LI-6262CO2／H2O分析仪接气室法在草原群落蒸散量与CO2交换量测定中的应用

植物群落蒸散量和CO2交换量的测定方法多种多样。该文以水分、CO2动态的区域性整合为目标,开创了一种新的、同时测定群落蒸散量和CO2交换量的方法——LI—6262CO2／H2O分析仪接气窒法。借助这种方法测定了内蒙古锡林河流域典型草原区群落蒸散量和CO2交换量,取得了较好的结果。该方法将群落的重要生态过程2蒸散与光合、呼吸作用的测定联系起来,也因此得到一系列表征群落特性的有用指标;同时该方法具有精度高、简便易携带、适于野外操作等特点,经进一步改进后可广泛用于草原、沙地及湿地植物群落的气体通量测定。对于精确研究草原区各种植物群落类型的水分利用、光合和呼吸特性及草原区植被在全球气候变化中的地位和作用等有重要的实用价值。     

交换量测定中的应用

植物群落蒸散量和CO₂交换量的测定方法多种多样。该文以水分、CO₂动态的区域性整合为目标,开创了一种新的、同时测定群落蒸散量和CO₂交 换量的方法——LI-6262 CO₂/ H₂O分析仪接气室法。借助这种方法测定了内蒙古锡林河流域典型草原区群落蒸散量和CO₂交换量,取得了较好的 结果。该方法将群落的重要生态过程：蒸散与光合、呼吸作用的测定联系起来,也因此得到一系列表征群落特性的有用指标;同时该方法具有 精度高、简便易携带、适于野外操作等特点,经进一步改进后可广泛用于草原、沙地及湿地植物群落的气体通量测定。对于精确研究草原区各 种植物群落类型的水分利用、光合和呼吸特性及草原区植被在全球气候变化中的地位和作用等有重要的实用价值。     

一种简单快速测定Rubisco CO2/O2特异性因子的方法

提出了一种简单快速测定1,5-二磷酸核酮糖羧化/氧化酶CO2/O2特异性因子的方法.理论上改进了定量计算公式;操作上避免了使用放射性同位素标记以及层析分离3-磷酸甘油酸和2-磷酸乙醇酸的复杂程序,使测定过程一步完成,极大地减少了随机误差.讨论了实验数据(pH、温度、离子强度)的准确性对计算结果的影响.     

不同生境微生物转化H2/CO2产乙酸及其在合成气发酵中应用

【目的】合成气发酵对大力开发可再生资源和促进国家可持续发展具有重要意义,研究旨在探究不同生境微生物转化H2/CO2产乙酸及其合成气发酵的潜力。【方法】采集剩余污泥、牛粪、产甲烷污泥和河道底物样品在中温(37 °C)条件下生物转化H2/CO2气体,将来源于牛粪样品的H2/CO2转化富集物用于合成气发酵,通过454高通量技术和定量PCR技术分析复杂微生物群落的组成,GC气相色谱法检测气体转化产生的挥发性脂肪酸(VFAs)浓度。【结果】牛粪和剩余污泥微生物利用H2/CO2气体生成乙酸、乙醇和丁酸等,最高乙酸浓度分别为63 mmol/L和40 mmol/L,明显高于河道底物和产甲烷污泥样品的最高乙酸浓度3 mmol/L和16 mmol/L。牛粪和剩余污泥微生物中含有种类多样化的同型产乙酸菌,剩余污泥中同型产乙酸菌主要为Clostridium spp.、Sporomusa malonica和Acetoanaerobium noterae,牛粪中则为Clostridium spp.、Treponema azotonutricium和Oxobacter pfennigii。【结论】同型产乙酸菌的丰富度和数量两个因素都对复杂微生物群落转化H2/CO2产乙酸效率至关重要;转化H2/CO2得到的富集物可用于合成气发酵产乙酸和乙醇,这为基于混合培养技术的合成气发酵提供了依据。     

去势大鼠阴茎海绵体内CSE/H2S与HO-2/CO的交叉调控作用

摘要：目的 观察去势大鼠阴茎海绵体胱硫醚γ裂解酶（cystathionine-γ-lyase,CSE）/硫化氢（Hydrogen sulphide,H2S）与血红素加氧酶2（heme oxygenase,HO-2）/一氧化碳（carbon monoxide,CO）的交叉调控作用,初步探讨勃起功能障碍的发病机制。方法 雄性SD大鼠制备去势大鼠模型,分别施加锌原卟啉（ZnPP,HO阻断剂）和炔丙基甘氨酸（PAG,CSE阻断剂）干预,检测基础条件下和阿扑吗啡（Apomorphine,APO）刺激后的海绵体内压（Intracavernous pressure,ICP）和勃起率;通过Western-blot、敏感硫电极和分光光度计分别检测大鼠勃起不同时期ZnPP（HO阻断剂)对CSE/H2S系统的影响,PAG（CSE阻断剂）对HO-2/CO系统的影响。结果 基础条件和APO刺激后去势组、去势PAG组和ZnPP组与假手术组比较,ICP和勃起率下降（P<0.01）,且去势PAG组和ZnPP组较去势组ICP明显下降（P<0.01）;阿朴吗啡刺激勃起前和勃起中,去势组和去势Znpp（HO阻断剂）组较假手术组CSE蛋白表达和H2S含量下降（P<0.05）,且勃起中去势Znpp组较去势组CSE蛋白表达和H2S含量明显降低（P<0.05）;勃起后去势组和去势Znpp（HO阻断剂）组较假手术组H2S含量下降（P<0.01）。勃起前和勃起中去势组和去势PAG（CSE阻断剂）组较假手术组HO-2蛋白表达和CO含量下降（P<0.05）,且勃起中去势PAG组较去势组HO-2蛋白表达和CO含量明显降低（P<0.05）;勃起后去势组和去势PAG（CSE阻断剂）组较假手术组CO含量下降（P<0.01）。勃起前、勃起中和勃起后,CSE和HO-2蛋白表达分别呈正相关（r=0.732,0.850和0.727）,H2S和CO水平分别呈正相关（r=0.765,0.912和0.929）。结论 CSE/H2S与HO-2/CO交叉调控作用与去势大鼠勃起功能障碍有关。     

Calculating CO2 and H2O eddy covariance fluxes from an enclosed gas analyzer using an instantaneous mixing ratio

Eddy covariance flux research has relied on open‐ or closed‐path gas analyzers for producing estimates of net ecosystem exchange of carbon dioxide (CO₂) and water vapor (H₂O). The two instruments have had different challenges that have led to development of an enclosed design that is intended to maximize strengths and minimize weaknesses of both traditional designs. Similar to the closed‐path analyzer, the enclosed design leads to minimal data loss during precipitation events and icing, and it does not have surface heating issues. Similar to the open‐path design, the enclosed design has good frequency response due to small flux attenuation loss in the short intake tube, does not need frequent calibration, has minimal maintenance requirements, and can be used in a very low power configuration. Another important feature of such a design is the ability to output instantaneous mixing ratio, or dry mole fraction, so that instantaneous thermal and pressure‐related expansion and contraction, and water dilution of the sampled air have been accounted for. Thus, no density corrections should be required to compute fluxes during postprocessing. Calculations of CO₂ and H₂O fluxes via instantaneous mixing ratio from the new enclosed CO₂/H₂O gas analyzer were tested in nine field experiments during 2009–2010 in a wide range of ecosystems and setups. Fluxes computed via a mixing ratio output from the instrument without applying density corrections were compared to those computed the traditional way using density corrections. The results suggest that with proper temperature, water vapor, and pressure measurements in the cell, gas fluxes can be computed confidently from raw covariance of mixing ratio and vertical wind speed, multiplied by a frequency response correction. This has important implications for future flux measurements, because avoiding hourly density corrections could have the advantages of increasing flux measurement quality and temporal resolution, reducing the magnitude of minimum detectable flux, unifying data processing steps, and assuring better intercomparison between different sites and networks.     

重复缺氧与过氧化氢对脑与突触体乳酸生成的影响

目的：观察重复缺氧对小鼠在体脑乳酸含量以及Ｈ２Ｏ２对荷兰猪离体突触体乳酸含量的影响,并分析其作用机制。方法：采用酶氧化方法对突触体培养液中乳酸含量进行测定。结果：单次急性缺氧鼠脑内乳酸含量高,但在重复缺氧的作用下,鼠脑内乳酸的含量并未随缺氧时间的延长而增加。在突触体培养液中分别加入Ｈ２Ｏ２、ＦＣＣＰ、Ｒｏｔｅｎｏｎ,乳酸浓度比正常对照组显著性的增高。对突触体进行长时间Ｈ２Ｏ２处理,乳酸含量未见显著升高或降低。同时在突触体培养液中加入Ｈ２Ｏ２和ＦＣＣＰ,乳酸浓度相当于单独在突触体培养液分别加入Ｈ２Ｏ２与ＦＣＣＰ产生乳酸之和。结论：重复缺氧与Ｈ２Ｏ２处理可能激发脑与突触体内的抗自由基损伤防御系统;突触体从有氧呼吸到无氧酵解的转换主要不是由于Ｈ２Ｏ２对突触体膜的损伤。     

Leucine 332 influences the CO2/O2 specificity factor of ribulose-1,5-bisphosphate carboxylase/oxygenase from Anacystis nidulans.

The role of Leu 332 in ribulose-1,5-bisphosphate carboxylase/oxygenase from the cyanobacterium Anacystis nidulans was investigated by site-directed mutagenesis. Substitutions of this residue with Met, Ile, Val, Thr, or Ala decreased the CO2/O2 specificity factor by as much as 67% and 96% for the Ile mutant in the presence of Mg2+ and Mn2+, respectively. For the Met, Ile, and Ala mutants in the presence of Mg2+, no loss of oxygenase activity was observed despite the loss of greater than 65% of the carboxylase activity relative to the wild-type enzyme. In the presence of Mn2+, carboxylase activities for mutant enzymes were reduced to approximately the same degree as was observed in the presence of Mg2+, although oxygenase activities were also reduced to similar extents as carboxylase activities. Only minor changes in Km(RuBP) were observed for all mutants in the presence of Mg2+ relative to the wild-type enzyme, indicating that Leu 332 does not function in RuBP binding. These results suggest that in the presence of Mg2+, Leu 332 contributes to the stabilization of the transition state for the carboxylase reaction, and demonstrate that it is possible to affect only one of the activities of this bifunctional enzyme.     

Enrichment of homoacetogens converting H2/CO2 into acids and ethanol and simultaneous methane production

An anaerobic granular sludge was enriched to utilize H₂/CO₂ in a continuous gas-fed up-flow anaerobic sludge reactor by applying operating conditions expected to produce acetic acid, butyric acid, and ethanol. Three stages of fermentation were found: Stage I with acetic acid accumulation with the highest concentration of 35 mM along with a pH decrease from initial 6 to 4.5. In Stage II, H₂/CO₂ was replaced by 100% H₂ to induce solventogenesis, whereas butyric acid was produced with the highest concentration of 2.5 mM. At stage III with 10 µM tungsten (W) addition, iso-valeric acid, valeric acid, and caproic acid were produced at pH 4.5–5.0. In the batch tests inoculated with the enriched sludge taken from the bioreactor (day 70), however, methane production occurred at pH 6. Exogenous 15 mM acetate addition enhanced both the H₂ and CO₂ consumption rate compared to exogenous 10, 30, and 45 mM acetate by the enriched sludge. Exogenous acetate was failed to be converted to ethanol using H₂ as electron donor by the enriched acetogens.     

ERK1／2信号通路对黄芪苷Ⅳ抗H2O2诱导H9c2细胞氧化损伤的作用

目的：研究黄芪苷Ⅳ（AST）是否通过细胞外信号调节激酶1／2（ERK1／2）通路发挥对H2O2诱导的H9c2细胞氧化损伤的保护作用。方法：用200μmoL／L的H2O2处理细胞6h,采用MTT法检测细胞存活率,建立H2O2诱导的H9c2细胞氧化损伤模型;比色法测定细胞培养液中乳酸脱氢酶（LDH）活性、总超氧化物歧化酶（T—SOD）和锰超氧化物歧化酶（Mn—SOD）活力以及丙二醛（MDA）含量;Western blot检测H9c2细胞ERK1／2蛋白的磷酸化水平。结果：在H2O2浓度为200μmol／L作用6h条件下,细胞存活率降低程度适中,实验结果重复性好,确定后续实验采用200μmol／L H2O2作用6h建立模型。与H2O2组比较,10mg／L及20mg／L AST均显著提高细胞存活率（P〈0．01）,使细胞培养液中LDH活性显著降低（P〈0．01）,T—SOD及Mn—SOD活力显著提高（P〈0．01）,MDA含量显著降低（P〈0．01）。10mg/L及20mg/L AST均显著增加H2O2损伤的H9c2细胞p—ERK1／2蛋白的表达（P〈0．01）,当用PD98059（ERK1／2的抑制剂）预处理后,AST的作用则被取消。结论：黄芪苷Ⅳ可以通过ERK1／2通路发挥对H2O2诱导的H9c2细胞氧化损伤的保护作用。     

水分胁迫对冬小麦叶片CO_2/H_2O交换参数的影响

水资源严重匮乏已成为华北平原农业可持续发展的主要障碍因素 [1] ,提高有限水资源的利用效率显得十分重要。以前的研究主要注重农田水平作物与水分的关系 [2 ,4 ] ,利用作物生物学进行节水研究不够 [3,4 ] 。Roa等人认为作物适度的水分亏缺可获得高产 [15] ;Jensen等人认为适度水分胁迫甚至能使作物水分利用效率显著提高 [5,6] ,依此发展了调亏灌溉思想 ,对有限水量在作物生育期内时空最优分配制度进行研究 ,目前已为世界各国广泛关注 [6] 。作物 CO2 /H2 O交换参数包括光合速率、蒸腾速率、水分利用效率等 ,这些是确定作物水分高效利用…     

Ruminococcus hydrogenotrophicus sp. nov., a new H2/CO2-utilizing acetogenic bacterium isolated from human feces

A new H₂/CO₂-utilizing acetogenic bacterium was isolated from the feces of a non-methane-excreting human subject. The two strains S5a33 and S5a36 were strictly anaerobic, gram-positive, non-sporulating coccobacilli. The isolates grew autotrophically by metabolizing H₂/CO₂ to form acetate as sole metabolite and were also able to grow heterotrophically on a variety of organic compounds. The major end product of glucose and fructose fermentation was acetate; the strains also formed ethanol, lactate and, to a lesser extent, isobutyrate and isovalerate. The G+C content of DNA of strain S5a33 was 45.2 mol%. 16S rRNA gene sequencing demonstrated that the two acetogenic isolates were phylogenetically identical and represent a new subline within Clostridium cluster XIVa. Based on phenotypic and phylogenetic considerations, a new species, Ruminococcus hydrogenotrophicus, is proposed. The type strain of R. hydrogenotrophicus is S5a33 (DSM 10507). Furthermore, H₂/CO₂ acetogenesis appeared to be a common property of most of the species phylogenetically closely related to strain S5a33 (Clostridium coccoides, Ruminococcus hansenii, and Ruminococcus productus). Received: 11 April 1996 / Accepted: 11 June 1996