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1.
Summary The effects of temperature and sulphur nutrition on the growth, yield and mineral composition (N, NO3-N, S and SO4-S) ofHordeum vulgare L. cv Olli,Pisum sativum L. cv Dark Skin Perfection, andBrassica campestris L. cv Arlo, were investigated in controlled environments.
When barley and rape plants were grown at O ppm S, deficiency symptoms developed in about two weeks, whereas peas at the same
level developed deficiency symptoms in about three weeks. The location of the deficiency symptoms varied between species.
Plant weight increased with increasing S levels, but the shoot had a greater growth response than did the root.
Optimum day/night growing temperature regimes for barley and peas were found to be near 24/16 at four weeks from seeding and
near 18/10°C at the mature stage as evident from weights, maximum fruit set and mineral uptake. Optimum temperature for rape
plants was near 29/21°C at both stages of growth.
Mineral concentration was higher at four weeks after seeding than at the mature stage in pea and rape plants, while in barley
the mineral concentration was similar at both stages of growth. With increase in S supply there was an increase in concentration
of both total S and SO4-S. Concentrations also increased with increasing temperatures.
S deficient plants had increased total N and NO3-N concentrations in all three species. NO3-N concentration also increased with an increase in temperature while total N concentration was not appreciably influenced.
These experiments indicated that the effects of S nutrition on growth, development and mineral composition of plants depends
on the species, temperature regime and growth stage 相似文献
2.
Summary To determine the possible changes in soil characteristics and plant growth resulting from SO2-exposure, field grownVicia faba plants were exposed to 0.5 ppm SO2 for 4 h daily from 40 to 100 days of their ages. The major effects of SO2 on soil system includes increases in contents of total sulphur, organic carbon and exchangeable Al; lowering of pH and decreases in contents of N, P and exchangeable K and Ca. Besides, SO2 interfered with nutrient uptake and plant growth leading to reductions in lengths of root and shoot, numbers of leaves, nodules and pods, phytomass accumulation and net primary productivity. 相似文献
3.
The effects of exposure to 0.5–0.7 ppm SO2 for about one month on the dry weight growth and net photosynthesis ofPolygonum cuspidatum were investigate. Furthermore, the carbon and nitrogen concentrations in each plant organ were measured. The results obtained
showed no significant decrease in the total dry weight of SO2-treated plants in comparison with controls. On the other hand, the leaf area (LA) and/or leaf dry weight of SO2-treated plants were increased, and the root dry weight (RW) was decreased, in comparison with controls. The leaf carbon assimilation rate (CAR) in SO2-treated plants was slightly decreased in spite of a clear decrease in net photosynthesis, and the value of (SW+RW)/LA (SW stem dry weight) was decreased in comparison with controls, thus minimizing the reduction in CAR. Furthermore, the ratio
of total leaf carbon absorption (leaf area x CAR) to total root nitrogen absorption (root dry weight x nitrogen assimilation
rate) in SO2-treated plants was similar to that in controls. From these results, it can be concluded that an increase in leaf area and/or
leaf dry weight and a decrease in root dry weight inP. cuspidatum under SO2 stress may be induced in order to compensate for the decrease in CAR and to maintain the ratio of total leaf carbon absorption
to total root nitrogen absorption in the early stage of vegetative growth. 相似文献
4.
Studies on sulphur in vertisols 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
Summary Some soil and plant test methods were evaluated for predicting response of soybean crop (Glycine max (L.) Merr.) to S application in vertisols. Morgan's reagent, 500 ppm P containing Ca(H2PO4)2.H2O and KH2PO4 solutions, 0.5N NH4OAc+0.25N HOAc and 0.15% CaCl2 were found to be suitable extractants for measuring available soil S. The critical limits of extractable S were 9.0 ppm by
Morgan's reagent, 10.0 ppm by phosphate solutions, 8.0 ppm by 0.5N NH4OAc +0.25N HOAc and 14.0 ppm by 0.15% CaCl2. Morgan's reagent was regarded as superior to other soil test methods in view of its high relationship with S uptake by plants,
A values and relative yield. Critical S concentration in soybean plants varied with age. It was 0.15% and 0.185% for 36 and
60 days old plants, respectively. The critical N/S ratio on the other hand appeared to be constant at about 16.5 during vegetative
growth period. Constancy of critical N/S ratio in plants was attributed to the near constancy of N/S ratio in plant proteins.
There was highly significant relationship between response of soybean to S and to N, supporting the conclusion of some earlier
workers that any soil showing large responses to N may not be supplying adequate S from the mineralization of soil organic
matter. 相似文献
5.
Y. G. Yanni 《World journal of microbiology & biotechnology》1992,8(6):607-613
Chickpea (Cicer arietinum), lentil (Lens esculenta) and lupin (Lupinus albus) responded to inoculation with their respective symbiotants:Rhizobium loti, Rhizobium leguminosarum biovarviceae andBradyrhizobium sp. (Lupinus) alone or with (NH4)2SO4 at 30 ppm N. Soil application of Na2MoO4.2H2O at 3 ppm Mo, CoCl2.6H2O at 2 ppm Co2+ or Na2B4O7.10H2O at 1 ppm B with 0 and 30 ppm N increased nodule weight and plant dry weight and N-content 60 days after sowing and seed yield, seed size and the N and P contents of seed. Nodule numbers slightly decreased with application of such chemicals. Mo enhanced performance of the three plants more than Co and B. Yield, total N and P-contents of lupin were comparable with those of chickpea or lentil and lupin had the highest levels of both N2-fixation and N absorption from the fertilizer. IndigenousR. leguminosarum biovarviceae was more established in the soil compared with the other two, chickpea and lupin, micropartners. 相似文献
6.
Summary There was no disturbance in the growth of Lemna minor L. with a SO2 concentration of up to 0.3 ppm in air. A SO2 concentration of 0.6 ppm caused an initial depression of the growth rate of about 25%, but in the course of adaptation, the rate rose to the values of the control. The average dry weight per frond was not influenced by the SO2 fumigation. The initial sporadic appearance of chloroses by fumigation with 0.6 ppm SO2 was considered a sign of the proximate toxicity limit for Lemna minor L. With 0.15 ppm SO2 in air, the size of the fronds was reduced. The average surface of the fronds was diminished by 0.3 ppm SO2 for about 16% as compared with the control plants.The protein remained quantitatively uneffected up to a SO2 concentration of 0.6 ppm. As a qualitative influence of SO2, the nitrogen content of the proteins remained constant, but the sulfur content of the proteins increased.Under 0.3 and 0.6 ppm SO2, the starch content decreased immediately by 20–30%, under 0.15 ppm SO2 the decrease reached the same level after a longer time than in the case of the higher concentrations.The SO2 concentrations up to 0.6 ppm had no effect on chlorophyll concentration.The contents of C, N, H, P, K, Na, Ca, Mg, Mn, and Fe were not effected by SO2 fumigation.Conclusion: SO2 may have some effects on product yield, even under low concentrations, without provoking acute damage; the plant is able to adapt by regulation of its metabolism, and enters a new steady state.The study was supported by a grant of the Swiss National Science Foundation (project number 3.866.71) 相似文献
7.
Summary Litterfall was collected over 1 year from eight natural stands of red alder growing on different sites in western Washington. The stands occurred at various elevations and on different soils, and differed in age, basal area, and site index. Most litterfall was leaf litter (average 86 percent). Amounts of litterfall and leaf litter varied significantly (P<0.05) among the sites. Average weights of litterfall and leaf litter in kg ha–1 yr–1, were 5150 and 4440, respectively. Weight of leaf litter was not significantly (P<0.05) related to site index, stand age, or basal area. The sites varied significantly (P<0.05) in concentrations of all elements determined in the leaf litter, except Zn. Average chemical concentrations were: N, 1.98 percent; P, 0.09 percent; K, 0.44 percent; Ca, 1.01 percent; Mg, 0.21 percent; S, 0.17 percent; SO4–S, nil; Fe, 324 ppm; Mn, 311 ppm; Zn, 53 ppm; Cu, 13 ppm; and Al, 281 ppm. There were significant correlations between some stand characteristics and concentrations of some elements, and among the different chemical components of the leaf litter. Important correlations were found between stand age and P concentration (r=–0.84,P<0.01); weight of leaf litter and P concentration (r=0.74,P<0.05); weight of leaf litter and K concentration (r=0.71,P<0.05); concentrations of N and S (r=0.81,P<0.05); and concentrations of Fe and Al (r=0.98,P<0.01). Returns of the different elements to the soil by leaf litter varied among the different sites. Average nutrient and Al returns, in kg ha–1 yr–1, were: N, 82; Ca, 41; K, 19; Mg, 8; S, 7; P, 4; Fe, 1; Mn, 1; Al, 1; Zn, 0.2, and Cu, <0.1. 相似文献
8.
A study was conducted in a screen house in pots on a sandy loam soil deficient in Zn. Salinity was induced by adding 44, 88 and 132 me/l of chloride and sulphate salts in the saturation extract. To these treatments, 0, 5 and 10 ppm Zn were added as ZnSO4·7H2O or Zn-EDTA. The results indicated that the yield of soybean shoot was lowest at the highest salinity level and highest at the lowest level. Shoot yield improved markedly with Zn application. Both sources of Zn were equally effective in augmenting crop yields. Yields were low in Cl-salinity when compared with equivalent levels of SO4-salinity. Application of ZnSO4·7H2O produced higher yields in SO4-dominant salinity. Zinc content increased and Zn uptake decreased with increase in Cl-salinity regardless of Zn sources. In SO4-salinity, ZnSO4·7H2O did not influence the Zn content, but uptake was suppressed with increase in SO4-salinity. Increasing rates of SO4-salinity enhanced Zn content in the presence of Zn-EDTA. 相似文献
9.
The effect of preconditioning to NaCl salinity (0 to 135 mmol L-1) on the subsequent response of barley (Hordeum vulgare L.) to two days of low (5°C) temperature shock (LTS) was investigated. Both salinity and LTS reduced the final growth of barley tops and roots. The effect of LTS on growth of tops and roots depended on the level of salinity stress imposed. At salinity level of 45 mmol L-1, for example, exposing the plants to LTS reduced top growth by an additional 34%; at 135 mmol L-1 salinity, however, LTS reduced the top growth by only 2%. Salinity increased the concentration of Na, Cl, total P, PO4, and Zn, reduced the concentration of K, Ca, total N, NO3, and SO4, but did not affect the concentration of total S in the barley tops. LTS increased the concentration of Ca and Zn in the tops; the concentrations of other elements (cations and anions) were not changed by the temperature treatment. In the tops of the control plants, NO3, PO4, and SO4 accounted for 15%, 72% and 93% of the total N, P, and S, respectively. In the plants grown at 135 mmol L-1 NaCl, however, the above values were 8%, 84%, and 70%, respectively, which indicates that salinity had altered the incorporation of N, P, and S into organic compounds. We suggest that salinity and low temperature affect growth and nutrient uptake and incorporation into organic matter by different mechanisms. Although barley subjected to low salinity becomes more sensitive to subsequent low temperature stress, preconditioning of barley to higher salinity stress seems to reduce the plant's sensitivity to subsequent low temperature. 相似文献
10.
Influence of anions on the potassium status and productivity of kiwifruit (Actinidia deliciosa) vines 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
The effects of K fertiliser (160 kg ha-1) applied with Cl- or SO4
2- as the accompanying anion on the K nutrition of kiwifruit (Actinidia deliciosa var. deliciosa) were assessed in a field experiment, using vines with varying degrees of K deficiency. Leaf K concentrations in spring were significantly higher for vines receiving KCl, compared to those receiving K2SO4. This effect did not interact significantly with the degree of K deficiency, and persisted for about 6 weeks. Subsequently there was no significant difference between the leaf K concentrations for the vines receiving KCl or K2SO4. Applying K as KCl increased the leaf Cl concentration, especially in spring, while applying K as K2SO4 had no significant effect on the leaf S concentration at that time. These results implied a greater requirement for organic acid anions for K+ uptake from K2SO4 than from KCl, and the importance of organic acid anions for K+ uptake from different sources of K fertiliser is discussed. This transient effect of the accompanying anion on leaf K status was associated with large effects on flowering, and fruit yields were about 28% higher for plants receiving KCl rather than K2SO4.The effects on growth and tissue nutrient composition of varying the concentrations of Cl-, NO3
-, SO4
2- and H2PO4
- around the roots of kiwifruit vines were examined in a solution culture experiment. For H2PO4
-, plant growth was very similar over a wide range of rates of addition. For the other anions, the range between deficiency and toxicity was clearly delineated. For Cl- and NO3
-, toxicity was associated with high tissue concentrations of Cl and N, respectively, and was consistent with competition for uptake between Cl- and NO3
-. However, for SO4
2-, toxicity was associated with only a small increase in the tissue S concentration relative to that associated with maximum growth, and appeared to result more from effects on uptake of other anions and cations rather than from direct effects of high tissue S concentrations.It is concluded that the sensitivity of kiwifruit to the anion accompanying K+ in fertiliser may be related to the unusually high requirement for Cl previously reported for this species. 相似文献
11.
Summary The study was conducted in a greenhouse and under field conditions. In the greenoouse, barley was grown to maturity in pots on a sandy soil which contained 80 and 120 meq/l of chloride and sulphate dominant salts in its saturation extract, to which 0, 10, 25 and 50 ppm P were added. In the field study, wheat was grown on loamy sand soils having 0, 25, 50 and 75 kg/ha added P levels and irrigated with either Cl- or SO4-dominant saline waters (EC=15–19 mmhos/cm). The results of the greenhouse study indicated that at maturity barley straw and grain yield was significantly increased by 50 ppm of added P both on the non-saline control and the Cl-treatments. However, 25 ppm P was optimal on the SO4-treatments. The Cl content of plants was significantly decreased and S was increased with the increase in the P content of soil. A synergistic relation between the S and P content of barley shoots was observed. In the field study wheat grain yield responded significantly to P applications upto 50 kg/ha level on the Cl-site and there was no response to applied P on the SO4-site, although the former contained more Olsen's P than the latter. The results suggested that P requirement of wheat and barley was greater on Cl- than on SO4-salinity. 相似文献
12.
Differential Na2 SO4 tolerance in tobacco plants regenerated from Na2 SO4 -grown callus 总被引:1,自引:1,他引:0
Abstract The regenerated shoots from sodium sulphate (Na2SO4) grown callus of tobacco (Nicotiana tabacum L. cv. Wisconsin 38) were evaluated for Na2SO4 tolerance based on shoot proliferation and rooting in vitro, and seed germination in vivo in response to Na2SO4. An increase in Na2SO4 concentration resulted in significantly decreasing shoot fresh weight, number of shoots, shoot length and leaf size, and increasing per cent shoot dry weight of both control and Na2SO4-grown cultures. In rooting, shoots of Na2SO4-grown cultures exhibited the highest per cent rooting (85%) in the presence of 1% w/v Na2SO4. However, per cent rooting, root number per rooted cutting and root fresh weight decreased significantly with increasing Na2SO4 concentration when shoots were transferred to the medium in the absence of Na2SO4 for 4-monthly passages. Following acclimatization of the rooted shoots of Na2SO4-grown cultures, phenotypic variation was observed during growth and development. There were 13.2% sterile plants. Fertile plants were sorted into normal (N), tolerant (T), and sensitive (S) categories and the respective percentages of plants were 31.6, 44.7 and 10.5, based on per cent germination, germination velocity index and seedling survival to Na2SO4. The response of N, T and S types to Na2SO4 in subsequent shoot proliferation was similar to that of seed germination. 相似文献
13.
Summary The concentrations of several N fractions, soluble sugars and N/S ratios were determined in Golden Bantam sweet corn and hybrid field corn grown in nutrient solutions and/or soil with various SO4-S levels provided. When the level of SO4-S supplied was less than that needed for maximum growth, higher-than-normal concentrations of amide (asparagine) N and lower-than-normal soluble sugar concentrations were found in the plants. An inadequate S supply appears to limit the plants capacity to synthesize protein to a much greater extent than it inhibits the nitrogen uptake mechanism.Total N/total S ratios (grammole basis) varying from over 100 to less than 15 were found in plants grown with different levels of sulfate supplied. When SO4-N, NO3-N, and the large amount of amide-N which accumulates under conditions of S deficiency are excluded, the ratio in young corn plants is generally between 22–50. The precision of the N/S ratio as an indicator of S adequacy for growing crops might be improved by a better understanding of the nature of the forms in which N and S occur in plants, and the effects of soil and plant factors other than S level. The percentage of amide-N shows promise as an indicator of S nutrient status. Data available indicates that added S will increase yields of corn plants if their amide-N level exceeds 500 ppm. Amide-N concentration correlates with N/S ratios, and it is much more readily determined than the latter. Its usefulness as a S nutrition indicator should be checked under field conditions. 相似文献
14.
Summary Studies were conducted in 22 non-calcareous soils (India) to evaluate various extractants,viz. (6N HCl, 0.1N HCl, EDTA (NH4)2CO3, EDTA NH4OAc, DTPA+CaCl2 and 1M MgCl2) to find critical levels of soil and plant Zn for green gram (Phaseolus aureus Roxb.). The order of extractability by the different extractants was 6N HCl>0.1N HCl>EDTA (NH4)2CO3<EDTA NH4OAc DTPA+CaCl2>1M MgCl2.
Critical levels of 0.48 ppm DTPA × CaCl2 extractable Zn, 0.80 ppm EDTA NH4OAc extractable Zn, 0.70 ppm EDTA (NH4)2CO3 extractable Zn, and 2.2 ppm 0.1N HCl extractable Zn were estimated for the soils tested. The critical Zn concentration in 6 weeks old plants was found to
be 19 ppm. The 0.1N HCl method gave the best correlation (r=0.588**) between extractable Zn and Bray's per cent yield, while with DTPA+CaCl2, it was slightly low (r=0.542**). The DTPA + CaCl2 method gave significant (r=0.73**) correlation with plant Zn concentration. The 0.1N HCl gave the higher correlation with Zn uptake (r=0.661**) than DTPA (r=0.634**) 6N HCl and 1M MgCl2 method gave nonsignificant positive relationship with Bray's per cent yield. For noncalcareous soils apart from the common
use of DTPA+CaCl2, 0.1N HCl can also be used for predicting soil available Zn. The use of 0.1N HCl would be much cheaper than DTPA and other extractants used in the study. 相似文献
15.
Summary Six early successional plant species with differing photosynthetic pathways (3 C3 species and 3 C4 species) were grown at either 300, 600, or 1,200 ppm CO2 and at either 0.0 or 0.25 ppm SO2. Total plant growth increased with CO2 concentration for the C3 species and varied only slightly with CO2 for the C4 species. Fumigation with SO2 caused reduced growth of the C3 species at 300 ppm CO2 but not at the higher concentrations of CO2. Fumigation with SO2 reduced growth of the C4 species at high CO2 and increased growth at 300 ppm CO2. Leaf area increased with increasing CO2 for all plant species. Fumigation with SO2 reduced leaf area of C3 plants more at low CO2 than at high CO2 while leaf area of C4 plants was reduced more at high CO2 than at low CO2. These results support the notion that C3 species are more sensitive to SO2 fumigation than are C4 species at concentrations of CO2 equal to that found in normal ambient air. However, the difference in sensitivity to SO2 between C3 and C4 species was found to be reversed at higher concentrations of CO2. A possible explanation for this reversal based upon differences in stomatal response to elevated CO2 between C3 and C4 species is discussed. 相似文献
16.
《Phytochemistry》1986,25(2):415-420
Epicuticular wax was extracted from SO2-sensitive (S23) and SO2-resistant (BR) genotypes of ryegrass (Lolium perenne) exposed continuously for 4 weeks to 0, 0.05 or 0.15 ppm SO2 under winter or summer conditions. The differences found between genotypes in the composition of the acid and alkane fractions of the extracted wax were further modified by season and exposure to SO2. Estimates of relative amounts of epicuticular wax showed that both genotypes produced more wax in the winter experiment, with BR producing more wax than S23. Exposure to 0.05 ppm in the winter experiment had little effect on the amount of wax produced by either genotype while exposure to 0.15 ppm SO2 greatly reduced wax production in BR but increased wax production in S23. These changes in wax production could have been due to a general effect of SO2 on metabolism regulating the flow of carbon into the pathways synthesizing wax components rather than to specific inhibition or enhancement at particular steps in these pathways. Exposure to SO2 in the summer experiment had little effect on the amount of wax produced by both genotypes but did have an effect on wax composition. 相似文献
17.
Interactive Effects of Sulphur Dioxide and Mineral Nutrient Supply on Photosynthetic Characteristics and Yield in Four Wheat Cultivars 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
Field experiments were conducted on four cultivars of wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) to examine the variability in cultivar response to sulphur dioxide (SO2) under different concentrations of mineral nutrients. Thirty-days-old plants were exposed for 8 weeks to 390±20 µg m–3 (0.15 ppm) SO2 for 4 h per day, 5 d per week. Decline in net photosynthetic rate, contents of pigments and nitrogen, biomass and grain yield of each cultivars were due to SO2 at all the nutrient concentrations studied. However, the magnitude of reduction was higher in plants grown without nutrient application. On the basis of the reductions in photosynthesis and yield, the susceptibility of wheat cultivars to SO2 was in the order of Malviya 213 > Malviya 37 > Malviya 206 > Malviya 234 at recommended dose of NPK, whereas the same without the nutrients was Malviya 206 > Malviya 234 > Malviya 213 > Malviya 37. 相似文献
18.
Summary The effect of increasing rates of nitrogen (N) and sulphur (S) as fertilizers on the yield, leaf area and N, P, S, Ca, Mg,
NO3
− and SO4
= content in leaves of bean (Phaseolus vulgaris, L.) were studied in a hydroponic culture experiment under greenhouse conditions.
Bean plants responded significantly to all treatments with differents N/S ratios. When plants grew with high N/S ratios, the
leaf content of N, Ca and NO3
− increased while the content of K, P and SO4
= decreased. However, optimal yield and leaf area were not obtained. Optimal leaf and fruit dry matter was obtained at N/S
ratio value of 1.41. When lower N/S rates were used, optimal leaf and fruit dry matter was only observed when the leaf N/S
ratio was between 15 and 16. At high sulphate levels in the nutrient solution there is no interaction with nitrate which is
easily observed, resulting in an increase in yield.
An interaction between nitrate and sulphate in the nutrient solution was found at a N/S ratio of 0.81 which produced in leaves
a synergic effect between P-K, an antagonistic effect between N-P and N-K and a lower yield.
This research was supported by Fundacion ‘Ramon Areces’. 相似文献
19.
Summary Nitrogen application increased Zn contents of flooded rice on two calcareous soils. Urea and (NH4)2SO4 being better N carriers than NH4NO3 resulted in higher increase. Nitrogen enhanced Zn contents partly through growth promotion but mainly by increasing soil Zn solubility and root efficiency for Zn absorption. Zinc solubility rose by an enigmatic mechanism and not from pH reduction or soluble Zn-HN3 complex formation as occurs for upland plants. Nitrogen aggravated Zn retention in upland plant roots as immobile Zn-protein complex was not important for rice. Bicarbonate inhibition of Zn uptake by rice from CO(NH2)2 application or its stimulation by lower redox potential from NH4NO3 addition were not involved.No. V in the series Micronutrient availability to cereals from calcareous soils. 相似文献
20.
Summary A unique gas exchange system is described in which photosynthesis, transpiration, and stomatal conductance can be measured on leaves during SO2 fumigations. SO2 concentrations can be continuously monitored and manipulated between 0 and 2.0 ppm. Rates of total SO2 uptake and SO2 absorption through stomates of a fumigated leaf can also be determined.Using this system we compared the effects of SO2 on the gas exchange rates of two shrub species that co-occur in the Califormian chaparral. Diplacus aurantiacus, a deciduous shrub, was more sensitive to SO2 fumigation than Heteromeles arbutifolia, an evergreen shrub. The differences in photosynthetic sensitivity could be attributed, in large part, to differential SO2 absorption rates. 相似文献