生态位因子分析在大熊猫(Ailuropoda melanoleuca)生境评价中的应用

生态位因子分析是研究物种地理分布的一种多变量分析方法,其最大优点是模型计算只需物种“出现点”的数据,而不需要“非出现点”数据,在生境评价与生境预测中得到广泛应用。将该方法应用于大熊猫生境适宜性评价中,利用大熊猫活动痕迹点和遥感数据分析了平武县大熊猫生境分布现状,综合评价了该县自然保护区的分布状况和存在的保护空缺。研究结果表明,大熊猫偏好在中高海拔（>2128 m）的针叶林和针阔混交林中活动,而避免在落叶阔叶林和灌丛林中活动,避免在有人为干扰的地区活动,农田是对大熊猫活动影响强度最大的人为干扰因子。平武县大熊猫生境主要分布在该县西部和北部地区,总面积为234033 hm2,其中适宜生境为106345 hm2,次适宜生境为127688 hm2。目前该县已建的3个大熊猫自然保护区使47.2%的大熊猫生境得到保护（包括49.2%的适宜生境和45.6%的次适宜生境）,尽管如此,保护区之间连接性差,存在严重的保护空缺。该县北部的白马乡、木座乡是大熊猫的主要分布区,却没有得到保护区的有效保护,建议在该地区新建自然保护区。     

大熊猫(Ailuropoda melanoleuca)生境选择研究进展

在回顾大熊猫生境选择研究历史的基础上,总结了大熊猫生境选择的考察因子、研究方法,概括了大熊猫对对觅食条件、隐蔽条件和气候条件的选择机制,并探讨了大熊猫生境选择的灵活性及大熊猫和与其同域分布的动物种的共存机制.作者认为,野外调查误差大、研究尺度单一等是目前大熊猫生境选择研究中存在的主要问题,应用目前较流行的已被证明比较优良的资源选择函数法、DNA指纹技术、无线电遥测、红外线自动感应照相系统、GIS与遥感成像等先进技术,并融合景观生态学理论,从较大尺度空间来研究大熊猫的生境选择,应是今后的发展方向.     

岷山地区大熊猫(Ailuropoda melanoleuca)生境影响因子连通性及主导因子

岷山地区是大熊猫保护的关键地区.运用图论分析法研究了岷山地区大熊猫生境影响因子,及其相互作用关系.结果表明:在岷山地区,12个影响因子66对组合中,47.0%的影响因子间存在直接的联系,其中89.2%的影响具有增大效应,这说明人类活动对大熊猫生境的影响具有协同增大效应,并占主导地位.研究发现,在影响因子关系集中,存在强连通性的子集K={(TD);(RB);(MI);(HPL);(AP);(AD);(SR);(TH);(FC)},这表明近期进行的旅游景点开发,公路建设,采矿,高压电线走廊建设,以及传统的农业开发,畜牧业,薪柴采集等影响因子之间存在着强烈相互作用关系,这些人类活动还会将其他人类活动对大熊猫生境的影响放大,加剧其对大熊猫生境的不利影响,是影响岷山地区大熊猫生境的主导因素.研究还表明如果不能对主导因子进行有效的控制,很难有效地保护岷山地区大熊猫生境.研究表明图论分析法是研究大熊猫生境影响因子的一个有效工具,有助于明确影响熊猫生境的主导和关键因子,为制定有效的大熊猫保护策略提供科学依据.     

Application of ecological-niche factor analysis in habitat assessment of giant pandas

Ecological-niche factor analysis (ENFA) is a multivariate approach to study geographic distribution of species on a large scale with only “presence” data. It has been widely applied in many fields including wildlife management, habitat assessment and habitat prediction. In this paper, this approach was applied in habitat suitability assessment for giant pandas in Pingwu County, Sichuan Province, China. With “presence” data of giant pandas and remote sensing data, habitat suitability of pandas in this county was evaluated based on ENFA model, and spatial distribution pattern of nature reserves and conservation gaps were then evaluated. The results show that giant pandas in this county prefer high-elevation zones (> 2128 m) dominated by coniferous forest, and mixed coniferous and deciduous broadleaf forest, and avoid deciduous broadleaf forest and shrubs. Pandas avoid staying at habitats with human disturbances. Farmland is a major factor threatening panda habitat. Panda habitat is mainly distributed in north and west of Pingwu with a total area of 234033 hm², 106345hm² for suitable habitat and 127688 hm² for marginally suitable habitat). 3 nature reserves were located in Pingwu, covering over 49.2% of total suitable habitat and 45.6% of total marginally suitable habitat. Although 47.2% of panda habitat was in reserves under protection, connectivity between reserves was weak and a conservation gap existed in the north part of Pingwu. Thus, a new nature reserve in Baima and Mupi should be established to link the isolated habitats.     

圈养大熊猫乳汁营养成分分析

本文收集了一只14岁大熊猫产后17d内的乳汁样品10个,包括产后第2,3,5,6,7,8,9,11,12和17天,并测定了这些样品的营养成分的含量。即粗蛋白(CP)、粗脂肪(EE)、乳糖(Lac)、17种氨基酸(AA)含量的总和、5种常量元素(Ca,P,K,Na,Mg)和6种微量元素(Fe,Cu,Mn,Zn,Co,Se)。结果如下：(1)每个样品的粗蛋白和17种氨基酸含量的总和十分接近,分别在5．20％～7．50％和5．17％～7．62％的范围内波动;乳糖含量的变化范围为0．87％～1．51％;粗脂肪为0．6％～3．2％;(2)粗蛋白和总氨基酸含量第3天明显低于第2天,从第3天到第6天逐步升高,第7天有些下降,从第7到17天逐渐上升;乳糖含量变化不大,在1％左右,第2,3和5天接近,第6天明显升高。之后逐渐降低直至第17天;粗脂肪含量波动较大,没有明显变化趋势;绝大多数矿物元素含量随产后时间的延长都有不同程度的升高趋势;(3)产后6～7天的乳汁样品营养物质含量与一周后有明显差别。作者建议在幼大熊猫人工乳的配制方面,应依据大熊猫乳汁的营养物质含量,充分保证蛋白质水平。降低乳糖含量,同时供给充足的矿物质元素;必须根据幼大熊猫的日龄及其生长发育情况,调整人工乳的营养水平。     

青木川自然保护区大熊猫生境评价

在实地调查和收集资料的基础上,对陕西省青木川自然保护区大熊猫生境选择的特点进行研究;利用层次分析法以及ArcMap、ArcView等地理信息系统辅助软件,从地理环境因素、生物群落因素、主食竹因素和干扰因素4方面对大熊猫栖息地的核心区和缓冲区进行质量评价.结果表明：研究区适宜大熊猫生存的生境面积比例为62.1%;次适宜生境面积占31.0%;不适宜生境面积占6.9%.大熊猫适宜生境主要分布在研究区西部和北部海拔较高的地带,不适宜生境主要受植被类型、竹子因素、干扰因素等影响.为减少大熊猫不适宜生境,需要保护区管理者进一步完善管理机制,控制人类活动,特别是海拔900～1600 m范围内的放牧、割竹和砍柴活动.     

Impact of livestock grazing on biodiversity and giant panda habitat

Livestock grazing occurs in many protected areas for wildlife and has become a threat to wildlife worldwide. Livestock grazing within protected areas causes negative effects to rare wildlife (e.g., giant panda [Ailuropoda melanoleuca]) and their habitat. We used the 2,000-km² Wolong National Nature Reserve, Sichuan Province, southwestern China, to document the effects of livestock on the giant panda and its habitat. We monitored arrow bamboo (Bashania fangiana), wildlife sign (i.e., feces and tracks), and characteristics of plant communities in intact habitat (IH; limited livestock grazing) and disturbed habitat (DH; with grazing disturbance) to assess the effects of livestock grazing and the responses of giant pandas and sympatric species across spatial and temporal scales. Bamboo coverage and the height and basal diameter of bamboo in IH were greater than those in DH, whereas the number of herbaceous species and herbaceous coverage in IH were lower than those in DH. Wildlife signs in IH were greater than those in DH; specifically, giant panda and red panda (Ailurus fulgens) signs were greater, whereas signs of sambar (Rusa unicolor) and tufted deer (Elaphodus cephalophus) in IH were similar to those in DH. Livestock grazing reduced bamboo, which may threaten the long-term survival of the giant panda. Our results have implications for understanding and management of livestock grazing in the Wolong National Nature Reserve and elsewhere. © 2019 The Wildlife Society.     

圈养大熊猫催产素水平与母性行为之间关系

Maintaining a good cub-rearing relationship is of great significance for the healthy development of newborn giant panda cubs. Oxytocin plays a key role in this cub-rearing relationship development during the breeding period. To investigate the relationship between oxytocin levels and maternal behavior, we sampled the maternal behavior of 6 adult female giant pandas (3 in lactation group, 3 in non-lactation group) at Chengdu Research Base of Giant Panda Breeding from June to September 2019 by using the focal sampling method, and tested the urine oxytocin level of each individuals by using enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. The results showed that the oxytocin levels were significantly higher in the lactation group (278. 86 pg/mg ±44. 42 pg/mg) than in the non-lactation group. For the two types of breastfeeding groups, the level of oxytocin in the multiparous female pandas (185. 64 pg/mg ±44. 61 pg/mg) was significantly lower than that in the primiparous female pandas (465. 30 pg/mg ±82. 39 pg/mg). Compared with the primiparous female pandas, the multiparous female pandas had more embracing cub behavior (77. 45% ±1. 24%) and feeding behavior (15. 22% ±1. 62%), but less licking cub (14. 26% ±0. 91%) and position adjustment behavior (1. 69% ±0. 29%). Finally, we found the licking cub behavior was significantly positively correlated with the oxytocin level in the lactation group, and the embracing cub behavior was significantly negatively correlated with the oxytocin level in the lactation group. The results indicate that primiparous female pandas show more maternal behavior, less individual behavior and higher oxytocin levels. The results of this study suggest that the different reactions of oxytocin in the two types of giant panda females may help to improve the refined and differentiated breeding techniques for captive giant pandas in the future.     

野生大熊猫生态学研究进展与前瞻

在现代食肉目动物中,大熊猫无疑是最为引人注目的物种之一,既在科学上具有重要的研究价值,同时亦是世界自然保护的象征。自20 世纪80 年代初期我国政府与世界自然基金会合作开展野生大熊猫生态学研究
以来,迄今已积累了大量有关该物种及其栖息地的生态学知识,近年来3S 技术及分子生物学技术的推广应用将野生大熊猫生态学研究提升到了一个崭新的高度。本文在综合大量历史文献的基础上,从栖息地生态学、觅食
生态学、繁殖生态学、行为生态学、分子生态学、种群生态学和群落生态学等不同方面就野生大熊猫生态学的研究现状进行了梳理,力图归纳已有研究发现,阐明研究结果的科学价值及在保护生物学上的意义。同时,结
合研究与保护管理工作的需要,对未来研究方向进行了前瞻。     

卧龙自然保护区大熊猫生境评价

生物的生境是指生物生活繁衍的场所,由生物与非生物环境构成。近几个世纪以来,物种绝灭的速度加快,生物多样性丧失最重要的原因是生物生境的人为破坏。对保持生物的生境评价,是分析这些物种种群减少,濒危原因的重要手段,还能为制定合理的保护对策提供依据。根据大熊猫生境分布特点提出了大熊猫生境结构理论模型,将影响卧龙大熊猫生境质量的因素分为物理环境因素、生物环境因素和人类活动因素,探讨了生境评价的程序与卧龙大熊猫生境评价准则,运用地理信息系统技术与空间模拟方法分析了卧龙大熊猫生境质量。在人类活动影响下,卧龙自然保护区内适宜大熊猫生存的生境面积有57597.3hm^2,其中最适生境面积为6256.1hm^2,主要分布在海拔2300－2800m的平缓山坡与台地。     

大相岭北坡大熊猫生境适宜性评价

2005 年3 ～11月采用样线法和样方法对大相岭北坡大熊猫栖息地进行了调查,通过利用样方法发现的大熊猫痕迹频次对栖息地的适宜性进行景观连接度(适宜性)赋值,对大相岭北坡大熊猫栖息地的质量进行了分析评价。研究区面积约为2266.79 km² ,其中竹林分布面积约为842.3 km² 。仅有约56.8 km² 占6.8%的竹林面积是适宜大熊猫生存的地区,次适宜地区面积为96.3 km² ,约占11.4%,较差适宜地区面积为177.4 km²,约占21.1%,3 个等级加到一起共为330.5 km² ,占竹林面积的39.3%,主要分布在2200～2800 m 的平缓山坡,有60% 以上为不适宜地区。人为活动对大熊猫栖息地的影响主要是不仅减少了大熊猫的生境面积,也降低了大熊猫亚种群之间的景观连接度,对大熊猫种群之间的基因交流产生阻碍。作者通过实际调查提出了管理措施。