酵母相和菌丝相白念珠菌感染阴道上皮细胞免疫反应的比较

目的白念珠菌作为一种二相菌,存在酵母相和菌丝相二态,本实验研究这两种不同形态的白念珠菌刺激阴道上皮细胞,比较其引起的免疫应答差异。方法以阴道上皮细胞株VK2/E6E7为模型,分别给予不同浓度的活的白念珠菌和热灭活白念珠菌SC5314(感染指数MOI分别为10、50、100)进行刺激,以实时荧光定量PCR(RT-qPCR)和酶联免疫吸附法(ELISA)检测3 h、6 h、12 h感染组细胞的促炎因子TNF-α和趋化因子IL-8的分泌水平。结果活的白念珠菌在K-SFM细胞培养基中呈菌丝相,热灭活的白念珠菌在K-SFM培养基中呈酵母相。两相感染组分泌IL-8和TNF-α水平与未感染组相比具有显著差异。在各个MOI条件下,菌丝相感染组释放细胞因子mRNA水平均显著高于酵母相;在MOI=10时,菌丝相感染组释放细胞因子的蛋白水平强于酵母相感染组,而随着MOI的增大,结果相反。结论酵母相和菌丝相白念珠菌均能诱发阴道上皮细胞出现显著免疫反应。同时,在MOI=10时,菌丝相白念引起的免疫反应强于酵母相白念。两相感染组免疫反应强度的差异提示两者引起免疫应答的机制可能不同。     

孢粉相:原理及方法

介绍并评论孢粉相分析的原理和方法。孢粉相从提出至今已经历了很长时间的发展,现已基本成熟。尽管如此,它对大多数孢粉学家(包括中国学者)来说仍然是陌生的。文中论述了进行成功的孢粉相研究的基础:孢粉有机质分类、术语及研究方法,包括采样、实验技术、数据采集和相识别的数学方法、古环境解释及能源潜力评价等方面。与传统的只注重孢型的孢粉学相比,孢粉相强调对样品中的所有沉积有机质进行总体评价,从而可以帮助人们从沉积物中获得更多的信息,更清晰地重建和描绘盆地沉积图景并评价目的地层的能源潜力。有机地球化学和煤岩学的一些研究内容和方向与孢粉相研究非常相似,文中对它们相关的研究也作了简评。它们对孢粉相研究的影响主要体现在有机质分类和术语上,一些孢粉相研究者完全采用有机地球化学或煤岩学的。但是,这些学科在研究目的、实验技术及数据采集方法等方面都存在差异,孢粉有机质及其分类不一定对等于特定的干酪根型或煤岩显微组分,同时一个孢粉相也不一定等同于一个干酪根组合或有机质相。因此,孢粉相应该有独立的沉积有机质分类方案和术语系统。但是,研究方法和分类等方面的不同,并不会妨碍孢粉相获得与有机地化、煤岩学研究相似的结果。如果能够将孢粉相数据与其它方法的数据结合起来解     

山芝麻提取物对10种植物病原真菌的抑菌活性初探

该文采用菌丝生长速率法,研究了山芝麻根、茎和叶不同溶剂萃取物在1.5 mg·mL^-1浓度下对10种植物病原真菌菌丝生长的抑制活性,用孢子萌发法测试了山芝麻根石油醚相和乙酸乙酯相萃取物对香蕉炭疽病菌分生孢子萌发的抑制作用,用离体法测试了山芝麻根石油醚相和乙酸乙酯相萃取物对香蕉炭疽病的防治效果,并通过气相与质谱联用技术(Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometer,GC-MS)分析了山芝麻根石油醚相和乙酸乙酯相萃取物的主要成分,测试了其中8种主要化合物对香蕉炭疽病菌菌丝生长的抑制活性。结果表明:山芝麻各部分萃取相对10种植物病原真菌菌丝生长均具有不同程度的抑制作用。其中:在1.5 mg·mL^-1浓度下,山芝麻根石油醚相和乙酸乙酯相萃取物对香蕉炭疽病菌菌丝生长的抑制率分别为87.00%和86.14%,其EC50分别为0.062 mg·mL^-1和0.052 mg·mL^-1;浓度在2、4、8 mg·mL^-1时,山芝麻根石油醚相和乙酸乙酯相萃取物对香蕉炭疽病菌分...     

草原田鼠和草甸田鼠波动种群雌鼠的攻击性

本文比较研究了草原田鼠和草甸田鼠自然种群在不同密度周期时相雌鼠攻击水平的变化。结果表明, 不同密度时相, 草原田鼠种群中攻击雌鼠所占比例以及接近、威胁、进攻、退避, 进攻/ 接近等5 种行为变量均无显著的差异, 5 种行为变量与种群密度亦均不呈显著的线形相关关系。然而, 草甸田鼠在不同密度时相攻击雌鼠的比例差异显著。低密度时相, 雌鼠发生威胁行为的平均次数显著高于上升和衰减时相, 进攻行为的平均次数亦显著高于其它时相。本研究结果不支持有关田鼠种群在一个完整的周期过程中具有多态性行为的假设。     

宁强广元地区志留系宁强组灰岩的微相研究

志留纪时期在扬子地台西北缘宁强湾沉积的宁强组,是一套巨厚的泥页岩夹小型局限台地相灰岩。局限台地相灰岩的沉积类型主要有生物礁、生物层和灰泥丘三种,按岩性可分为灰泥岩、颗粒岩、障积岩、粘结岩、格架岩、漂浮岩、灰砾岩等类型。岩石的微相分析和宏观相带的识别相结合,能指示各种沉积类型不同部位的环境和形成机制。     

广西南丹巴平石炭系中间界线剖面的碳酸盐微相特征及其沉积环境

巴平石炭系中间界线剖面位于碳酸盐台地相区和盆地相区之间的过渡带,在详细研究剖面岩石学和古生物学特征的基础上,可以区别出１０个主要的碳酸盐微相类型,形成于盆地边缘、斜坡、台地边缘和开阔台地环境,石灰系中间界线处于斜坡和台地边缘相之间。     

红霉素对狗胃肠道电活动的影响

以移行性综合肌电(MMC)作指标,研究红霉素(EM)消化道副作用与平滑肌电活动的关系。结果发现,在狗消化间期,静脉注射EM50～400μg/kg,在3～7min内即诱发剂量依赖性早发MMCⅢ相。此早发Ⅲ相起于胃、十二指肠,向小肠尾端移行,其锋电发生率、Ⅲ相持续时间和移行速度等均与自发Ⅲ相类似。胃、十二指肠内分别注射EM500μg/kg,经24.5±7.5min和23.7±2.2min才诱发移行性Ⅲ相。双侧膈上迷走神经切除后,EM仍诱发早发Ⅲ相,但其移行速度减慢(p<0.01),阿托品能阻断EM诱发Ⅲ相的发生。EM在Ⅲ相诱发后的70～250min甚至更长时间内仍使MMC周期和Ⅲ相起始紊乱,甚至完全破坏MMG,代之以超速扩布锋电簇活动。EM不影响进食后狗的胃肠电活动。因此,EM消化道反应的发生可能与其被吸收进血液后通过内在胆碱能神经启动早发Ⅲ相及其后较长后效应有关。     

糖类和pH值的改变对十二碳二元酸发酵的影响

烷烃发酵是非均相发酵,其发酵液中存在气相、固相、水相和油相。因此,烷烃发酵与一般微生物发酵方法不一样。它是高耗氧、高产热的发酵过程,并且会在发酵过程中产生乳化剂,以便油相和水相混匀,使微生物更好地利用烷烃[1～3]。烷烃和糖类等水溶性基质不同:烷烃的疏水性决定…     

酶联免疫吸附测定中固相化方法概述

酶联免疫吸附测定(enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay,ELISA)是一项应用广泛的固相酶免疫测定技术。抗原或抗体等反应物的固相化在ELISA检测系统中有着十分重要的作用,可直接影响检测结果。应用稳定性好、固相化物质变性率低及固定效率高的ELISA操作体系,可显著提高检测分析的灵敏性、特异性和可靠性。现就ELISA技术中不同固相介质和固相化方法作一概述。     

广西六寨中泥盆统台地边缘丘状叠置礁内的层孔虫生物礁

南丹六寨中泥盆统台地边缘层孔虫生物群内的层孔虫头骨有块状、柱状、板状、短粗枝状及皮壳包覆状等五大类型(其中块状又可分为孤立的11种类型和复合的9种类型,它们是丘状礁主要的建造格架块状体),分属8个属,可鉴定15个种。层孔虫大多分布于礁相,少数分布于礁相和非礁相,极少数只在非礁相出现。有三点结论:1.造架层孔虫共骨外形表现出较高的稳固性。这些形态基本上限于礁相。它们都具有较强的生长扩展特征。2.共骨外形在礁相的远较在非礁相的多样化,并具多变性。3.环境中底质性质和沉积速率是造架层孔虫生长发育的制约因素;也是层孔虫格架礁形成和发育规模的制约因索。     

Reef reconstruction after extinction events of the latest ordovician in the Yangtze platform,South China

Summary Early Silurian reef reconstruction on the Yangtze Platform, in the northern part of the South China Block, is preceded by a combination of regional and global processes. During most of Ashgill time (Late Ordovician), the area was dominated by Wufeng Formation deep water graptolitic black shales. Reefs largely disappeard in the middle of the Ashgill Stage, from the northwestern margin of Cathaysian Land (southeastern South China Block), in advance of the Late Ordovician glaciation and mass extinction, due to regional sea-level changes and regional uplift, unrelated to the mass extinction itselt. Late Ordovician microbial mudmound occurrence is also found in the western margin of the Yangtze Platform, its age corresponding to theDicellograptus complexus graptolite biozone of pre-extinction time. On the Yangtze Platform, a thin, non-reef-bearing carbonate, the Kuanyinchiao Formation (=Nancheng Formation in some sites), thickness generally no more than 1m, occurs near several landmasses as a result of Hirnantian regression. Reappearance of the earliest Silurian carbonates consisting of rare skeletal lenses in the upper part of Lungmachi Formation, are correlated to theacensus graptolite biozone, early Rhuddanian of Shiqian, northeastern Guizhou, near Qianzhong Land. Carbonate sediments gradually developed into beds rich in brachiopods and crinoids in the lower part of Xiangshuyuan Formation, middle Rhuddanian. In the middle part of Xiangshuyan Formation, biostromes, containing abundant and high diversity benthic faunas such as corals, crinoids and brachiopods, show beginnings of reconstruction of reef facies. Substantial reef recovery occurred in the upper part of Xiangshuyuan Formation, lower Aeronian, as small patch reefs and biostromes. During the late Aeronian, carbonate sediments, especially reefs and reef-related facies, expanded on the upper Yangtze Platform, and radiation of reefs occurred in Ningqiang Formation, upper Telychian. The long period of reef recovery, taking several million years, remains difficult to explain, because redistribution of any refugia faunas would be expected to take place soon after the extinction. Reefs and reef-related facies subsequently declined after Telychian time due to regional uplift of the major portion of the Yangtze Platform. Carbonate facies are therefore uncommon in South China during the rest of Silurian time.     

Depositional conditions during the Lower Kellwasser Event (Late Frasnian) in the deep‐shelf Łysogóry Basin of the Holy Cross Mountains Poland

Integrated biostratigraphical, microfacial and geochemical studies of the Lower Kellwasser Event in the P?ucki succession (southern Poland) provide details about redox conditions during the deposition of this horizon in the deep‐shelf ?ysogóry basin of the Holy Cross Mountains. The environment is characterized by calm sedimentation and soft, muddy carbonate substrate. However, microfacies changing from wackestones to grainstones, the presence of crushed or current‐oriented nautiloid shells and the occurrence of redeposited material from shallow‐water Dyminy Reef environments (such as calcispheroids, algae and girvanellid cyanobacteria) suggest episodes of a higher‐energy regime. Uranium/thorium ratios indicate that bottom‐water redox conditions changed periodically from being mainly anoxic in the middle part of the Lower Kellwasser Horizon to dysoxic in the lower and upper parts. During a short‐term episode of bottom‐water ventilation, the seafloor was rapidly colonized by a dense assemblage of opportunistic buchiolid bivalves, which suffered mass mortality upon the return to anoxic conditions. A very rich concentration of cephalopods and homoctenids may be regarded as reflecting a bloom of high‐density populations during high‐productivity events. Similarly, they suffered mass mortality when episodically increasing anoxia/euxinia reached the upper part of the water column. The Late Frasnian inorganic carbon isotope records in the P?ucki section show a positive shift with a maximum amplitude of 3‰. This enrichment in δ¹³C can be correlated with the deposition of the Lower Kellwasser Horizon and reflects the expansion of anoxic and probably high‐productivity regimes.     

From near extinction to recovery: Late Triassic to Middle Jurassic ammonoid shell geometry

The Triassic–Jurassic extinction resulted in the near demise of the ammonoids. Based on a survey of ammonoid expansion rates, coiling geometry and whorl shape, we use the Raup accretionary growth model to outline a universal morphospace for planispiral shell geometry. We explore the occupation of that planispiral morphospace in terms of both breadth and density of occupation in addition to separately reviewing the occurrence of heteromorphs. Four intervals are recognized: pre‐extinction (Carnian to Rhaetian); aftermath (Hettangian); post‐extinction (Sinemurian to Aalenian) and recovery (Bajocian to Callovian). The pre‐extinction and recovery intervals show maximum disparity. The aftermath is marked by the disappearance of heteromorphs and a dramatic reduction in the range of planispiral morphologies to a core area of the morphospace. It is also characterized by an expansion into an evolute, slowly expanding part of the morphospace that was not occupied prior to the extinction and is soon abandoned during the post‐extinction interval. Aftermath and post‐extinction ammonoid data show a persistent negative correlation whereby rapid expansion rates are associated with narrow umbilical widths and often compressed whorls. The permanently occupied core area of planispiral morphospace represents generalist demersals whose shells were probably optimizing both hydrodynamic efficiency and shell stability. All other parts of the planispiral morphospace, and the pelagic modes of life the shells probably exploited, were gradually reoccupied during the post‐extinction interval. Planispiral adaptation was by diffusion away from the morphospace core rather than by radical jumps. Recovery of disparity was not achieved until some 30 Myr after the extinction event.     

Evidence for shallow‐water ‘Upper Kellwasser’ anoxia in the Frasnian–Famennian reefs of Alberta,Canada

The Frasnian–Famennian extinction witnessed the global devastation of both level‐bottom and reef communities in low latitudes. Marine extinctions in offshore level‐bottom communities are associated with two widespread, transgressive, anoxic ‘Kellwasser Events’ that support an anoxia–extinction link. Typical Kellwasser facies of bituminous limestones and shales are not obviously recorded in shallow‐water settings, and thus, it is unclear whether anoxia played a role in reef losses. We evaluate geochemical, petrographic and facies evidence for oxygen restriction from an extremely shallow‐water carbonate platform in Alberta. Sequence stratigraphy places the Frasnian–Famennian boundary at a sequence boundary that tops a laminated mudstone and interrupts carbonate platform deposition. Two transgressive pulses have been identified, one of which is associated with the second, major transgression of T‐R cycle IId of the Devonian eustatic sea‐level curve. Geochemical proxies indicate that these transgressions were accompanied by influx of dysoxic or anoxic waters. Organic carbon and U enrichment in the Frasnian, particularly just below the Frasnian–Famennian boundary, points to episodic dysoxic conditions that probably persisted into the basal Famennian and were coincidental with the global Upper Kellwasser Event. This study provides the first evidence for the smoking gun of an anoxia‐driven extinction in very shallow waters, implicating this potent killer in the demise of the Devonian reefs.     

寒武纪凯里生物群在贵州镇远竹坪地区的发现

贵州东部镇远县竹坪地区付家冲寒武系凯里组中上部Oryctocephalus indicus带至Peronopsis taijiangensis带粉砂质泥岩、泥岩中新发现丰富的多门类化石组合,共计22属及3未定属种,分属海绵动物、节肢动物、腕足动物、软体动物、棘皮动物、腔肠动物,鳃曳动物、水母状动物及藻类9大门类,其中动...     

塔里木柯坪地层区中-上奥陶统萨尔干组碳酸盐岩微相和古地理

塔里木板块西北柯坪地层区中-上奥陶统萨尔干组的分布和相变受控于当时西浅东深的海底深度差异。萨尔干组的厚度10米左右,为富含有机物的黑色页岩并夹少量灰岩薄层或透镜体。位于研究区西南的伽师西克尔剖面缺失大部分奥陶纪地层,上奥陶统铁热克阿瓦提组碎屑岩不整合于下-中奥陶统鹰山组灰岩之上,中-晚奥陶世的大部分时段属于暴露海面的剥蚀区;北部乌什的亚科瑞克剖面无萨尔干组岩性单元,为红色居多且粒度偏粗的碎屑岩夹白云岩薄层,属于近岸带碎屑岩为主的沉积区。西克尔向东北延伸150km至柯坪羊吉坎亦无萨尔干组,与萨尔干组同期沉积的地层在此表现为大湾沟组上部浅海灰岩的相变,且与上奥陶统桑比阶坎岭组偏深水相的红色薄层含泥瘤状灰岩之间呈整合接触;由西向东出露于柯坪苏巴什沟、柯坪大湾沟、阿克苏四石厂3个剖面的萨尔干组黑色泥页岩指示典型的滞流盆地相,而夹含于萨尔干组下部和上部的薄层灰岩之微相特征差异甚为显著,表现为该组下部可见数层密集砂屑颗粒形成泥粒状灰岩或颗粒灰岩,可解释为西部相邻的浅海碳酸盐岩台地区灰岩经重力流搬运后的再沉积;而该组上部含生屑泥状灰岩则属滞流盆地相区类似于黑色页岩环境的正常沉积。从羊吉坎灰岩台地到苏巴什沟滞流盆地相之间距离仅20余千米,坡度偏大是导致重力流形成的主要原因。     

新疆西准噶尔晚泥盆世法门期的苔藓虫动物群及其形态特异性和古环境意义*

本文重新研究了产自新疆西准噶尔晚泥盆世法门期洪古勒楞组和铁列克提组的苔藓虫动物群, 重点关注其形态学特征和古生态学意义。该苔藓虫动物群由隐口目(Cryptostomata)、窗格苔藓虫目(Fenestrata), 变口目 (Trepostomata)和泡孔目(Cystoporata)组成。优势类群隐口目苔藓虫是具有中轴或中板的细枝状和双叶状群体。 它们的虫室具有加厚的外区体壁, 弯曲强烈的自虫室, 数量众多的大虫室(metazooecia)或隐蔽虫室(tectizooecia), 以及径向刺突和/或棘状刺突。多样化的异虫室、刺突、自虫室等结构, 以及不同生长环境中的不同生态组合是新疆西准噶尔法门期苔藓虫成功演化的基础。洪古勒楞组下段和铁列克提组下部的苔藓虫动物群可以划分为三类生态组合(即: No. 1, No. 2和No. 3), 代表前滨—近岸—远岸的沉积环境。其中, 近岸环境的枝状—双叶状—网状苔藓虫组合的属种丰度、分异度最高。     

PATTERNS OF EVOLUTION AND EXTINCTION IN THE LAST HARPETID TRILOBITES DURING THE LATE DEVONIAN (FRASNIAN)

Abstract: Late Devonian (Frasnian) harpetid trilobites have hitherto only been described from the western side of the Protethys Ocean, in what is now Europe and North Africa, as well as from Gondwana‐derived northwestern Kazakhstan (Mugodjar). However, late Frasnian strata in the Canning Basin, Western Australia, that were deposited on the eastern side of this ocean, contain a rich harpetid fauna. Described herein are two new harpetids: Eskoharpes gen. nov. and Globoharpes gen. nov., within which are placed six species: E. palanasus sp. nov., E. wandjina sp. nov., E. boltoni sp. nov., E. guthae sp. nov., G. teicherti sp. nov. and G. friendi sp. nov. The ontogenetic development of E. palanasus, E. wandjina and G. teicherti are described, including the first unequivocal harpetid protaspis. Globoharpes exhibits evidence of sexual dimorphism in the development of a pronounced preglabellar boss in some specimens. This structure is thought to have functioned as a brood pouch. Such structures have previously only been described in Cambrian and Ordovician trilobites, and never before in harpetids. It is suggested that the characteristic harpetid fringe functioned as a secondary respiratory structure. The Eskoharpes lineage shows evolutionary trends that mirror changes seen in ontogenetic development of the youngest species, suggesting the operation of peramorphic processes. This is the first record of heterochrony in harpetids and the first documented example of peramorphosis in Devonian trilobites. These harpetids demonstrate a stepped pattern of extinction during the late Frasnian, probably related to the effects of the two Kellwasser biocrises that have been well documented in European Frasnian sections. Highly vaulted species of Eskoharpes and the strongly vaulted Globoharpes became extinct at the Lower Kellwasser Event. The flatter species of Eskoharpes became extinct at the base of the Upper Kellwasser Event shortly prior to the Frasnian/Famennian boundary. The extinction of these harpetids, along with contemporaneous forms from Europe, which are also discussed herein, marks the end of the trilobite order Harpetida worldwide.     

Disentangling allometry and response to Kellwasser anoxic events in the Late Devonian conodont genus Ancyrodella

Is the ability to respond to minor perturbations a key to survival to major crisis? This idea was supported by previous studies on Late Devonian conodonts. Genera surviving the Frasnian/Famennian (F/F) crisis, at the end of the Upper Kellwasser anoxic event, had shown a response to a similar but minor event, the Lower Kellwasser (LKW). In contrast, the genus Ancyrodella went extinct at the F/F crisis. This study aims to assess whether this extinction was associated with the absence of response to the minor LKW event. For this purpose, the shape of the P1 platform elements of the conodont Ancyrodella curvata was quantified based on their 2‐D outlines. Conodonts were extracted from two outcrops documenting the Late Devonian Kellwasser events, Coumiac (France) and Mrirt (Morocco). Ancyrodella curvata is characterized by a marked allometric growth that may blur any other source of shape difference, like response to the LKW. Hence, a multivariate method was developed to disentangle size‐free from size‐related shape variations. No coherent temporal size variations emerged from the analysis, but allometry occurring along the growth of the element indeed appeared as the prevailing source of shape variation. By isolating size‐free variations, however, we were able to evidence a morphometric response of A. curvata to the LKW independent from the allometric pattern. Hence, the extinction of A. curvata at the F/F crisis cannot be attributed to an absence of response to minor events. The amount of shape change involved in the LKW shift is, however, of minor importance in comparison with the shape variation due to allometric growth. Alternate hypotheses have been further investigated. Ancyrodella curvata appears as a rare species in the assemblages, and its distribution worldwide suggests a rather specialist taxon. Considering survivorship curves (i.e. frequency distribution of the conodont as a function of its size) A. curvata was characterized by low and constant mortality rate. This may be a clue for a long growth and progressive investment in the reproduction. These arguments support the view that A. curvata was a rather specialist, rare and ‘K‐selected’ taxon. All these factors may not be exclusive and their unfavourable conjunction might have been the key to the extinction of A. curvata.     

Emsian (Early Devonian) Yujiang Event in South China

The Yujiang Event is reported here as a newly recognized event that occurred during the deposition of the Early Devonian Yukiang Formation in Liujing, Guangxi, and its equivalents in South China. The first episode of the Yujiang Event is characterized by the extinction of biostrome that is constructed mainly by colonies of rugose coral, tabulatimorph coral and bryozoan as well as the extinction of evolved biota including some brachiopods, bivalves, etc. The age of the first episode of the Yujiang Event dated by conodonts is at the beginning or the lower part of the Polygnathus nothoperbonus Zone. The main episode of Yujiang Event is evidenced by the extinction of the Rostrospirifer tonkinensis Fauna (sensu lato) at the top of Yukiang Formation and by the sudden occurrences of the dolostones and dolomitic limestone of the overlying Moding Formation. At the basal part of the Moding Formation, the new finding of conodont Polygnathus nothoperbonus and dacryconarids Nowakia (N.) barrandei indicates that this episode of Yujiang Event may occur in the upper part of the Polygnathus nothoperbonus Zone. Overlying the Yukiang Formation and its equivalent beds, various lithic deposits correspondingly yielding different biota can be seen widely in many localities and sections in South China and northern Vietnam. Therefore, the Yujiang Event can be recognized not only as a biotic extinction event, but also as a geological event.