Observations on the subgenus Argas (Ixodoidea: argasidae: Argas). 17. Argas (A.) polonicus sp. n. parasitizing domestic pigeons in Krakow, Poland.

Argas (A.) polonicus sp. n. is described from males, females, nymphs, and larvae from the steeple tower of St. Mary's Church, Karkow, Poland, where it feeds on domestic rock pigeons, Columba livia Gmelin. This species is related to the widely distributed Eurasian A. (A.) vulgaris Filippova and to certain other species of the eastern area of the Palearctic Faunal Region; it differs distinctly from A. (A.) reflexus (Fabricius) of western Europe. Comparative study under the light microscope. and especially under the scanning electron microscope, reveals numerous structural differences in adult and immature stages of these species, chiefly in the Haller's organ roof of each stage, adult body shape and integumental formations, dental formulae, and setal lengths and numbers on the larval dorsum.     

The Haller's organ roof and anterior pit setae of Argas ticks (Ixodoidea: Argasidae). Subgenera Secretargas and Ogadenus

Adults of the Argas subgenera Secretargas (3 species) and Ogadenus (1 species) were studied by scanning electron microscopy. In each species, the anterior pit and Haller's organ are situated in a large dorsal hump of Tarsus I and the 9 setae of the anterior pit are characteristic of the genus Argas in structure and numbers. In A. (S.) transgariepinus, an Ethiopian-Palearctic crevice-dwelling parasite of bats, the Haller's organ capsule roof is solid with a slitlike transverse aperture. In A. (S.) hoogstraali and A. (S.) echinops, Malagasy soil-dwelling parasites of Oplurus (Varanidae) lizards and the hedgehog-tenrec (Insectivora: Tenrecidae), respectively, the Haller's organ is virtually unroofed but partially screened by arborescent dorsal projections from the posterior wall of the capsule, and the open capsule contains numerous fine pleomorphs. In A. (O.) brumpti, a soil-dwelling parasite of the hyrax (Procavia), other terrestrial mammals, and lizards in the Ethiopian Region, the capsule is also virtually unroofed and contains numerous fine pleomorphs. The unroofed capsule is probably phylogenetically primitive and occurs only in these 3 and 2 other Argas species. The soil microhabitat (in Argas confined to 3 of the 4 species recorded here), and the reptile or ancient mammal hosts of these 3 species, as well as the zoogeographical isolation of 2 of the species in the Malagasy Region, are distinctive in this genus of 56 species. The interrelationships between an unroofed Haller's organ capsule and unusual biological properties remain to be determined.     

Life cycle and seasonal development of post-embryonic Argas reflexus (Acari: Argasidae) at two thermally different locations in Central Europe

Seasonal development was investigated in the pigeon tick, Argas reflexus (F.) over a 5-year period. The ticks were kept in desiccators at two deposition sites with different temperature conditions: a warmer attic and a cooler outdoor aviary. The life cycle of A. reflexus consists of the egg, larva, a variable number of two to four nymphal instars and the adult stage. In the cooler aviary, the ticks passed, on average, fewer nymphal instars than in the attic. At both locations, ecdysis of the nymphs and adults occurred only during the summer months, with peak numbers of ticks finishing the moult in August. This consistent pattern was evident irrespective of the feeding date of the preceding developmental stage or the year of observation. The results strongly suggest that nymphs II, nymphs I and larvae fed later than in mid-July, August or September, respectively, entered a state of diapause and, thus, overwintered in the engorged state. Argas reflexus nymphs II from a laboratory stock that were deposited inside the attic showed a remarkably different seasonal pattern of development, even more than 1 year after their deposition. This suggests that a circannual rhythm may be involved in the ticks' seasonal timing. Mortality of the engorged ticks (from repletion to ecdysis of the following stage/instar) was below 1.5% in most cases, irrespective of the season and the location. Unfed larvae survived for a maximum of one year inside the attic, whereas the median survival period of unfed nymphs was at least 3 years at the same location. Based on the present results, the generation time from (F1) egg deposition to oviposition in the F2 generation might be 3-11 years in Central European A. reflexus, depending on the course of development (two or three nymphal instars) and the number of gonotrophic cycles (probably up to six) of the F1. The life span of a single tick might take approximately 7-11 years or even longer.     

The subgenus Persicargas (Ixodoidea: Argasidae: Argas): A. (P.) arboreus central nervous system anatomy and histology

The anatomy and histology of the adult Argas (Persicargas) arboreus central nervous system are described and compared with these properties in other ticks. The single, integrated, central nerve mass (CNM) is formed by a fused supra-esophageal part (protocerebrum, cheliceral ganglia, palpal ganglia, and stomodeal pons) and a subesophageal part (4 pairs of pedal ganglia and the complex opisthosomatic ganglion). Single peripheral nerves (pharyngeal and recurrent) and paired peripheral nerves (compound protocerebral, cheliceral, palpal, pedal and opisthosomatic) extend from the CNM to body organs and appendages. Optic nerves, described in other Argas species, are not found in A. (P.) arboreus. Histologically, the CNM is enclosed by a thin-walled periganglionic blood sinus and invested by a collagenous neural lamella followed by a perineurial layer composed of glial cells and containing fine reticular spaces, a cortical layer of association, motor and neurosecretory cell bodies and glial cells, and inner neuropile regions of fiber tracts forming 5 horizontal levels of connectives and commissures.     

Observations on the subgenus Argas (Ixodoidea: Argasidae: Argas). 18. Haller's organ roof and anterior pit setae

Adults of 18 of the 22 species constituting the subgenus Argas, which parasitize birds nesting and resting in rocky habitats in each faunal region of the world (15 species) or in trees (e species) (2 Neotropical, 1 Nearctic), were studies by SEM. In each except three Neotropical species, the nine setae of the anterior pit of tarsus I are arranged in an anterior group (1 serrate, 1 setiform, 1 conical) and a posterior group (2 fine, e porose, 2 grooved), or the two groups are more or less confluent. Abnormally, additional setae may occur on one or both tarsi of a single specimen. In one Neotropical species, only the three anterior group setae are present. In three Neotropical species, only these three setae and a fourth seta are present (whether 6 or 5 additional setae are concealed within the tarsal structure should be investigated). The Haller's organ capsule is entirely open (unroofed) (3 species), roofed posteriorly and open anteriorly (7 species), or mostly roofed by a plate which is pierced by one large aperture and by more or less numerous, small, or medium-sized perforations (8 species plus one other not studied by use). This study suggests that the structure of Haller's organ has evolved in different lines in response to a multiplicity of biologic al factors related to the behavior and habitat of individual species.     

Life cycle and seaonal development of postembryonicArgas reflexus (Acari: Argasidae) at two thermally different locations in Central Europe

Seasonal development was investigated in the pigeon tick,Argas reflexus (F.) over a 5-year period. The ticks were kept in desiccators at two deposition sites with different temperature conditions: a warmer attic and a cooler outdoor aviary. The life cycle ofA. reflexus consists of the egg, larva, a variable number of two to four nymphal instars and the adult stage. In the cooler aviary, the ticks passed, on average, fewer nymphal instars than in the attic. At both locations, ecdysis of the nymphs and adults occurred only during the summer months, with peak numbers of ticks finishing the moult in August. This consistent pattern was evident irrespective of the feeding date of the preceding developmental stage or the year of observation. The results strongly suggest that nymphs II, nymphs I and larvae fed later than in mid-July, August or September, respectively, entered a state of diapause and, thus, overwintered in the engorged state.Argas reflexus nymphs II from a laboratory stock that were deposited inside the attic showed a remarkably different seasonal pattern of development, even more than 1 year after their deposition. This suggests that a circannual rhythm may be involved in the ticks' seasonal timing. Mortality of the engorged ticks (from repletion to ecdysis of the following stage/instar) was below 1.5% in most cases, irrespective of the season and the location. Unfed larvae survived for a maximum of one year inside the attic, whereas the median survival period of unfed nymphs was at least 3 years at the same location. Based on the present results, the generation time from (F₁) egg deposition to oviposition in the F₂ generation might be 3–11 years in Central EuropeanA. reflexus, depending on the course of development (two or three nymphal instars) and the number of gonotrophic cycles (probably up to six) of the F₁. The life span of a single tick might take approximately 7–11 years or even longer.     

Description of Culicoides (Mataemyia) felippebauerae sp. n., Forcipomyia musae immatures, and occurrence of F. genualis, breeding in banana stems in Brazilian Amazonia (Diptera: Ceratopogonidae)

The following three species of Ceratopogonidae were collected breeding in the rhizomatous herb Phenakospermum guyannense Endl., 1833 in the vicinity of Manaus, Brazil, a new species, Culicoides (Mataemyia) felippebauerae Spinelli, Forcipomyia (Forcipomyia) genualis (Loew), and F. (Phytohelea) musae Clastrier & Dellécole. C. (M.) felippebauerae is described and illustrated as adult, pupa, and fourth instar larva, the adult compared with the adult of C. barthi Taveres and Souza and larva and pupa with those of C. dicrourus Wirth & Blanton and C. macieli Tavares & Ruiz, the only species with known immatures in the subgenus. The pupa and fourth instar larva of F. (P.) musae are described and illustrated and compared with immatures of F. (P.) edwardsi Saunders.     

Ornithodoros (Alectorobius) spheniscus n. sp. [Acarina: Ixodoidea: Argasidae: Ornithodoros (Alectorobius) capensis group], a tick parasite of the Humboldt penguin in Peru

Ornithodoros (Alectorobius) spheniscus n. sp., described from wild-caught and laboratory-reared females, males, nymphs, and larvae parasitizing the Humboldt Penguin, Spheniscus humboldti Meyen, is the fifth species of the Ornithodoros (Alectorobius) capensis group to be recognized in the Neotropical Region. A related Peruvian species, Ornithodoros (Alectorobius) amblus Chamberlin, also parasitizes S. humboldti but is recorded from a wider range of marine birds breeding on the Pacific coast and offshore islands, where the birds congregate to feed on the rich fish fauna usually produced by the Humboldt current. Differential criteria are provided for the new species, O. (A.) amblus, and Ornithodoros (Alectorobius) yunkeri Keirans, Clifford, and Hoogstraal of the Galapagos. These 3 members of the O. (A.) capensis group parasitize marine birds associated with the Humboldt current in western South America and the Galapagos. Persons visiting Humboldt Penguin breeding sites in caves and on barren coastal ledges are eagerly attacked by nymphal and adult O. (A.) spheniscus and suffer afterward from pruritus and slowly-healing blisters. The O. (A.) spheniscus life cycle required 128 to 193 days in the laboratory and, as typical of bird-parasitizing members of the subgenus Alectorobius, the first nymphal instar did not feed.     

Redescription of the larva,and description of the nymphal and adult stages of Ornithodoros peruvianus Kohls,Clifford & Jones, 1969 (Acari: Argasidae)

The soft tick Ornithodoros peruvianus Kohls, Clifford & Jones, 1969 was described as a parasite of bats in Peru upon the examination of engorged larvae only. Recently, larvae of this tick species were reported on bats from northern Chile. However, the adult and nymphal stages of O. peruvianus have remained undescribed. This study aimed to redescribe the larva of O. peruvianus based on unfed specimens, and to describe nymphs, the male and the female of this species. Ticks were collected on the walls inside three caves in northern Chile. Two females laid eggs in the laboratory. Part of the unfed larvae was separated for morphological and morphometrical analyses, and the remaining specimens were fed upon laboratory mice in order to obtain subsequent nymphal and adult stages. The first nymphal stage (N1) moulted either to male or to a second nymphal stage (N2) without feeding. Obtained N2 moulted either to male or female after one meal. PCR amplification of tick mitochondrial 16S rRNA of specimens from the three caves revealed almost identical sequences. The unfed larva of O. peruvianus has an elongated idiosoma, and fringed setae cover the ventral surfaces of coxae, palps and tarsi. Nymph 1 has a thin integument covered by incipient mammillae and barely noticeable dorsal disks; it lacks cheeks and possesses few short setae on the basis capitulum. Nymph 2 has a pair of small cheeks and resembles adult stages in its tegumentary traits and capitulum. Adult stages exhibit developed cheeks (larger in females) without the capacity to completely cover the capitulum. Very small and low mammillae cover the surface of the dorsal idiosoma in adults. As this feature also occurs in other bat-associated soft ticks, regardless of their phylogenetic relatedness, small mammillae in bat soft ticks are suggestive of convergent evolution.

     

Bat ticks of the genus Argas (Ixodoidea: Argasidae). 13. Haller's organ roof and anterior pit setae in Carios and Chiropterargas

Adults of 4 of the 6 species constituting the subgenus Carios and of 3 of the 4 species constituting the subgenus Chiropterargas were studied by scanning electron microscopy. All species parasitize Old World cave-dwelling insectivorous bats (Microchiroptera). The anterior pit setae number 10 in Carios and 10 or 11 in Chiropterargas. In most Carios, the setiform seta is replaced by a second serrate seta. In 2 of the 3 studied Chiropterargas species, 1 of the 2 grooved setae is exceptionally long. Porose setae number 3 in Carios and 3 or 4 in Chiropterargas. The Haller's organ roof in both subgenera is solid, lacking perforations; the aperture is narrowly transverse in Carios, irregularly wide or wide and transverse in Chiropterargas; uniquely, 1 or 2 sensilla protrude from the aperture of Chiropterargas species. The protruding sensilla and long grooved seta of Chiropterargas suggest a probably distinctive sensory-behavior pattern common to these ticks. Other morphological characters are discussed and compared to show relationships between these 2 subgenera and the subgenera Argas and Persicargas and distinctive characters present only in adult and/or larval Carios and Chiropterargas.     

Studies on the biology of Argas (A.) reflexus (Fabricius, 1794) (Acari: Ixodida: Argasidae). 2. Effect of alternating temperatures on embryonic development and egg hatch.

The paper presents the results of observations on the effect of temperature alterations between 9 degrees C and 30 degrees C every 6 and 12 hours, respectively, on the embryonic development and egg hatch of Argas (A.) reflexus. No effect of the frequency of temperature changes on the percentage of egg mortality, embryo mortality, abnormal egg hatching, or egg hatching into morphologically normal larvae was observed. The experiments showed that in changes temperature have a particularly detrimental effect on the eggs prior to blastulation.     

孤雌生殖长角血蜱的哈氏器超微结构与发育

为阐明长角血蜱Haemaphysalis longicornis孤雌生殖种群的哈氏器结构及发育特征, 用扫描电镜对其各虫期哈氏器进行了观察, 分析了血餐对哈氏器发育的影响。结果表明： 该种群幼蜱、 若蜱和成蜱哈氏器形态结构基本相同, 均由前窝和后囊构成。幼蜱前窝感毛6根, 位于同一基盘; 若蜱和成蜱哈氏器相似, 前窝感毛7根, 其中1根孔毛位于外侧基盘, 另6根感毛位于内侧基盘。各虫期饱血后哈氏器大小均比饥饿状态下显著增大（P<0.05）。幼蜱前窝与后囊面积比值与若蜱相比无显著差异（P>0.05）, 若蜱前窝与后囊面积比值与成蜱相比差异显著（P<0.05）。各虫期哈氏器均在发育, 且血餐对哈氏器发育有重要影响。幼蜱至若蜱期哈氏器前窝与后囊的发育速度相似, 若蜱至成蜱期哈氏器前窝发育快于后囊。本研究结果在一定程度上揭示了孤雌生殖长角血蜱的哈氏器发育规律。     

印度四种蝗科农业害虫的取食量定量测定及据此推测的亲缘关系

【目的】害虫的取食潜力反映了其生态学和经济学特性,这些知识有助于扩展其控制措施。能否将害虫物种按亲缘关系的远近进行分组,对它们在发育或成熟期的取食量进行定量排序？了解不同害虫种类的取食模式有助于这一问题的解答。 【方法】对印度4种蝗科农业害虫--等岐蔗蝗Hieroglyphus banian (Fab.), 暗翅剑角蝗Acrida exaltata (Walk.), 中华板胸蝗Spathosternum prasiniferum prasiniferum (Walk.) 和 Oxya fuscovittata (Mars.)的取食量进行了定量测定,估测了4种害虫雌雄各若虫龄期及整个成虫期的每日取食量和总取食量。【结果】基于其多食性特征和存在多种食物来源的情况,所有测试中均只提供最为偏好的寄主植物。在研究的4种害虫中,观察到相同的取食率模式,取食率随着若虫龄期的增加而逐步增加。4种害虫的雌虫取食量均显著高于雄虫,且成虫期害虫的取食量显著高于幼期。各龄若虫和成虫的取食量与对应的若虫或成虫历期明显相关。就整个生活期的取食量和平均存活率而言,暗翅剑角蝗A. exaltata 和中华板胸蝗S. pr. prasiniferum 的亲缘关系比其他两种昆虫略近。就整个生活期的取食量和平均存活率而言,单化性害虫（等岐蔗蝗H. banian）和二化性害虫（暗翅剑角蝗A. exaltata) 比另外两种近缘的多化性害虫（中华板胸蝗S. pr. prasiniferum 和 O. fuscovittata）的亲缘关系更近一些。【结论】寿命长的物种(每年可完成1~2个世代)在取食潜力方面比寿命短的物种（每年完成2代以上的世代）更具有可比性。通过对多个不同化性的害虫物种的研究,使我们在这方面能达到更全面的认识。     

Host finding of the pigeon tick Argas reflexus

The medically and veterinary important feral pigeon tick Argas reflexus (Ixodida: Argasidae) Fabricius usually feeds on pigeons, but if its natural hosts are not available, it also enters dwellings to bite humans that can possibly react with severe allergic reactions. Argas reflexus is ecologically extremely successful as a result of some outstanding morphological, physiological, and ethological features. Yet, it is still unknown how the pigeon tick finds its hosts. Here, different host stimuli such as living nestlings as well as begging calls, body heat, smell, host breath and tick faeces, were tested under controlled laboratory conditions. Of all stimuli tested, only heat played a role in host‐finding. The heat stimulus was then tested under natural conditions within a pigeon loft. The results showed that A. reflexus is able to find a host over short distances of only a few centimetres. Furthermore, it finds its host by random movements and recognizes a host only right before direct contact is made. The findings are useful for the control of A. reflexus in infested apartments, both to diagnose an infestation and to perform a success monitoring after disinfestation.     

Characterization of anti-hemostatic factors in the argasid, Argas monolakensis: implications for the evolution of blood-feeding in the soft tick family

To date, the only anti-hemostatic factors characterized for softs ticks are for Ornithodoros moubata and Ornithodoros savignyi, ticks that feeds mainly on mammals. This includes thrombin (ornithodorin and savignin), fXa (TAP and fXaI) and platelet aggregation (disagegin and savignygrin) inhibitors that belong to the BPTI-Kunitz protein family. This raises the question on how well anti-hemostatic factors will be conserved in other soft tick genera that feeds on other vertebrates such as birds. We characterized the anti-hemostatic factors from Argas monolakensis, a soft tick that feeds mainly on Californian gulls. The main anti-clotting factor (monobin) is an ortholog of ornithodorin and savignin and shows similar slow tight-binding kinetics. The main anti-platelet activities are apyrase and fibrinogen receptor antagonists (monogrins). The monogrins are orthologs of disagregin and savignygrin and like savignygrin presents the RGD integrin-recognition motif on the BPTI substrate-binding presenting loop. This implies that the anti-hemostatic factors evolved in the ancestral soft tick lineage and has been maintained in soft tick species from two distinct genera with different host preferences. The Argas derived anti-hemostatic factors bind to mammalian targets with affinities similar to that observed for their orthologs in the Ornithodoros genus. This cross-reactivity could have facilitated the switching of soft ticks from avian to mammalian hosts and can explain in part the ability of Argas ticks, to feed on humans, thereby remaining a possible health risk.     

Cuticular hydrocarbon gas chromatography analysis of Argas vulgaris,A. polonicus,and their hybrids

The cuticular hydrocarbon gas chromatography of adult ticks obtained from experimental homogamic and reciprocal heterogamic crosses of Argas vulgaris (Vv) and A. polonicus (Pp) confirmed both argasids to be closely related species, but easily differentiated by several critical compounds. Cuticular mixtures contained variable amounts of n-alkanes, monomethyl-, and dimethyl-alkanes, without traces of detectable alkenes. Specimens from heterogamic crosses synthesized new high molecular weight compounds not detected in parental cuticular mixtures. Data on genetic identity revealed a close proximity of parental adults, but a high distances between and within their hybrids. A relatively high percentage of heterozygosity (32.12% in females and 20.00% in males) of F₁ Pv generation in comparison with F₁ Vp (14.54% and 8.48% respectively) and both P₂ generations (6.66–9.09%) has also been ascertained.     

Biochemical and physiological studies of certain ticks (Ixodoidea): specific gravity of hemolymph and coxal and gut fluids of Argas (Persicargas) persicus and Argas (Persicargas) arboreus (Argasidae)

Specific gravity (sp. gr.) of cell-free hemolymph and gut and coxal fluids was determined at different states of the gonotrophic cycle (unfed + 15 days, engorgement day before and after coxal fluid emission, engorgement + 1 day, oviposition day, and oviposition completion + 1 day) of female Argas (Persicargas) persicus and A. (P.) aboreus (Argasidae). The patterns of hemolymph and gut fluid sp. gr. change differed from each other during the gonotrophic cycle, but both patterns were similar in the 2 Argas species. Hemolymph sp. gr. decreased to a minimum one day after feeding (1.0085 and 1.0081 for persicus and arboreus, respectively), and increased through oviposition to a maximum on oviposition + 1 day (1.0187 and 1.0221). Minimum gut fluid sp. gr. occurred on engorgement day before coxal fluid emission (1.0565 and 1.0697). Afterward, gut fluid sp. gr. increased to a maximum on engorgement day + 1 for persicus (1.1089) and on oviposition day for arboreus (1.0973), and then decreased during oviposition in both species. In each tested state of each species, the sp. gr. was consistently higher in gut fluid than in hemolymph. In each species, coxal fluid and hemolymph sp. gr. were the same on engorgement day.     

Effects of Double‐Crested Cormorants (Phalacrocorax auritus Less.) on Island Vegetation,Seedbank, and Soil Chemistry: Evaluating Island Restoration Potential

The unique plant community on Middle Island, Lake Erie, Canada, has been greatly modified by double‐crested cormorants (Phalacrocorax auritus Less.) whose population has increased enormously in the last two decades. The aims of this study were to assess the impact of cormorants on island tree canopy, understorey vegetation, soil seedbank, and soil chemistry. The ultimate objective was to assess the resilience of the vegetation community for recovery should cormorant nest densities decrease significantly. Forty‐three point stations were established in a grid system covering the entire island. The herbaceous and woody vegetation was surveyed over 2 years and tree crown damage was assessed at each point station. In 2008, soil samples were collected for both chemical analysis and a seedbank inventory. Vegetation and seedbank species richness were impoverished compared to the vegetation surveyed prior to cormorant colonization. Cormorants affected not only the tree canopy where they nested but also the understorey vegetation. Exotic plant species were very common in the standing vegetation and constituted the bulk of the abundance in the seedbank. However, there was little relationship between aboveground vegetation and seedbank composition. Cormorants appeared to have little influence on seedbank richness, abundance, and composition. Notably, several species of conservation interest were found in the aboveground vegetation and in the seedbank providing a positive sign for future efforts to restore island plant communities.     

A new species of Rhynchoidomonas Patton, 1910 (Kinetoplastida: Trypanosomatina) from Operophtera brumata (Lepidoptera: Geometridae)

Summary A new species of Rhynchoidomonas Patton was observed in a single adult male winter moth, Operophtera brumata (L.) from England. Intracellular amastigotes, and extracellular epimastigotes and trypomastigotes with an undulating membrane and free flagellum, were present. All stages had a large, reniform kinetoplast. As transmission of the flagellate between generations of winter moths by ingestion of infected faeces is a virtual impossibility, it is suggested that the flagellate's true host may have been a dipteran parasitoid and that an egg, surface-contaminated with the flagellate, was oviposited into or ingested by a winter moth larva. If the parasitoid had died, this flagellate infection could have been carried over to the adult moth. ac]19830601     

Systematics, cladistics and biogeography of the American genus Farrodes (Ephemeroptera: Leptophlebiidae: Atalophlebiinae)

Cladistic and biogeographic analyses of the genus Farrodes are presented. Two species groups are delineated within Farrodes: F. caribbianus and F. bimaculatus. Three species formerly placed in other genera– Thraulus caribbianus Traver, Thraulus roundsi Traver and Homothraulus maculatus (Needham & Murphy)–are transferred to Farrodes. The species of the F. caribbianus species group are revised. Three new species are described: F. savagei from Venezuela, F. maya and F. mexicanus from Mexico. Keys to separate the two species groups of Farrodes and the species of the F caribbianus species group are provided. Successive cladistic analyses were carried out on both adult and nymphal characters using Hennig86 and CLADOS. The matrix was composed of all available data (nymphal characters were missing for some species), from nymphal and adult stages separately and on taxa represented by both adult and nymphal characters. Species of the genera Simothraulopsis and Homothraulus (components of the Farrodes lineage) were included in the analyses, and Ecuaphkbia was used as the outgroup. Results of the four analyses are compatible. The historical biogeography of Farrodes , with a distribution from nordiern Argentina to southern Texas, is analysed using the program COMPONENT. Areas of endemism are established, and some of their relationships compared with those of other groups available in the literature.