MACF1与成骨细胞骨架之间的相互关系研究

采用激光共聚焦显微术研究微管微丝交联因子（MACF1）与成骨样细胞（MD63及MC3T3）微丝／微管骨架、黏着斑之间的相互关系．结果表明,MACF1不连续地分布于微管纤维上,与微丝骨架部分共定位于胞质中,在很多的成骨细胞中可见MACF1分布于骨架相关的粘着斑处：细胞松弛素B影响了MACF1在成骨细胞中的分布,并有使其向细胞核周围及核内转位的趋势．秋水仙素对MACF1的分布无明显的影响．转染了siRNA—MACFl的MG．63细胞微丝骨架纤维分布不连续、微管骨架纤维分布紊乱．这些结果提示MACF1不仅起交联微丝及微管细胞骨架的作用．而且还可稳定细胞骨架：成骨细胞MACF1的分布更依赖于微丝骨架的完整性．     

洋葱鳞茎薄壁细胞原生质体胞质肌动蛋白质微丝骨架的形态与结构

使用四甲基罗丹明标记的鬼笔环碱(TRITC-Ph)探针,以新分离的洋葱鳞茎薄壁细胞原生质体为材料,观察了细胞胞质肌动蛋白微丝骨架的结构与形态。研究结果发现洋葱鳞茎内部细胞的细胞质内存在极丰富而精细的肌动蛋白微丝束。这些肌动蛋白微丝束的直径约1.0—4.5μm,有下列四种不同的排列形式:(1)相互平行排列,方向大体与细胞的长轴垂直;(2)从一些结合位点辐射而出,并向四周延伸,然后再相互交织在一起,形成一个非常密集而复杂的网络;(3)细而稀疏,相互交织成网状,两端分别与质膜不同位置上的结合位点相连;(4)粗而稀疏,相互交织成网状,两端都与质膜相连,或一端与质膜相连,另一端与细胞核周围的微丝束网络相连。部分微丝束具有“Y”形分支。     

皮动蛋白及微丝相关蛋白2/3复合物介导的细胞运动的分子机制

皮动蛋白(cortactin)是一种含有特殊重复序列结构域的微丝肌动蛋白结合蛋白,它直接参与了细胞皮层(cortex)微丝细胞骨架的组建。它又是细胞内Src类酪氨酸蛋白激酶的主要底物之一,代表了一类高度保守的胞内皮层信号蛋白质家族。近几年来,对于细胞运动分子机制的研究取得很大进展,利用组织培养细胞进行的体外实验证明。皮动蛋白能够活化微丝相关蛋白2／3复合物(actin related protein 2／3 complex,Arp2／3 complex),调控皮层微丝细胞骨架的组装,在细胞运动过程中具有重要作用。     

生长因子受体酪氨酸激酶的结构与功能

受体酪氨酸蛋白激酶是细胞信号转导进行的关键信号酶,在生长因子调控细胞生长、发育与功能的过程中起着重要的生理作用.本文主要介绍生长因子受体酪氨酸蛋白激酶的分类、结构与功能及其部分相关信号转导机制的研究进展.     

微丝相关蛋白HSPC300/hHBRK1与肌球蛋白Ⅵ相互作用的鉴定

为鉴定微丝相关蛋白HSPC300/hHBRK1在肝脏组织的功能,采用GST pull-down结合质 谱技术,检测该蛋白在肝脏中的结合蛋白,结果提示,肌球蛋白Ⅵ与HSPC300/hHBRK1共沉降,Western 印迹杂交证实了质谱的结果．构建HSPC300/hHBRK1原核表达载体,诱导并获得了His-hHBRK1融合蛋白．利用免疫共沉淀证实hHBRK1与肌球蛋白Ⅵ存在相互作用,激光共聚焦检测显示hHBRK1与肌球蛋白Ⅵ在肺癌95D细胞的胞浆共定位,提示其相互作用可能是直接结合．肌球蛋白Ⅵ参与细胞迁移、高尔基分泌泡的运输和维持高尔基体稳定性等作用．hHBRK1与肌球蛋白Ⅵ相互作用,为微丝相关蛋白HSPC300/hHBRK1参与细胞迁移和胞内物质运输提供了进一步佐证．     

轮状病毒非结构蛋白NSP1与干扰素调节因子结合结构域的分析

目的同源模建轮状病毒NSP1 C末端效应区及干扰素调节因子IRF3、IRF5、IRF7结合结构域(IAD)的三维结构,应用分子对接的方法,预测NSP1与IRF的候选结合氨基酸残基。方法以Prot Scale进行疏水性分析,APBS进行表观静电势的分析,采用MODELLER程序进行三维结构的预测,对NSP1 C末端效应区和IRF3、IRF5、IRF7的IAD应用PLATINUM程序进行分子对接,寻找它们的结合位点。结果 NSP1与IRF3、IRF5、IRF7的作用表现为2个不同类型,其中NSP1与IRF3的作用位点集中在效应区LEU 3~ARG 67一个较大范围内;作用方式呈现多样性(疏水作用、芳香共轭作用以及氢键作用);NSP1与IRF5、IRF7的作用位点集中在效应区SER74~GLU87一个较小的范围内,作用方式也表现为单一的氢键作用。结论应用计算机模拟技术预测了NSP1和IRF3、IRF5、IRF7的作用方式及结合位点,为进一步研究NSP1对IRF的作用提供一些新的思路。     

CD1d分子的结构与功能

CD1d是CD1家族中的一员,其结构类似MHII类分子,主要表达于抗原提呈细胞、肝细胞和肠道上皮细胞等细胞表面.CD1d分子提呈糖脂抗原,在抗原装载、胞内运输及其加工处理等方面独具特色,并在感染性疾病、自身免疫性疾病和肿瘤等疾病的发生发展过程中具有重要作用.     

泛素连接酶的结构与功能研究进展

泛素化是体内蛋白质翻译后重要修饰之一,是蛋白质降解的信号.泛素连接酶E3是泛素化过程中的关键酶之一,介导活化的泛素从结合酶E2转移到底物,不同的泛素连接酶作用于不同的底物蛋白,决定了泛素化修饰的特异性.根据结构与功能机制的不同,可将泛素连接酶E3分为HECT (homologousto E6AP C terminus)家族和RING-finger家族,前者含有HECT结构域,可直接与泛素连接再将其传递给底物.RING-finger家族的E3发现较晚,庞大且功能复杂,是近年来研究的热点,此家族均包含相似的E2结合结构域和特异的底物结合部分,作为桥梁将活化的泛素从E2直接转移到靶蛋白,其本身并不与泛素发生作用.总结了这2种E3连接酶家族成员的三维结构及功能机制研究的最新进展.     

Microtubule Actin Crosslinking Factor 1 Regulates the Balbiani Body and Animal-Vegetal Polarity of the Zebrafish Oocyte

Although of fundamental importance in developmental biology, the genetic basis for the symmetry breaking events that polarize the vertebrate oocyte and egg are largely unknown. In vertebrates, the first morphological asymmetry in the oocyte is the Balbiani body, a highly conserved, transient structure found in vertebrates and invertebrates including Drosophila, Xenopus, human, and mouse. We report the identification of the zebrafish magellan (mgn) mutant, which exhibits a novel enlarged Balbiani body phenotype and a disruption of oocyte polarity. To determine the molecular identity of the mgn gene, we positionally cloned the gene, employing a novel DNA capture method to target region-specific genomic DNA of 600 kb for massively parallel sequencing. Using this technique, we were able to enrich for the genomic region linked to our mutation within one week and then identify the mutation in mgn using massively parallel sequencing. This is one of the first successful uses of genomic DNA enrichment combined with massively parallel sequencing to determine the molecular identity of a gene associated with a mutant phenotype. We anticipate that the combination of these technologies will have wide applicability for the efficient identification of mutant genes in all organisms. We identified the mutation in mgn as a deletion in the coding sequence of the zebrafish microtubule actin crosslinking factor 1 (macf1) gene. macf1 is a member of the highly conserved spectraplakin family of cytoskeletal linker proteins, which play diverse roles in polarized cells such as neurons, muscle cells, and epithelial cells. In mgn mutants, the oocyte nucleus is mislocalized; and the Balbiani body, localized mRNAs, and organelles are absent from the periphery of the oocyte, consistent with a function for macf1 in nuclear anchoring and cortical localization. These data provide the first evidence for a role for spectraplakins in polarization of the vertebrate oocyte and egg.     

Arabidopsis CROLIN1, a Novel Plant Actin-binding Protein,Functions in Cross-linking and Stabilizing Actin Filaments

Higher order actin filament structures are necessary for cytoplasmic streaming, organelle movement, and other physiological processes. However, the mechanism by which the higher order cytoskeleton is formed in plants remains unknown. In this study, we identified a novel actin-cross-linking protein family (named CROLIN) that is well conserved only in the plant kingdom. There are six isovariants of CROLIN in the Arabidopsis genome, with CROLIN1 specifically expressed in pollen. In vitro biochemical analyses showed that CROLIN1 is a novel actin-cross-linking protein with binding and stabilizing activities. Remarkably, CROLIN1 can cross-link actin bundles into actin networks. CROLIN1 loss of function induces pollen germination and pollen tube growth hypersensitive to latrunculin B. All of these results demonstrate that CROLIN1 may play an important role in stabilizing and remodeling actin filaments by binding to and cross-linking actin filaments.     

Crystal Structure of the VgrG1 Actin Cross-linking Domain of the Vibrio cholerae Type VI Secretion System

Vibrio cholerae is the cause of the diarrheal disease cholera. V. cholerae produces RtxA, a large toxin of the MARTX family, which is targeted to the host cell cytosol, where its actin cross-linking domain (ACD) cross-links G-actin, leading to F-actin depolymerization, cytoskeleton rearrangements, and cell rounding. These effects on the cytoskeleton prevent phagocytosis and bacterial engulfment by macrophages, thus preventing V. cholerae clearance from the gut. The V. cholerae Type VI secretion-associated VgrG1 protein also contains a C-terminal ACD, which shares 61% identity with MARTX ACD and has been shown to covalently cross-link G-actin. Here, we purified the VgrG1 C-terminal domain and determined its crystal structure. The VgrG1 ACD exhibits a V-shaped three-dimensional structure, formed of 12 β-strands and nine α-helices. Its active site comprises five residues that are conserved in MARTX ACD toxin, within a conserved area of ∼10 Å radius. We showed that less than 100 ACD molecules are sufficient to depolymerize the actin filaments of a fibroblast cell in vivo. Mutagenesis studies confirmed that Glu-16 is critical for the F-actin depolymerization function. Co-crystals with divalent cations and ATP reveal the molecular mechanism of the MARTX/VgrG toxins and offer perspectives for their possible inhibition.     

Microtubule and Actin Interplay Drive Intracellular c-Src Trafficking

The proto-oncogene c-Src is involved in a variety of signaling processes. Therefore, c-Src spatiotemporal localization is critical for interaction with downstream targets. However, the mechanisms regulating this localization have remained elusive. Previous studies have shown that c-Src trafficking is a microtubule-dependent process that facilitates c-Src turnover in neuronal growth cones. As such, microtubule depolymerization lead to the inhibition of c-Src recycling. Alternatively, c-Src trafficking was also shown to be regulated by RhoB-dependent actin polymerization. Our results show that c-Src vesicles primarily exhibit microtubule-dependent trafficking; however, microtubule depolymerization does not inhibit vesicle movement. Instead, vesicular movement becomes both faster and less directional. This movement was associated with actin polymerization directly at c-Src vesicle membranes. Interestingly, it has been shown previously that c-Src delivery is an actin polymerization-dependent process that relies on small GTPase RhoB at c-Src vesicles. In agreement with this finding, microtubule depolymerization induced significant activation of RhoB, together with actin comet tail formation. These effects occurred downstream of GTP-exchange factor, GEF-H1, which was released from depolymerizing MTs. Accordingly, GEF-H1 activity was necessary for actin comet tail formation at the Src vesicles. Our results indicate that regulation of c-Src trafficking requires both microtubules and actin polymerization, and that GEF-H1 coordinates c-Src trafficking, acting as a molecular switch between these two mechanisms.     

跨膜转录因子Nrf3的分子结构及生物学功能研究进展

跨膜转录因子Nrf3属于CNC-bZIP家族的重要一员，相较于同家族研究最多的成员Nrf1和Nrf2，人们对Nrf3的生物学功能仍有太多未知。近年来，结合多组学研究技术的应用，Nrf3的生物学功能逐渐被揭示，在组织发育与功能特化、细胞内氧化还原稳态、蛋白质稳态、脂代谢稳态、能量代谢和固有免疫调节等功能中发挥重要作用。随着基因敲除小鼠模型的运用和临床研究发现，Nrf3主要参与糖代谢、胆固醇代谢、蛋白质修饰、内质网应激以及慢性炎症、神经退行性病变等生理病理过程，尤其是介导肿瘤发生发展过程中糖脂代谢重编程。为更好理解Nrf3的作用，对其分子结构和生物学功能进行简要综述。     

Structure and Functions of the Prokaryotic Elongation Factor G

Structural and functional data on elongation factor G (EF-G) are reviewed with regard to nucleotide exchange, GTP hydrolysis, mechanism of action of fusidic acid, and functional roles of the EF-G structural domains in translocation. Biochemical data are correlated with structural dynamics of the EF-G molecule on interaction with various ligands. Data on EF-Tu are also considered, as EF-G and EF-Tu share certain structural and functional features.     

转录因子YY1的作用机制

转录因子Ｙｉｎ Ｙａｎｇ 1 (ＹＹ1 ,又称ＮＦ Ｅ1、δ、ＵＣＲＢＰ、ＣＦ1 )是锌指类转录因子ＧＬ1 Ｋｒ櫣ｐｐｌ家族中的一员 ,广泛地存在于人、鼠、非洲爪蟾中[1、2 ] 。ＹＹ1蛋白含有 41 4个氨基酸残基 ,分子量为 6 5ｋＤ。在靠近Ｎ 末端处有一个酸性区域 ,紧接着是连续 1 2个组氨酸的序列和一段富含Ｇｌｙ和Ａｌａ的区域 ,在Ｃ 末端含有与ＲＥＸ 1蛋白相似序列的Ｃ2 Ｈ2 锌指结构。ＹＹ1因子最初是作为腺伴随病毒(ＡＡＶ)的Ｐ5 启动子和免疫球蛋白 (Ｉｇ)ｋ3′增强子的阻抑因子分离到的 ,后来又相继证实ｃ ｆｏｓ、ｃ ｍｙｃ、ｓｕｒ…