生防放线菌Ahn75的荧光标记及其在水稻中的定殖

【背景】目前gfp标记基因已成为研究靶标微生物与宿主之间互作的一种重要工具。利用gfp基因标记生防菌株,可以对生防菌株的生存及定殖能力进行有效追踪。【目的】对生防放线菌Ahn75进行荧光标记,探讨其在水稻中的定殖规律,为研究Ahn75的稻瘟病防治机制奠定基础。【方法】首先通过电激转化将含绿色荧光标记基因(gfp)的质粒pIJ8655导入大肠杆菌ET12567中,然后采用接合转移的方法将gfp整合到Ahn75基因组上;通过平板对峙试验检验Ahn75-GFP在标记绿色荧光后对稻瘟病病原菌的抑菌活性;采用喷施孢子液的方式将带荧光标记的Ahn75-GFP定殖水稻,并利用荧光显微镜观察生防菌在水稻中的定殖情况;对定殖水稻中的内生菌进行重分离,探究菌株在水稻组织中的分布规律。【结果】PCR扩增和荧光观察表明,绿色荧光标记基因成功整合到生防放线菌Ahn75中。通过平板对峙试验,发现Ahn75-GFP对稻瘟病病原菌抑菌活性与原始菌株没有显著差别。在荧光显微镜下,可以观察到Ahn75-GFP能稳定定殖于水稻的根、茎、叶等组织中,而水稻内生菌重分离试验表明该菌株在茎中的定殖力最强。【结论】获得一株绿色荧光标记生防菌株Ahn75-GFP,结果显示该菌株定殖水稻效果良好,这对于研究Ahn75的稻瘟病防治具有重要意义。     

一株能在大豆上结瘤的苜蓿中华根瘤菌

苜蓿中华根瘤菌(Sinorhizobium meliloti)XJ96077分离自新疆的苜蓿根瘤中,其原宿主为紫花苜蓿(Medicago sativa)。交叉结瘤试验发现,它既可在苜蓿上又能在大豆上结瘤固氮。DNA(G C)mol％分析表明,XJ96077的DNA(G C)mol％为61．9％,与已报道的根瘤菌属的DNA(G C)mol％范围(59％-64％)相符。DNA同源性分析表明,XJ96077与苜蓿中华根瘤菌USDA1002^T和042BM的同源性分别达到93％和80％,说明XJ96077归属于苜蓿中华根瘤菌。应用绿色荧光蛋白基因标记XJ96077,得到重组菌株XJ96077(G)。将其接种普通紫花苜蓿,通过激光共聚焦荧光显微镜可以检测到标记基因的表达。接种北引1号大豆上,同样可以清楚地观察到标记基因在根瘤中的表达,从而确证了XJ96077能同时在苜蓿和大豆上结瘤。通过不同品种大豆的结瘤试验,发现XJ96077对大豆品种的结瘤能力不同。     

外源基因标记的紫云英根瘤菌在水稻根部的定殖研究

前期研究中已证实紫云英根瘤菌(Rhizobium astragalus)JS5A16菌株对水稻生长有一定的促生作用,利用gusA基因标记的JS5A16菌株(编号为JS5A16G)接种水稻种子并检测其在水稻(汕优63)生长初期的根固定殖动态及分布。结果表明菌株JS5A16G在水稻出苗后2d根固定殖密度大量增加,第4天达到最大值16d后趋于稳定。将水稻根表面灭菌后,检测菌株JS5A16G在根内的定殖情况,发现在“汕优63”出苗后2d检测不出菌株JS5A16G,第4天可检测出。根部直接染色显示,菌株JS5A16G在根部的分布并不均匀,主要是在根系的某些部位形成微菌落。同时利用luxAB发光酶基因标记紫云英根瘤菌JS5A16菌株(编号为JS5A16L)研究其在不同品种水稻根部的定殖动态。结果表明,菌株JS5A6L在不同水稻品种“汕优63”、“汕优64”和“马协l18—2”根部的定殖密度不同且可以进入不同水稻品种的根内。在整个水稻生长期内菌株JS5A16L在“汕优64”根部的定殖密度明显高于其在“汕优63”根部的定殖密度,在“马协ll8—2”的定殖密度与其在“汕优63”、“汕优64”根部相比没有显著差异。但菌株JS5A16L在不同水稻根部的定殖动态相似,数量均在水稻生长到60-75d时(即水稻的孕穗期)达到最高值。     

消除共生质粒的费氏中华根瘤菌HND29SR在大豆根圈的定殖动态

比较研究了费氏中华根瘤菌（Sinorhizobium fredii)HN01(出发菌）、发光酶基因标记菌HNO1L（参照菌）、消除HN01共生质粒的菌株HND29SR在无菌砂培条件下的大豆根圈定殖动态。供试菌单独接种时：HN01、HN01L和HND29SR的定殖动态基本一致,其早期定殖密度下降较快,播种后第16天时HN01和HN01L分别达到较高的定殖水平6.49logcfu/g鲜根和6.78logcfu/g鲜根,然后维持相对稳定的定殖水平。但HND29SR的定殖密度持续下降到播种后第16天时才开始上升,至第35天时仍维持相对稳定的定殖密度6.94logcfu/g鲜根。等量混合接种时供试菌在根圈定殖群体中各自定殖密度在测定过程中基本相等。结果表明消除HN01的共生质粒对其在大豆根圈中定殖能力无显著影响。     

五株大豆根瘤菌噬菌体的普遍性转导

本文研究了5种烈性大豆根瘤菌噬菌体在大豆根瘤菌菌株间的普遍性转导。噬菌体psc和psx能在慢生大豆根瘤USDA110菌株间转导营养缺陷型标记和卡那霉素抗性标记。快生大豆根瘤菌MD3菌株间可通过噬菌体pfm转导营养缺陷标记和卡那霉素抗性标记。噬菌体pfc和pfx可在快生豇豆根瘤菌ANU240及其变种ANU265间转导抗性基因和定位于共生质粒（sym质粒）上的结瘤基因（common nod）。所有转导频率均在10-6~10-7之间。用紫外线处理噬菌体裂解液可以相应提高转导频率。     

大豆血红蛋白基因lba转化根瘤菌工程菌株的构建

以土著大豆根瘤菌接种大豆幼苗45 d后获得的根瘤为材料,提取其总RNA并反转录成cDNA,采用同源序列克隆法扩增大豆血红蛋白基因lba编码区序列。利用DNA重组技术,将lba基因连到lac启动子的下游,利用带有发光酶标记基因luxAB的质粒载体pTR102构建表达载体pTR-Plac-lba。采用三亲本杂交的方式,将表达载体pTR-Plac-lba及作为对照的空载体pTR102分别转化土著大豆根瘤菌,获得根瘤菌工程菌株SFH(pTR-Plac-lba)和SFH(pTR102)。盆栽试验发现,接种SFH(pTR-Plac-lba)的大豆植株各生理指标明显高于接种SFH(pTR102)、土著根瘤菌以及未接菌的大豆植株各生理指标。试验证明,导入大豆血红蛋白基因lba的根瘤菌工程菌株SFH(pTR-Plac-lba)对于提高大豆根瘤的固氮酶活性,增加大豆产量起到显著效果。     

川中丘陵地区大豆根瘤菌遗传多样性与系统发育关系

【目的】研究分离自川中丘陵地区大豆根瘤菌的遗传多样性和系统发育。【方法】采用16S rDNA PCR-RFLP和16S rRNA基因、glnII、共生基因(nodC)系统发育分析的方法进行研究。【结果】供试未知菌的16S rDNA用4种限制性内切酶(HaeⅢ、HinfⅠ、MspⅠ及TaqⅠ)酶切后获得5种16S遗传图谱类型。16S rDNA PCR-RFLP结果表明,所有供试菌株在83%水平分为慢生根瘤菌属(Bradyrhizobium)和中华根瘤菌属(Sinonrhizobium)两大类群,而75%的菌株为中华根瘤菌。6个代表菌株的16S rDNA、glnII和nodC三个位点基因的系统发育结果基本一致,4株与S.fredii USDA205T相似度最高;有2株分别与B.yuanmingense CCBAU10071T、B.diazoefficiens USDA110T相似度最高。4个Sinonrhizobium代表菌株16S rDNA、glnII序列相似度分别为98.3%-99.9%、98.2%-100%,但它们的nodC基因序列完全相同。【结论】川中丘陵地区大豆根瘤菌具有较丰富的遗传多样性,S.fredii为优势种。     

一株水稻促生长内生真菌的绿色荧光蛋白基因标记与示踪

将绿色荧光蛋白基因(gfp)转入到碱蓬内生真菌JP4-1中并检测菌株在水稻幼苗中的定殖情况。采用PEG-Ca Cl2介导的原生质体转化方法将携带gfp基因的p CT74质粒与菌株基因组整合获得转化子,用转化子侵染水稻幼苗,荧光显微镜下示踪JP4-1菌株及其侵染特性。转化子经连续传代6次仍能发出绿色荧光且荧光强度良好,能够稳定遗传;经PCR验证gfp基因已成功转入JP4-1菌株和水稻幼苗植株内并表达。转化可获得稳定表达GFP的JP4-1转化子,JP4-1菌株可定殖于水稻幼苗的根、茎、叶,定殖位置为细胞间隙,其促生作用与野生型菌株无明显差别。     

生防菌AS818抗药性标记标在大豆根限定殖

通过60Coγ-射线(1.0×104rad)对生防菌株链霉菌AS818孢子悬液(106/mL)进行诱变,得到抗链霉素(＞50μg/mL)突变株5株.经诱导,RL-4抗链霉素水平达到10μg/mL.标记株RL-4在1%水琼脂(WA)和无菌土中培养的大豆根际定殖趋势有所不同.RL-4在1%WA培养的大豆根表的定殖量呈逐步上升趋势.无菌土中种植的大豆根际和根表的检测表明RL-4可在无菌土中大豆根际短期定殖,在根际第1周数量降低了100倍,以后数量开始逐渐上升,第3周达到高峰,数量比第1周增加了3个数量级,但在第4周其数量又开始下降;在根表RL-4数量逐步下降,到第4周已检测不到RL-4的存在.组织印记法检测发现标记株RL-4可以在无菌培养的大豆根表定殖并沿根分布,但却不能定殖于根内.     

光敏生物素标记总DNA探针对大豆根瘤菌的检测

以光敏生物素标记慢生型大豆根瘤菌(Bradyrhizobium japonicum)USDA110总DNA作为探针,与快生型大豆根瘤菌杂交时,没有杂交斑点形成,而与慢生型大豆根瘤菌中的部分菌株能形成杂交斑点,表明该探针具有种和部分菌株特异性,用该探针与压碎的根瘤汁液进行DNA杂交,检测USDA110在不灭菌的盆栽土壤中的竞争结瘤能力,发现USDA110在大豆不同生育期的占瘤率为70%～90%。     

大豆根瘤菌剂新剂型的研制和应用

应用液体发酵液（５０亿／ｍｌ）研制的根瘤菌液体剂型,其有效活菌数比固体剂型高１．３～２．７倍,在１５～１８℃条件下贮存,６０天后其菌数下降１６％。１９９１～１９９２年,全省２７个试验点试验,液体剂型增产率为１３．４～１６．７％,固体剂型增产率为１３．２～１４．７％,二者增产效果一致,但液体剂型使用量少（５０ｍｌ／亩）,简便易行,特别适于大豆机械播种,同时能降低菌剂的生产成本。     

应用RAPD分子标记技术研究苜蓿根瘤菌的田间竞争结瘤能力

以在温室条件筛选出与 Vector苜蓿品中匹配较好的根瘤菌系 CCBAU30 1 38和 Vector为材料 ,应用 RAPD技术研究CCBAU30 1 38田间竞争结瘤能力。结果显示 ,利用冻融法处理的根瘤、菌体提取的 DNA可以直接作为 PCR扩增的模板 ,扩增结果与以类菌体 DNA及总 DNA作为模板处理的结果相同 ;以根瘤处理物作为 PCR扩增的模板 ,应用 RAPD分子标记技术对接种菌 CCBAU30 1 38田间竞争结瘤能力进行研究 ,接种 1 4 0 d后 ,CCBAU30 1 38田间占瘤率为 4 7.7% ,表明该菌具有较强竞争结瘤能力和持久力。试验结果还说明 ,在接种菌与土著菌有差异的条件下 ,应用 RAPD技术开展竞争结瘤能力研究 ,可以直接以根瘤处理物作为 PCR扩增的模板 ,具有简易、快速、准确等优点     

Ensifer shofinae sp. nov., a novel rhizobial species isolated from root nodules of soybean (Glycine max)

Two bacterial strains isolated from root nodules of soybean were characterized phylogenetically as members of a distinct group in the genus Ensifer based on 16S rRNA gene comparisons. They were also verified as a separated group by the concatenated sequence analyses of recA, atpD and glnII (with similarities ≤93.9% to the type strains for defined species), and by the average nucleotide identities (ANI) between the whole genome sequence of the representative strain CCBAU 251167^T and those of the closely related strains in Ensifer glycinis and Ensifer fredii (90.5% and 90.3%, respectively). Phylogeny of symbiotic genes (nodC and nifH) grouped these two strains together with some soybean-nodulating strains of E. fredii, E. glycinis and Ensifer sojae. Nodulation tests indicated that the representative strain CCBAU 251167^T could form root nodules with capability of nitrogen fixing on its host plant and Glycine soja, Cajanus cajan, Vigna unguiculata, Phaseolus vulgaris and Astragalus membranaceus, and it formed ineffective nodules on Leucaena leucocephala. Strain CCBAU 251167^T contained fatty acids 18:1 ω9c, 18:0 iso and 20:0, differing from other related strains. Utilization of l-threonine and d-serine as carbon source, growth at pH 6.0 and intolerance of 1% (w/v) NaCl distinguished strain CCBAU 251167^T from other type strains of the related species. The genome size of CCBAU 251167^T was 6.2 Mbp, comprising 7,581 predicted genes with DNA G+C content of 59.9 mol% and 970 unique genes. Therefore, a novel species, Ensifer shofinae sp. nov., is proposed, with CCBAU 251167^T (=ACCC 19939^T = LMG 29645^T) as type strain.     

一株能在苜蓿上结瘤的费氏中华根瘤菌

费氏中华根瘤菌 (Sinorhizobiumfredii) 0 4 2BS分离自新疆的苜蓿根瘤 ,通过交叉结瘤试验 ,发现它既可在苜蓿上又可在大豆上结瘤固氮。 1 6SrDNAPCR RFLP分析表明 ,0 4 2BS与费氏中华根瘤菌模式菌株USDA2 0 5的 4种限制性酶切图谱完全一致。其G +Cmol%为 60 0 ,与费氏中华根瘤菌USDA2 0 5和USDA1 91的DNA同源性分别为 84 9%和89 6% ,表明 0 4 2BS属于费氏中华根瘤菌。应用绿色荧光蛋白基因标记 0 4 2BS ,得到重组菌株 0 4 2BSG。将其接种保定苜蓿和北引 1号大豆 ,并重新分离出根瘤菌 ,利用激光共聚焦荧光显微镜检测到标记基因的表达 ,从而确证了 0 4 2BS能在苜蓿和大豆上结瘤。而且 ,0 4 2BS对不同苜蓿品种的结瘤能力不同     

吉林省黑土土著大豆根瘤菌的生态特性及与不同豆种的共生效应

黑土土壤中有丰富的土著大豆根瘤菌,为了稳定和提高大豆根瘤菌在黑土区的接种效果,我们从１９８８年起,对吉林省黑土土著大豆根瘤菌的类型、血清型、固氮酶活性、快慢生型的分布、结瘤竞争能力以及与不同大豆品种的共生效应等进行了测定,并提出了吉林省黑土区高固氮力和低固氮力种质。以菌体本身的固氮酶活性来看,榆树黑土为２４．８１６Ｃ２Ｈ４μｍｏｌ／克干瘤·小时,公主岭黑土为２４．８２７Ｃ２Ｈ４μｍｏｌ／克干瘤．小时．榆树黑土用４０株进行土著大豆根瘤菌血清型的测定,其中３４株属于４４７－２８血清型,６株为其它血清型。公主岭黑土用１６４株进行测定的,有１４３株属４７７－２８血清型,１７株属１１３血清型,有４株属其它血清型。榆树黑土和公主岭黑土中以慢生型大豆根瘤菌为主．共生效应测定结果,吉林２３固氮力最强,固氮量为４．２４９０８ｇ／盆;其次是长８２１０—４,固氮量为２．００９８ｇ／盆;长农５最低,为０．５４１９ｇ／盆。     

Evidence for plasmid- and chromosome-borne multiple nif genes in Rhizobium fredii

Rhizobium fredii is a fast-growing rhizobium isolated from the primitive Chinese soybean cultivar Peking and from the wild soybean Glycine soja. This rhizobium harbors nif genes on 150- to 200-megadalton plasmids. By passage on acridine orange plates, we obtained a mutant of R. fredii USDA 206 cured of the 197-megadalton plasmid (USDA 206C) which carries both nif and nod genes. This strain, however, has retained its symbiotic effectiveness. Probing EcoRI digests of wild-type and cured plasmid DNA with a 2.2-kilobase nif DH fragment from Rhizobium meliloti has shown four homologous fragments in the wild-type strain (4.2, 4.9, 10, and 11 kilobases) and two fragments in the cured strain (4.2 and 10 kilobases). EcoRI digests of total DNA show four major bands of homology (4.2, 4.9, 5.8, and 13 kilobases) in both the wild-type and cured strains. The presence of major bands of homology in the total DNA not present in the plasmid DNA indicated chromosomal nif genes. Probing of HindIII digests of total and plasmid DNA led to the same conclusion. Hybridization to the smaller plasmids of USDA 206 and USDA 206C showed the presence of nif genes on at least one of these plasmids, explaining the nif homology in the USDA 206C plasmid digests.     

Evidence for plasmid- and chromosome-borne multiple nif genes in Rhizobium fredii.

Rhizobium fredii is a fast-growing rhizobium isolated from the primitive Chinese soybean cultivar Peking and from the wild soybean Glycine soja. This rhizobium harbors nif genes on 150- to 200-megadalton plasmids. By passage on acridine orange plates, we obtained a mutant of R. fredii USDA 206 cured of the 197-megadalton plasmid (USDA 206C) which carries both nif and nod genes. This strain, however, has retained its symbiotic effectiveness. Probing EcoRI digests of wild-type and cured plasmid DNA with a 2.2-kilobase nif DH fragment from Rhizobium meliloti has shown four homologous fragments in the wild-type strain (4.2, 4.9, 10, and 11 kilobases) and two fragments in the cured strain (4.2 and 10 kilobases). EcoRI digests of total DNA show four major bands of homology (4.2, 4.9, 5.8, and 13 kilobases) in both the wild-type and cured strains. The presence of major bands of homology in the total DNA not present in the plasmid DNA indicated chromosomal nif genes. Probing of HindIII digests of total and plasmid DNA led to the same conclusion. Hybridization to the smaller plasmids of USDA 206 and USDA 206C showed the presence of nif genes on at least one of these plasmids, explaining the nif homology in the USDA 206C plasmid digests.     

Nodulation and Competition for Nodulation of Selected Soybean Genotypes among Bradyrhizobium japonicum Serogroup 123 Isolates

Twenty recently obtained field isolates of Bradyrhizobium japonicum serogroup 123 were tested for their nodule mass production on the standard commercial soybean (Glycine max (L.) Merr. cv. Williams) and on two soybean plant introduction (PI) genotypes previously determined to restrict nodulation by strain USDA 123. Four of the field isolates showed similar restricted nodulation on the two genotypes, while all 20 isolates produced a normal amount of nodules on G. max cv. Williams. Serological analyses with adsorbed fluorescent antibodies showed that members of the 123 serotype ranked low in nodulation of the two PIs, in contrast to members of serotypes 127 and 129. Competition studies on the PIs indicated that isolates which were restricted were not competitive for nodule occupancy against strain USDA 110. However, unrestricted isolates of serogroup 123 were very competitive against USDA 110. On G. max cv. Williams, all serogroup 123 isolates tested were very competitive against USDA 110.