全的多聚物。     

溶菌酶的结晶研究

介绍了溶菌酶结晶的意义,通过对晶核形成、晶体生长和停止生长三个阶段的论述,详细地阐述了溶菌酶的结晶机理;并综述了结晶过程中的各个影响因素:蛋白质浓度、pH值、添加剂、生长温度及重力场、磁场等;展望了溶菌酶结晶研究的发展趋势和发展前景。     

蛋白质大分子的结晶

近几年研究蛋白质晶体的生长机理及过程日益受到重视 ,并逐步发展为蛋白质晶体学中的另一个重要的科学分支。1 .蛋白质结晶的基本过程蛋白质属于生物大分子 ,但其结晶的一般过程与盐、有机小分子等的结晶过程一样可分为 3个阶段进行 :( 1 )形成稳定的晶核 ;( 2 )由晶核生长为晶体 ;( 3)生长结束。1 .1　成核　　是指溶解在溶液中的分子或非晶态的低聚体 (二聚体 ,三聚体等 )以过饱和度为驱动力聚合在一起形成热力学稳态的点阵结构。Ｄｒｅｎｔｈ等[1] 研究发现 ,在蛋白质结晶后其溶液体系的自由能降低了 1 2～ 2 4ｋＪ/ｍｏｌ。另外 ,结晶蛋…     

植物黄酮二氢杨梅素的提纯及结晶形态研究

显齿葡萄属植物富含黄酮物质。研究对显齿葡萄黄酮提取物二氢杨梅素的提纯及结晶态进行了初步探讨。结果表明:以水作为结晶溶剂进行多次重结晶,可有效去除植物黄酮提取物的杂质,总黄酮含量由原来的86%提高至96.5%。二氢杨梅素在水相中的结晶态多为针状结晶,水相保温结晶呈放射性棒状结晶。在pH4.5的条件下,其溶解度最低可获得较高的回收率。     

Recent advances in the study of Kaposi's sarcoma-associated herpesvirus replication and pathogenesis

It has now been over twenty years since a novel herpesviral genome was identified in Kaposi's sarcoma biopsies. Since then, the cumulative research effort by molecular biologists, virologists, clinicians, and epidemiologists alike has led to the extensive characterization of this tumor virus, Kaposi's sarcoma-associated herpesvirus(KSHV; also known as human herpesvirus 8(HHV-8)), and its associated diseases. Here we review the current knowledge of KSHV biology and pathogenesis, with a particular emphasis on new and exciting advances in the field of epigenetics. We also discuss the development and practicality of various cell culture and animal model systems to study KSHV replication and pathogenesis.     

The structure, reproduction and taxonomy of Vidalia and Osmundaria (Rhodophyta, Rhodomelaceae)

Comprises species occurring mostly in subtidal habitats in tropical, subtropical and warm-temperate areas of the world. An analysis of the type species, V. spiralis (Sonder) Lamouroux ex J. Agardh, a species from Australia, establishes basic characters for distinguishing species in the genus. These characters are (1) branching patterns of thalli, (2) flat blades that may be spiralled on their axis, (3) width of the blade, (4) primary or secondary derivation of sterile and fertile branchlets and (5) position of sterile and fertile branchlets on the thalli. Application of the latter two characters provides an important basic method for separation of species into three major groups. Osmundaria , a genus known only in southern Australia, was studied in relation to Vidalia , and its separation from the Vidalia assemblage is not accepted. Species of Vidalia therefore are transferred to the older genus name, Osmundaria. Two new species, Osmundaria papenfussii and Osmundaria oliveae are described from Natal. Confusion in the usage of the epithet, Vidalia fimbriala Brown ex Turner has been clarified, and Vidalia gregaria Falkenberg, described as an epiphyte on Osmundaria pro/ifera Lamouroux, is revealed to be young branches of the host, Osmundaria prolifera.     

New or rare chromosome counts in Artemisia L. (Asteraceae, Anthemideae) and related genera from Kazakhstan

Fifteen chromosome counts of six Artemisia taxa and one species of each of the genera Brachanthemum, Hippolytia, Kaschgaria, Lepidolopsis and Turaniphytum are reported from Kazakhstan. Three of them are new reports, two are not consistent with previous counts and the remainder are confirmations of very scarce (one to four) earlier records. All the populations studied have the same basic chromosome number, x = 9, with ploidy levels ranging from 2x to 6x. Some correlations between ploidy level, morphological characters and distribution are noted.     

肝癌中HBV和HCV基因和抗原的分布及意义

采用原位分子杂交方法检测HCV RNA及HBV X基因;采用免疫组织化学方法研究HCV核心抗原,非结构区C33c抗原及HBxAg在肝细胞肝癌中的定位及分布.结果表明(1)HCV RNA、HBV X基因在肝细胞肝癌组织检出率分别为40%(55/136)和82%(112/136).HCV RNA定位于癌细胞的胞浆内,阳性细胞呈散在、灶状及弥漫分布三种形式;HBV X基因在肝癌细胞中的分布呈胞浆型、核型及核浆型,阳性细胞也呈上述三种分布形式;(2)HCV C33c抗原、核心抗原在肝细胞肝癌中的阳性率为81%(133/164)及86%(141/164).C33c抗原定位于癌细胞及肝细胞的胞浆内;核心抗原既定位于癌细胞核中,又可定位于胞浆中.C33c抗原阳性细胞以灶状分布为主;而核心抗原阳性细     

Selection with two alleles and complete dominance

For a plant selection model with frequency-independent viabilities, fertilities and selfing rates, it is shown that apart from global fixation, for certain parameter combinations a protected polymorphism and facultative fixation (either allele may become fixed according to initial frequencies) may both occur. Facultative fixation requires different selling rates for the dominant and recessive type. Protection of the polymorphism requires resource allocation for male and female function. In this connection the problem of purely genetically caused population extinction is discussed.
For general frequency dependence and regular segregation, the chances for establishment of a completely recessive gene are compared to those of a completely dominant gene. It is proven that the process of establishment of the recessive gene, despite a fitness advantage, may be considerably endangered by drift effects if random mating prevails. The recessive gene may reach the same effectivity in establishment as a dominant gene, only if the recessive homozygote mates exclusively with its own type during the period of establishment.