痰涂片标本用于结核分枝杆菌耐药性检测的研究

目的 研究抗酸染色结核分枝杆菌(简称结核杆菌)阳性痰涂片标本直接用于耐药性检测的方法。方法 对18株临床分离培养的结核杆菌用利福平进行药敏试验。分别提取菌株DNA和与之对应的痰涂片标本的菌体DNA,用聚合酶链反应(PcR)扩增ropB基因后进行固相杂交和核酸测序检测结核杆菌的耐药性。结果 18株结核杆菌中有12株对利福平耐药。经PCR扩增的ropB片段与探针杂交后,敏感菌株未发现rpoB基因的突变,自耐药菌株提取的DNA中rpoB突变体的检出率为100％(12／12),痰涂片提取DNA的检出率为91．7％(11／12)。所有耐药菌株DNA与痰涂片DNA核酸测序结果相吻合,都有rpoB基因核心区域碱基突变。结论 抗酸染色痰涂片阳性标本可直接用于检测结核杆菌利福平耐药基因rpoB突变体,是一种值得临床实验室推广使用的耐药菌诊断方法。     

应用PCR技术检测结核分枝杆菌的临床分析

采用聚合酶链反应（Ｐｏｌｙｍｅｒａｎｓｅ Ｃｈｉａｎ Ｒｅａｔｉｏｎ,即ＰＣＲ）技术检测结核分枝杆菌Ｍｙｃｏｂａｃｔｅｒｉｕｍ ｔｕｂｅｒｃｕｌｏｓｉｓ,一年多来共检测了１００例结核（肺、肾结核）患者的痰和尿液标本,结果ＰＣＲ检出阳性率为８１％,对照用储菌涂片抗酸染色法,阳性率为５８％,用常规培养法阳性率为２０％。而对５０例非结核患者的痰和尿液标本的检测,ＰＣＲ法仍有６％的阳性率,而用涂片或常规培     

痰标本涂片检查与培养结果分析

目的：探讨痰标本涂片检查在细菌培养以及临床治疗中的意义。方法：送检标本首先直接涂片革兰染色镜检,同时将合格痰标本划分为以阴性杆菌、阳性球菌、霉菌为主和普通标本四大类。再对合格痰标本行细菌学培养及药物敏感测定。结果：314份痰标本合格率为62．4％(196／314)。196份合格痰标本共检出145株病原菌,培养阳性率74．0％。涂片以阴性杆菌、阳性球菌、霉菌为主的标本与培养结果符合率分别为93．1％、68．4％和41．2％。结论：痰培养结果的准确性受痰标本是否合格、病原菌的生长速度以及是否使用过大剂量抗生素等因素直接影响。临床医生必须依据临床症状及涂片结果判断作出何种为真正的病原菌。     

检测脂阿拉伯甘露聚糖诊断结核病

结核病的诊断是靠直接痰涂片抗酸染色和培养。然而,直接涂片的敏感性仅22～43％,培养虽比直接痰涂片法敏感,但又耗时较长,而且只限于具备培养条件的实验室。 结核病的快速诊断方法主要有两类:一是检测结核糖菌的抗原,如结核性脑膜炎的诊断;二是采用探针技术检测结核杆菌的核酸。采用聚合酶链反应(PCR)技术诊断结核病确属一种理想的方法,     

结核菌荧光抗体的制备及其临床应用

本文介绍以无毒人型结核菌菌悬液大剂量(80mg/ml)经皮下多点、静脉注射免疫家兔。获得凝集效价1:160—1:320免疫血清。提取免疫球蛋白制备免疫荧光抗体。用该抗体检查结核菌,其敏感性与荧光素染色和抗酸染色基本相似。与22种抗酸菌和3种非抗酸菌进行交叉试验,除与牛型结核菌、堪萨斯杆菌有交叉反应外,其它被试细菌均呈阴性反应。用该抗体检查肺结核病人痰标本155例,阳性率为43.87%,培养法阳性率27.74%,两法差异显著(P<0.005)。结果表明,结核菌免疫荧光抗体可用做肺结核病细菌学的快速诊断。     

微波在抗酸染色中的应用改进

抗酸染色以Ziehe—Neelsen抗酸杆菌法的应用最为广泛,但操作过程中温度及复染背景难以控制,在总结了我科10例麻风活检标本抗酸染色基础上,我们对抗酸染色法进行改良,效果显著,现介绍如下。     

用间接免疫荧光法快速检测牙周袋内牙龈拟杆菌

我们用牙龈拟杆菌参考菌株(47A-1)制备标准免疫血清,通过问接免疫荧光法直接检测人龈下菌斑的涂片,共检查了90例正常人、75例牙龈炎患者、70例成年牙周炎患者。从记录一个荧光显微镜视野中的牙龈拟杆菌菌数发现:健康人与患者的标本间有一个明显的分界线,它具有帮助临床工作者诊断的实际意义。     

革兰阴性菌引起的血培养阳性标本直接细菌鉴定和药敏的应用

目的 评估血培养阳性标本直接细菌鉴定和药敏可行性.方法 将血培养瓶放入Bact/Alert 3D 60血培养系统进行培养筛选.选取78份含革兰阴性杆菌的阳性血培养瓶进行试验.抽取培养液,用BD真空分离管离心血细胞.在收集到足量菌液后,用VITEK-32革兰阴性菌鉴定药敏卡做直接鉴定药敏试验.用标准方法及亚培养后的鉴定药敏试验对直接鉴定药敏试验进行评估.结果 VITEK-32直接鉴定试验,78株中的74株(94.9％)准确鉴定,直接药敏试验标准符合率95.6％.KB法血标本直接药敏试验标准符合率96.2％,但微小错误率高于VITEK-32直接药敏法.结论 Bact/Alert血培养阳性标本直接VITEK-32细菌鉴定和药敏对革兰阴性菌是切实可行的,可大幅度缩短时间,为临床及时修正用药提供依据,具有较高的应用价值.     

树鼩骨髓间充质干细胞体外分离培养及成脂成骨诱导

目的：探讨树鼩骨髓间充质干细胞（ BM-MSCs）的体外分离、传代及定向诱导为脂肪细和成骨细胞的可行性。方法通过密度梯度离心联合贴壁培养法对树鼩骨髓间充质干细胞进行体外分离、扩增、纯化,倒置相差显微镜进行形态学观察。用成脂诱导液（ DMEM/F12＋10％FBS＋100 U/mL青霉素＋100μg/mL链霉素＋1.0μmol/L地塞米松＋0.2 mmol/L吲哚美辛＋0.01 mg/mL胰岛素＋0.5 mmol/L IBMX）和成骨诱导液（高糖DMEM＋10％FBS＋100 U/mL青霉素＋100μg/mL链霉素＋50 ng/mL BMP-2）对分离的树鼩BM-MSCs分别定向诱导为脂肪细胞和成骨细胞。结果原代和传代细胞为梭形或三角形,可增殖形成克隆。 BM-MSCs成脂诱导后油红O染色细胞内出现红色脂滴,成骨诱导后茜素红染色可观察到矿化结节。结论密度梯度离心联合贴壁培养法分离培养树鼩BM-MSCs简便可行,获得的BM-MSCs可体外诱导分化为脂肪细胞和成骨细胞。     

用间接荧光免疫法快速检测牙周袋内牙龈类杆菌

本试验选择成年牙周炎致病菌—产黑色素类杆菌群中牙龈类杆菌为指示菌,用牙龈类杆菌47A—1参考株制备标准抗血清,并和羊抗兔IgG荧光抗体,直接与牙周龈下菌斑标本涂片进行间接荧光反应,计数一个视野荧光反应阳性的牙龈类杆菌的菌数(三个视野平均值)。全过程只需1.5～2小时。用此法检查了90例健康人,75例牙龈炎及70例牙周炎患者,结果发现正常牙周人的牙龈类杆菌菌数为     

Rapid serodiagnosis of human mycobacteriosis by ELISA using cord factor (trehalose-6,6'-dimycolate) purified from Mycobacterium tuberculosis as antigen

IgG antibodies against purified cord factor (trehalose-6,6'-dimycolate, TDM) in sera of 99 patients infected with mycobacteria (42 patients with tuberculosis excreting tubercle bacilli in the sputum, 11 patients with non-tuberculous mycobacteriosis excreting acid-fast bacilli in the sputum, and 46 patients without bacilli in the sputum but diagnosed as having pulmonary tuberculosis by chest X-ray films and physical examination), five patients with lung cancer, and 100 healthy controls which included subjects positive and negative for the tuberculin test were tested by the ELISA with TDM purified from Mycobacterium tuberculosis H37Rv as the antigen. Of the 99 cases of mycobacteriosis, 83 patients (83.8%) had positive results (48 samples from 53 patients, or 90.5%, with bacilli in the sputum, and 35 samples from 46 patients (76%) with tuberculosis diagnosed clinically). The sera of the five patients with lung cancer and the 100 controls all gave negative results. Thus, the sensitivity and specificity were 83.8% and 100%, respectively. ELISA with TDM as the antigen is simple, reproducible, and useful for the rapid serodiagnosis of general mycobacterial infections including tuberculosis, because it does not involve the cultivation of bacteria.     

Detection and identification of mycobacteria by mycolic acid analysis of sputum specimens and young cultures

Ziehl–Neelsen acid-fast staining and mycolic acid analysis of concentrated samples and Middlebrook 7H9 cultures were carried out on 127 sputum specimens to evaluate a rapid method for detecting and identifying mycobacteria by analyzing fluorescent derivatives of mycolic acids in concentrated sputum specimens and in Middlebrook 7H9 cultures and compare with mycobacterial detection using Lowenstein–Jensen (LJ) cultures. All samples were classified into five groups according to the number of acid-fast bacilli observed in the smear. The group of samples with 3+ acid-fast bacilli in the smear had the highest number of positive detections of mycolic acids in the concentrated samples and the Middlebrook 7H9 cultures (81.8 and 100%, respectively). The overall percentages of mycolic acid detection for both sample types were 43.2 and 91.3%, respectively. The mycolic acid analysis of the Middlebrook 7H9 cultures had the fewest false negative detections with respect to the LJ cultures. The analysis of fluorescent derivatives of mycolic acids, using HPLC, is useful for concentrated sputum samples with large number of bacilli (3+) and is preferred for Middlebrook 7H9 cultures, even for clinical specimens with a low number of bacilli. Furthermore, with this analytical method, the simultaneous detection and identification of mycobacteria is usually possible.     

Differential Pathogenicity of Four Pratylenchus neglectus Populations on Alfalfa

A Pratylenchus neglectus population from lltah (UT3) was more virulent to Lahontan alfalfa than other P. neglectus populations from Utah (UT1, UT2) and Wyoming (WY). All alfalfa plants survived at 24 ± 3 C when inoculated with WY, UT1, or UT2 at initial populations (Pi) of 500, 1,000, and 5,000 nematodes per plant. At Pi 10,000 with WY, UT1, or UT2, plant mortality was 15, 15, and 20%, respectively; at Pi 5,000 and 10,000 with UT3, plant mortality was 10 and 40%. The WY, UT1, and UT2 populations reduced (P ≤ 0.05) root growth at Pi 10,000 only, and UT3 reduced (P ≤ 0.05) root growth at Pi 1,000, 5,000, and 10,000. At Pi 5,000, shoot dry weights were reduced by 10-23% by WY, 14-29% by UT1, 12-25% by UT2, and 20-48% by UT3 at 15-30 C. The UT3 population reduced (P ≤ 0.05) root dry weight at 20-30 C at Pi 1,000 and 5,000. The WY, UT1, and UT-2 populations did not reduce (P ≥ 0.05) root growth at any temperature or Pi. The UT3 nematode reproductive indices were greater than those of the other nematode populations at all Pi and increased with temperature.     

Cell density influences the effect of celecoxib in two carcinoma cell lines.

It has been reported that when ovarian carcinoma cell lines are exposed to various concentrations of celecoxib, a COX-2 inhibitor, cell growth is decreased in a dose dependant manner. To examine further the effect of celecoxib, different cell densities of two carcinoma cell lines were exposed to various concentrations of celecoxib. LNCAP prostate and CAOV3 ovarian carcinoma cells were obtained from the American Type Culture Collection and maintained in Rosewell Park Memorial Institute 1640 and Dulbeceo's modified Eagle's medium, respectively. Each cell line was supplemented with 10% fetal bovine serum, 2 mM L-glutamine, and antibiotic-antimycotic solution, and placed in a humidified atmosphere containing 5% CO2 at 37 degrees C. After each cell line reached a confluency of 70-80%, 1,000, 2,000, 3,000, 5,000, 7,000 and 10,000 cells/well were seeded in 96 well plates in 100 microl medium/per well for 24 h. Each cell line was exposed to the same concentrations of celecoxib (10-100 microM) at each cell density for 72 h. Cell growth was assessed using a tetrazolium conversion assay. A significant decrease compared to controls was observed in cell growth at each cell density of LNCAP and CAOV3 cells plated with >or=30 microM and >or=50 microM celecoxib, respectively. When the cell growth curves were compared for each cell density at the same concentration of celecoxib, a significant decrease in cell growth was observed when LNCAP cells were plated at 10,000 cells/well and exposed to 10-100 microM celecoxib. At a cell density >or= 5,000 LNCAP cells/well, the inhibitory effect of celecoxib was less. Similarly, a significant decrease in cell growth was observed in CAOV3 cells plated at 1,000 cells/well compared to other cell numbers plated at the same drug concentrations. At a cell density of > 5,000 CAOV3 cells/well, the inhibitory effect of celecoxib was significantly less compared to other cell densities at the same concentration. We observed a more sensitive decrease in cell growth in both carcinoma lines studied at a cell density of 1,000 cells/well with exposure to 10-100 microM celecoxib. Both carcinoma cell lines were less sensitive at a cell density of 5,000 cells/well. Our results suggest that the inhibitory effect of celecoxib may be affected by cell density. Therefore, careful attention must be paid to determining the appropriate cell density for cytotoxicity studies.     

结核菌L型感染与无反应性结核病关系的研究

本文应用改良抗酸染色及免疫组织化学染色等方法对４２例非特异性炎、肉芽肿性炎及肿瘤进行抗酸及免疫组化染色,观察抗酸菌Ｌ型感染与无反应性结核病的关系进行了初步研究。抗酸染色结果阳性率为８０．９５％;免疫组化染色为７８．５７％。     

Influence of Meloidogyne incognita on Resistant and Susceptible Sweet Potato Cultivars

Effects of several population densities ofMeloidogyne incognita on the sweet potato cultivars Centennial (susceptible) and Jasper (moderately resistant) were studied. Field plots were infested with initial levels (Pi) of 0, 10, 100, 1,000, 5,000, and 10,000 eggs and juveniles/500 cm³ soil in 1980 and 0, 100, 1,000, 2,000, 3,000, 4,000, and 5,000 in 1981. M. incognita population development trends were similar on both cultivars; however, at high Pi, more eggs and juveniles were recovered from Centennial than from Jasper. The highest Pi did not result in the highest mid-season (Pm) counts. Pi was negatively correlated with the number of marketable roots and root weight but positively correlated with total cracked roots, percentage of cracked roots, and cracking severity. Jasper tolerated higher Pi with greater yields and better root quality than Centennial. Cracking of fleshy roots occurred with both cultivars at low Pi.     

Legionella contamination of dental-unit waters.

Water samples collected from 28 dental facilities in six U.S. states were examined for the presence of Legionella pneumophila and other Legionella spp. by the PCR-gene probe, fluorescent-antibody microscopic, and viable-plate-count detection methods. The PCR and fluorescent-antibody detection methods, which detect both viable and viable nonculturable Legionella spp., gave higher counts and rates of detection than the plate count method. By the PCR-gene probe detection method, Legionella spp. were detected in 68% of the dental-unit water samples and L. pneumophila was detected in 8%. Concentrations of Legionella spp. in dental-unit water reached 1,000 organisms per ml or more in 36% of the samples, and 19% of the samples were in the category of 10,000/ml or above. L. pneumophila, when present in dental-unit water, never reached concentrations of 1,000/ml or more. Microscopic examination with fluorescent-antibody staining indicated that the contamination was in the dental-unit water lines rather than in the handpieces. Legionella spp. were present in 61% of potable water samples collected for comparative analysis from domestic and institutional faucets and drinking fountains; this percentage was not significantly different from the rate of detection of Legionella spp. in dental-unit water. However, in only 4% of the potable water samples did Legionella spp. reach concentrations of 1,000 organisms per ml, and none was in the 10,000 organisms-per-ml category, and so health-threatening levels of Legionella spp. in potable water were significantly lower than in dental-unit water. L. pneumophila was found in 2% of the potable water samples, but only at the lowest detectable level.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)     

2010-2011年重症监护病房病原菌分布及耐药性分析

目的 分析综合性重症监护病房(ICU)在2010-2011年间常见病原菌的分布及其耐药现状,为临床合理用药和控制医院感染提供参考依据.方法 对2010-2011年从ICU医院感染患者的各类标本中分离出病原菌共为1949株(1079株、870株),采用K-B纸片扩散法进行药物敏感试验,检测病原菌耐药性.结果 以呼吸道标本(痰和导管)的分离率最高为72.1％、病原菌以革兰阴性杆菌为主占66.9％,分别占2010年、2011年标本总量的62.3％和72.4％,革兰阴性杆菌呈上升趋势;其次为真菌感染占19.2％( 22.0％、15.6％),革兰阳性球菌占12.2％( 14.2％、9.7％).病原菌的耐药率普遍较高,耐甲氧西林金黄色葡萄球菌(MRSA)检出率为25.8％,大肠埃希菌和肺炎克雷伯菌的ESBLs检出率分别为61.0％和27.2％.结论 ICU医院感染患者呼吸道感染最多,以细菌为主,尿路感染其次,以真菌为主;病原菌耐药情况严重,应加强病原菌分布及耐药率的监测以减少多药耐药菌产生、降低医院感染率.     

Biology and Pathogenicity of Pratylenchus neglectus on Alfalfa

Pratylenchus neglectus reduced the growth of alfalfa cultivars in greenhouse and growth chamber studies. Inocula (1,000, 5,000 and 10,000 nematodes per plant) reduced shoot dry weights of Ranger by 16, 27, and 40%, of Lahontan by 16, 32, and 40%, and of Nevada Synthetic XX (Nev Syn XX) by 18, 26, and 37%, respectively, at 26 ñ 2 C. Pratylenchus neglectus at 1,000 nematodes per plant reduced Ranger shoot dry weights by 5, 12, 18, and 27%, at 15, 20, 25, and 30 C, respectively, whereas 5,000 nematodes per plant reduced shoot dry weights by 12, 17, 26, and 38%, respectively, at similar temperatures. Reductions in dry root weights were directly related to reductions in shoot growth. At 1,000 nematodes per plant, Ranger root dry weights were reduced by 3, 14, 40, and 40%, whereas 5,000 nematodes per plant reduced root dry weight by 25, 31, 59, and 63%, respectively, at similar temperatures. Similar results were observed on Lahontan and Nev Syn XX at the same inoculum levels and soil temperatures. Nematode reproductive indices (final nematode population per plant divided by initial nematode inoculum per plant) were higher at 1,000 nematodes per plant than at 5,000 nematodes per plant, were positively correlated with temperature, and were unaffected by cultivar.     

Identification of Nontuberculous Mycobacteria Existing in Tap Water by PCR-Restriction Fragment Length Polymorphism

This paper presents the finding of the possible cause of the high false-positive rate in acid-fast staining in histological examinations. Using acid-fast staining, culture, and PCR, acid-fast bacilli were detected in 83.7% of 49 hospital tap water samples and nontuberculous mycobacteria (NTM) were detected in 20.4% of the same 49 samples. The 10 NTM isolates were also identified to the species level using PCR-restriction fragment length polymorphism. Our findings indicate that NTM in hospital tap water are the possible cause of false positives in acid-fast staining and of nosocomial infection in immunocompromised patients.