基于BIOME-BGC模型的秦岭北坡太白红杉林碳源/汇动态和趋势研究

为了解秦岭北坡太白红杉(Larix chinensis)的碳源/汇动态,运用BIOME-BGC模型模拟了1959-2016年太白红杉生产力、碳储量和碳利用效率(CUE),并利用气候情景设定方法预测碳源/汇功能的未来趋势。结果表明,58年间太白红杉的平均净初级生产力(NPP)、初级生产力(GPP)和净生态系统生产力(NEP)分别为328.59、501.56和31.42 g C m–2a–1,平均碳储量为35.38 kg C m–2a–1,平均CUE为0.65;除1960-1961、1969-1970、1997-1999年为"碳源"年外,绝大多数年份为"碳汇"年,年内呈现"碳源-碳汇-碳源"的变化特征,碳储量总体增加,潜在固碳能力较为稳定。GPP、NPP、碳储量的正向作用排序为气温上升CO_2浓度增加,NEP的正向作用排序反之,降水增加对生产力和碳储量增加起反作用,气温升高对CUE起反作用;气温和CO_2浓度是北坡太白红杉生长的限制因子,气温的限制性强于CO_2浓度,未来气温或CO_2浓度升高有利于碳汇功能发挥,降水增加减弱碳汇效果。RCP4.5、RCP8.5情景下太白红杉生产力和碳储量在21世纪呈上升趋势,RCP8.5上升幅度略大于RCP4.5,潜在固碳能力仍较强;1-3月和10-12月为"碳源"月,5-9月为"碳汇"月。这揭示了气候变化背景下气温、降水和CO_2浓度对太白红杉碳源/汇的影响方式,气温和CO_2浓度上升是碳汇的促进因素,降水增加为阻碍因素。     

Cultivation of a desulfurizing bacterium, Mycobacterium strain G3

Various carbon and sulfur sources on the growth and desulfurization activity of Mycobacterium strain G3, which is a dibenzothiophene (DBT)-degrading microorganism, were studied. Ethanol, glucose or glycerol as the sole carbon source and MgSO₄, taurine or dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO) as the sole sulfur source were suitable for the growth. In addition, desulfurization activity was expressed in medium containing taurine, MgSO₄ or DMSO at 0.1 mM, when 217 mM ethanol was used as the sole carbon source. The highest desulfurization activity was in the stationary phase cells after 5 days' growth, rather than those harvested during active growth, when Mycobacterium G3 was cultivated in medium containing 217 mM ethanol and 0.1 mM MgSO₄. Thus alternative sulfur sources to DBT can be used for the cultivation of this desulfurizing microorganism.     

Sucrose-phosphate synthase responds differently to source-sink relations and to photosynthetic rates: Lolium perenne L. growing at elevated pCO2 in the field

Lolium perenne, a main component species in managed grassland, is well adapted to defoliation, fertilization, and regrowth cycles; and hence, to changes in the assimilatory carbon source‐sink ratio. In the Swiss Free Air CO₂ Enrichment experiment the source‐sink ratio is (i) increased by elevated partial pressure of CO₂ (p_CO2), (ii) decreased by enhanced carbon use under high N fertilization, and (iii) gradually increased during regrowth after defoliation. Since sucrose synthesis plays a central role in leaf carbohydrate metabolism in this fructan‐accumulating species, we investigated how sucrose‐phosphate synthase (SPS) responds to the differing assimilatory carbon fluxes and source‐sink ratios in the field. Assimilatory carbon flux, as estimated by leaf gas exchange, strongly depended on p_CO2. Surprisingly, the SPS content per leaf area did not increase with p_CO2, but increased with N fertilization. During later regrowth, when a dense canopy had formed, the SPS content decreased; in particular, SPS was decreased at high N under elevated p_CO2. Further, the higher assimilatory carbon flux through SPS at elevated p_CO2 was accompanied by a higher activation state of SPS. The SPS content correlated very strongly with the ratio of free sucrose to free amino acid in leaves, which represents the carbon source‐sink ratio. Hence, SPS content in L. perenne appears to be regulated by the current, strongly nitrogen‐dependent, source‐sink relation.     

Genome shuffling amplifies the carbon source spectrum and improves arachidonic acid production in Diasporangium sp.

The aim of this study was to develop a new fungal strain that simultaneously amplifies the carbon source spectrum and increases arachidonic acid (AA) productivity using genome shuffling between Diasporangium sp. and inactive Aspergillus niger. Through three rounds of genome shuffling, one of the stable daughter strains (F₁) acquired the ability to produce arachidonic acid and utilize various carbon sources. Compared to the parental Diasporangium sp., which could only use four out of eight carbon sources tested, F₁ could utilize all eight carbon sources. During fermentation with CMC-Na as the carbon source, F₁ was able to obtain 30.16% of lipid effectively whereas the parental Diasporangium sp. was not able to grow at all. When glucose was used as the carbon source, the CMCase activity of F₁ was 879.36 U, 298.23% higher than that of the parental Diasporangium sp. Under optimized fermentation conditions in a 5-L fermentation container, the AA yield of F₁ reached 0.81 g/l, 94.78% higher than that of the parental generation. These results indicate that inter-kingdom genome shuffling can be used successfully in eukaryotic microorganisms and that it can effectively improve the production of desired metabolites within a short period of time. The findings of this study may be useful for extending the application of genome shuffling in eukaryotic microbial breeding.     

假单胞菌NyZ12基因组的可塑多变特征

【背景】假单胞菌是广泛存在于土壤、水体环境的微生物,其中Pseudomonas plecoglossicida NyZ12是一株能够以环己胺为唯一碳源和氮源生长的革兰氏阴性菌,其基因组达到7.0Mb左右。【目的】研究假单胞菌NyZ12的基因组是否具有可塑性和多变特征。【方法】以环己胺为唯一碳源和氮源生长的P. plecoglossicida NyZ12为研究对象,以琥珀酸或者代谢中间产物环己酮为碳源连续传代让其自然发生突变,然后筛选在以环己胺为唯一碳源和氮源的无机盐培养基上不能生长的突变体。将获得的突变体进行全基因组测序,并与野生型假单胞菌NyZ12的全基因组进行比对。【结果】以琥珀酸和环己酮为碳源分别筛选到一株突变体T1和T2,测序比对后发现假单胞菌突变体T1、T2的基因组发生大量的缺失和突变。对基因丢失的原因进行了分析,丢失的2个大片段中存在大量的重复序列、转座酶、转座子和原噬菌体。【结论】假单胞菌NyZ12的基因组具有可塑多变的特征。其可能的机制为进一步揭示微生物的适应和进化提供了参考。     

Effect of simple and complex carbon sources,low temperature culture and complex carbon feeding policies on poly-3-hydroxybutyric acid (PHB) content and molecular weight (Mw) from Azotobacter chroococcum 6B

The molecular weight (M _w) of poly-3-hydroxybutyrate (PHB), produced by shake-flask culture of Azotobacter chroococcum showed little variation with increasing glucose concentration as carbon source (being in the range of 400–500 kDa), while M _w increased from 300–400 to 640 kDa when grown with increasing concentration of sugar cane molasses. Molecular weight increased nearly 30% from 48 to 72 h culture time when 5% molasses as carbon source was used, while with glucose the highest M _w was reached at 48 h. Under fermentor cultivation A. chroococcum produced PHB with a relatively high M _w of 1590 kDa at 53 h culture time when grown in modified Burk's medium with glucose as carbon source at an initial C/N ratio (molar basis) of 69 under fermentor cultivation. A batch glucose-grown ammonium-limited fermentor culture was repeatedly fed with sugar cane molasses (initial C/N ratio 69) and it was observed that PHB content curve decreased at a slower rate than in the fed-batch culture in which glucose and sucrose were not consumed in the culture medium after the feed.     

Life Cycle Assessment of Carbon Dioxide–Based Production of Methane and Methanol and Derived Polymers

Previous studies showed that using carbon dioxide (CO₂) as a raw material for chemical syntheses may provide an opportunity for achieving greenhouse gas (GHG) savings and a low‐carbon economy. Nevertheless, it is not clear whether carbon capture and utilization benefits the environment in terms of resource efficiency. We analyzed the production of methane, methanol, and synthesis gas as basic chemicals and derived polyoxymethylene, polyethylene, and polypropylene as polymers by calculating the output‐oriented indicator global warming impact (GWI) and the resource‐based indicators raw material input (RMI) and total material requirement (TMR) on a cradle‐to‐gate basis. As carbon source, we analyzed the capturing of CO₂ from air, raw biogas, cement plants, lignite‐fired power, and municipal waste incineration plants. Wind power serves as an energy source for hydrogen production. Our data were derived from both industrial processes and process simulations. The results demonstrate that the analyzed CO₂‐based process chains reduce the amount of GHG emissions in comparison to the conventional ones. At the same time, the CO₂‐based process chains require an increased amount of (abiotic) resources. This trade‐off between decreased GHG emissions and increased resource use is assessed. The decision about whether or not to recycle CO₂ into hydrocarbons depends largely on the source and amount of energy used to produce hydrogen.     

Alkane assimilation ability of Pseudomonas C12B originally isolated for degradation of alkyl sulfate surfactants

Summary Pseudomonas C12B (NCIMB 11753) is able to utilize a broad range of alkyl sulfates. The growth on n-alkanes of different chain lenght (C₆–C₁₆) was tested. Pseudomonas C12B assimilated hydrocarbons from C₉–C₁₆. Growth rate on n-decane (1%) that was chosen as the typical sole source of carbon and energy depended on oxygen supply. The addition of surfactants (Triton X-100 and Tween-80) in a nontoxic concentrations resulted in increased biomass yield. Under optimal growth conditions Pseudomonas C12B exhibited the maximal growth rate and yield with C₁₁ as the sole carbon source.     

Effect of CO2 on the growth of a bleached Euglena

The addition of CO₂ in gaseous form to the growth medium of Euglena gracilis var bacillaris (streptomycin bleached) results in a marked increase in the peak populations reached by the organism. when 20 mm succinate is used as the carbon source, the increase in peak population is proportional to the percentage CO₂ enrichment of an air wash up to at least 10% CO₂. when acetate is used as a carbon source for growth, some increase is seen in the peak population reached by euglena but the increase is not dependent upon the percentage enrichment of CO₂ between 2 and 10% CO₂. this extended growth is dependent up the presence of gaseous CO₂; bicarbonate ion actually inhibiting growth. thiamin is not required for the CO₂ effect, in fact no thiamin requirement can be demonstrated for this organism under the conditions of this experiment.     

湖泊生态系统碳汇特征及其潜在碳中和价值研究

为了应对气候挑战,达成碳达峰远景目标,需要正确评估自然资源碳中和价值。湖泊作为具有独特生态、人文价值的地理单元,因碳循环强度高、碳排放总量大,是传统意义上的碳源。通过梳理近期相关研究成果,对比不同类型湖泊碳汇/源状况,湖泊生态系统以一系列碳汇特征表现出潜在的碳中和价值。强烈的光合作用可以使水体CO₂欠饱和,但由呼吸-光合作用、碳酸盐岩溶蚀作用带来的水体碱度、CO₂分压pCO₂提高也有利于湖泊碳汇增益。CO₂在水体中大量溶解,积极参与到湖泊碳循环,将pCO₂高于40 Pa作为判断湖泊为碳源的依据可能忽视了水体碱度上升带来的碳汇。在湖泊沉积物中有机碳的累积受到生态系统光合-呼吸作用的影响,当异养微生物群落能及时分解沉入湖底的衰亡组织、有机质时,沉积物中有机碳不会大量累积,当呼吸对光合的相对滞后,有机碳才会大量累积。湖泊生态系统的生产力决定了固碳能力,是湖泊发挥碳汇效益的重要“碳库”。由水生植物固定下的CO₂总量不如浮游植物,但在过程中发挥了“压舱石”般的稳定作...     

Microbial Production of Long-chain Dicarboxylic Acids from n-Alkanes

Strain M-l which was derived from Candida cloacae 310 as a mutant unable to assimilate dicarboxylic acid (DC) produced large amount of DCs from n-alkanes, as expected. It produced DCs with the same number of carbon atoms as those of n-alkanes used (9 to 18 carbon atoms). Among DCs produced, n-tetradecane ω,φ′-dicarboxylic acid (DC-16) from n-hexadecane (n-C₁₆) was most abundantly accumulated and the highest level of DC-16, i.e., 29.3g/liter was obtained by resting cells.

On the other hand, since the growth rate of strain M-l on n-alkane markedly decreased in comparison with that of the parent strain, other carbon source which supported the growth of strain M-l was necessary for the production of DC from n-alkane by growing cells. When acetic acid was used as carbon source for the growth in DC-16 production from n-C₁₆, the highest level of DC-16, i.e., 21.8 g/liter was obtained ofter 3 days' cultivation.     

Effect of carbon source and concentration on the molecular mass of poly(3-hydroxybutyrate) produced by Methylobacterium extorquens and Alcaligenes eutrophus

In shake-flask culture, Methylobacterium extorquens accumulated poly(3-hydroxybutyrate) (PHB) possessing a substantially higher weight-average molecular mass (M_W) than previously reported for this organism. The M_W of PHB produced by M. extorquens was dependent on the initial concentration of methanol or sodium succinate, used as sole carbon sources. The highest M_W values (0.6 and 1.7 × 10⁶) were obtained with low initial concentrations of methanol or sodium succinate (4.0 and 3.0 g l^–1, respectively) and the latter substrate always yielded PHB of higher M_W than that produced from methanol. Thus PHB with an M_W in the range 0.2–1.7 × 10⁶ could be produced by selection of the carbon source and its concentration. In contrast to the findings with M. extorquens, the M_W of PHB produced by Alcaligenes eutrophus was high (1.1–1.6 × 10⁶) and generally unaffected by the choice or concentration of the carbon source. The use of glycerol as sole carbon source did, however, result in the accumulation of PHB with a markedly lower M_W (5.5–8.5 × 10⁵) than that produced from other sole carbon sources by this organism under similar conditions. Correspondence to: A. J. Anderson     

Biosynthesis of short-chain-length-polyhydroxyalkanoates during the dual-nutrient-limited zone by Ralstonia eutropha

Biosynthesis of PHAs by Raltonia eutropha during the dual nutrient-limitation-zone was investigated with mixed organic acids as carbon sources and (NH₄)₂SO₄ as nitrogen source. Two different methods of maintaining the dual-nutrient-limitation zone were adopted by feeding mixed acids and (NH₄)₂SO₄ at determined rates into the fermentation cultures which were initially free of carbon sources (method A) or nitrogen sources (method B). The results indicate that, firstly, with the increase of the width of the dual-nutrient-limitation zone, the yield of short-chain-length-polyhydroxyalkanoates also increases and it suggests that most of the short-chain-length-polyhydroxyalkanoates were biosynthesized during the dual-nutrient-limitation zone. Secondly, in contrast with the dual-nutrient-limitation method of limiting the nitrogen source first (method B), the dual-nutrient-limitation method of limiting the carbon source first (method A) was more favourable for the production of short-chain-length-polyhydroxyalkanoates, and the maximum production of short-chain-length-polyhydroxyalkanoates of these two methods are 3.72 and 2.55 g/l, respectively.     

施用甲醇刺激矮牵牛的生长效应与其代谢关系初探

大量研究表明施用甲醇能够促进多种植物的生长,在甲醇刺激植物生长的机理中,支持碳源假说的证据最多。该研究通过考察矮牵牛甲醇代谢与甲醇刺激其生长的相关性,对碳源假说进行验证。结果表明:(1)在MS固体培养基上添加2和6mmol/L CH3OH均可促进矮牵牛的生长和叶绿素含量增加,但2mmol/L CH3OH(低浓度)效果好于6mmol/L(高浓度),而且添加6mmol/L CH3OH会诱发较强的氧化胁迫。(2)进一步用13 C-NMR分析矮牵牛对不同浓度13 CH3OH的代谢作用发现,6mmol/L 13 CH3OH处理矮牵牛中[U-13 C]Fruc和[U-13 C]Gluc的生成量显著大于2mmol/L 13 CH3OH处理,即来自甲醇的碳源在代谢过程中虽被卡尔文循环同化为糖类物质,但这部分碳源对甲醇刺激矮牵牛的生长贡献不大。这些证据表明CH3OH代谢与其刺激矮牵牛生长的效果没有关联性,该实验结果不支持碳源假说。     

Data consistency,yield, maintenance,and hysteresis in batch cultures of Candida lipolytica cultured on n-hexadecane

Candida lipolytica was cultured batchwise using n-hexadecane as the main carbon source. Biomass production, n-hexadecane consumption, oxygen consumption, and carbon dioxide evolution were measured to follow the fermentation. The consistency of the measured data was examined using integrated and instantaneous available electron and carbon balances. Values of the “true” growth yield, η_max, and maintenance coefficient, m_e were estimated using three different sets of data (biomass and n-hexadecane, oxygen and biomass, and CO₂ and biomass), and the results were compared with estimates obtained from literature data. Hysteresis patterns were observed in plots of specific rates of oxygen consumption and carbon dioxide evolution versus specific growth rate.     

Production of poly(3-hydroxyalkanoates) by a bacterium of the genus Alcaligenes utilizing long-chain fatty acids

Summary The synthesis of poly(3-hydroxyalkanoates) [P(3HA)] by a new Alcaligenes species was investigated. The new species was grown on various carbon sources such as n-alkanoic acids of carbon numbers ranging from C₂ to C₂₂, plant oils and animal fats, and accumulated P(3HA) within the cells. When the bacterium was cultured in mineral media containing sodium salts of n-alkanoic acids, the homopolymer of poly(3-hydroxybutyrate) [P(3HB)] was produced from n-alkanoates of even carbon numbers, whereas the copolymer of 3-hydroxybutyrate and 3-hydroxyvalerate units [P(3HB-co-3HV)] was produced from n-alkanoates of odd carbon numbers. Relatively high yields of both dry cells and P(3HA) were obtained by the use of n-alkanoates from C₁₂ to C₁₆ as the sole carbon source. Correspondence to: Y. Doi     

Degradation of pyrimidine ribonucleosides by Pseudomonas aeruginosa

Pyrimidine ribonucleoside degradation in the human pathogen Pseudomonas aeruginosa ATCC 15692 was investigated. Either uracil, cytosine, 5-methylcytosine, thymine, uridine or cytidine supported P. aeruginosa growth as a nitrogen source when glucose served as the carbon source. Using thin-layer chromatographic analysis, the enzymes nucleoside hydrolase and cytosine deaninase were shown to be active in ATCC 15692. Compared to (NH₄)₂SO₄-grown cells, nucleoside hydrolase activity in ATCC 15692 approximately doubled after growth on 5-methylcytosine as a nitrogen source while its cytosine deaminase activity increased several-fold after growth on the pyrimidine bases and ribonucleosides examined as nitrogen sources. Regulation at the level of protein synthesis by 5-methylcytosine was indicated for nucleoside hydrolase and cytosine deaminase in P. aeruginosa.     

Is the tetrasporophyte of Asparagopsis armata (Bonnemaisoniales) limited by inorganic carbon in integrated aquaculture?1

Seaweeds cultivated in traditional land‐based tank systems usually grow under carbon‐limited conditions and consequently have low production rates, if no costly artificial source of inorganic carbon is supplied. In integrated aquaculture, the fish effluents provide an extra source of dissolved inorganic carbon (DIC) to seaweeds due to fish respiration. To evaluate if the tetrasporophyte of Asparagopsis armata (Harv.) F. Schmitz (the Falkenbergia stage) is carbon limited when cultivated with effluents of a fish (Sparus aurata) farm in southern Portugal, we characterized the DIC forms in the water, assessed the species photosynthetic response to the different DIC concentrations and pH values, and inferred for the presence of a carbonic anhydrase (CA)–mediated mechanism. Results showed that A. armata relies mainly on CO₂ to meet photosynthetic needs. Nevertheless, from pH 7.5 upward, the CO₂ supply to RUBISCO seems to derive also from the external dehydration of HCO₃^– mediated by CA. The contribution of this mechanism was essential for A. armata to attain fully saturated O₂‐evolution rates at the natural seawater DIC concentration (2–2.2 mM) and pH values (～8.0). We revealed in this study that seaweeds cultivated in fish‐farm effluents benefit not only from a rich source of ammonia but also from an important and free source of DIC for their photosynthesis. If supplied at relatively high turnover rates (～100 vol · d^?1), fish‐farm effluents provide enough carbon to maximize the photosynthesis and growth even for species with low affinity for HCO₃^–, avoiding the artificial and costly supply of inorganic carbon to seaweed cultures.     

Nutrition of Volvulina Playfair*

SYNOPSIS. Vitamin B₁₂, biotin and thiamine requirements of 10 strains of Volvulina steinii and 1 strain of V. pringsheimii were studied. Vitamin B₁₂ is required for growth of both species, thiamine stimulates growth slightly, and biotin has no discernible effect on growth. The minimum concentration of vitamin B₁₂ giving a growth response in V. steinii, strain SC-2, was 10^?8 g/ml, and maximum growth response was obtained with 1.1 × 10^?7 g/ml. An organic carbon source is required for growth of V. steinii but not of V. pringsheimii. Growth of V. steinii, strain SC-2, occurred in 20 of 21 carbon sources tested. Optimal growth with each carbon source was largely dependent upon pH. Except for pyruvate, acetate, and ethanol, carbon source utilization was light-dependent, and growth in ethanol was reduced in the dark. Isocitric lyase activity was detected in V. steinii grown on acetate medium.     

The influence of different carbon sources and medium osmolarity on the potassium requirements of Candida utilis NCYC 321, growing in continuous culture

In order to study the influence of different carbon sources on the K⁺-requirements of Candida utilis NCYC 321, this yeast was grown at several different dilution rates in potassium-limited continuous cultures with either glucose, glycerol, ethanol, citrate or lactate serving as the carbon and energy source.It was found that the nature of the carbon source profoundly influenced the cellular potassium content, especially at low dilution rates, but that these differences could not be correlated with any differences in relative growth rate (i.e., / _max. And although small amounts of potassium seemingly were needed to serve in osmoregulation and in the cotransport of some acidic carbon sources (lactate and citrate), these requirements were negligible.Independent of carbon source, a strong correlation existed between the intracellular potassium concentration and the yield value on oxygen (Y _O), and between cellular potassium concentration and growth rate. From these two correlations it was concluded that potassium probably was involved mainly in processes associated with ATP synthesis in this yeast.Finally the effect of the addition of NaCl to the medium was tested with glucose-containing cultures that were either carbon- or potassium-limited. Up to a concentration of 20 g/l, NaCl was without influence on Y _O, Y _glucose and q _{O 2}, but effected a slight increase in the cellular potassium content of the potassium-limited cells and a decrease in that of the glucose-limited cells.