中国鸡皮衣科地衣的分类研究Ⅰ

鸡皮衣科Pertusariaceae隶属于鸡皮衣目Pertusariales。该科的主要特征是地衣体壳状,常缺乏下皮层;子囊器茶渍型,侧丝分枝结网状;子囊壁一般较厚,多为两层,顶部内壁层加厚,常淀粉质;子囊1-8个孢子,孢子大型,无色透明;光合共生物为球形绿藻。Kirk et a1．（2001）记录Pertusariaceae有4个属,即Ochrolechia、Pertusaria、Thamnochrolechia和Varicellaria。     

中国鸡皮衣属地衣3新记录种

鸡皮衣属(Pertusaria)隶属于子囊菌门(Ascomycota)、茶渍纲(Lecanoromycetes)、鸡皮衣目(Pertusariales)、鸡皮衣科(Pertusariaceae)。在对鸡皮衣属地衣进行研究时,发现3个中国新记录种,即异亚澳鸡皮衣(P.allothwaitesii),刚硬鸡皮衣(P.rigida)和赭色鸡皮衣(P.colorata)。该文对这3个种的分类学特征进行了详细描述,并提供了其相关图片。     

中国鸡皮衣科地衣的分类研究Ⅰ

<正>鸡皮衣科Pertusariaceae隶属于鸡皮衣目Pertusariales。该科的主要特征是地衣体壳状,常缺乏下皮层;子囊器茶渍型,侧丝分枝结网状;子囊壁一般较厚,多为两层,顶部内     

中国鸡皮衣属地衣一新记录种

在对保存于中国科学院微生物所菌物标本馆(HAMAS-L)的鸡皮衣属地衣进行研究过程中,发现一中国新记录种亚澳鸡皮衣(Pertusariathwaitesii)。该种地衣体灰白色至烟灰色,表面有皱褶,缝裂成网块状,无粉芽和裂芽;果疣半球形,顶部扁平,孔口较多,轻微下陷;子囊盘陷生于果疣中,每个子囊含有2个孢子,孢子长椭圆形,孢子壁双层,端壁微加厚;皮层含有地衣黄,在波长365 nm紫外光照射下呈现红褐色,髓层含有原岛衣酸。该种与海滨鸡皮衣(P.subobductans)和亚孔鸡皮衣(P.subpertusa)都含有2个长椭圆形的孢子,但是海滨鸡皮衣含有降斑点酸,皮层遇KOH由黄色变成红色;而亚孔鸡皮衣含有富马原岛衣酸,且孢子较大。亚澳鸡皮衣生长在海拔1 200~2 300 m的阔叶树树皮上。     

湖北神农架鸡皮衣属(PERTUSARIA DC.)地衣初步研究

报道了湖北神农架鸡皮衣属(Pertusaria)地衣6种,其中中国新记录1种,即亚斑点鸡皮衣(P.submultipuncta)。对各个种的主要鉴别特征、化学成分、基物、标本、国内分布也作了描述,并与有关地区鸡皮衣属地衣种数进行了比较和区系讨论。     

秦岭鸡皮衣科地衣的初步研究

对采自陕西秦岭地区的鸡皮衣科Pertusariaceae地衣进行了形态学、解剖学、化学研究,鉴定出该科地衣3属23种,其中肉疣衣属Ochrolechia8种,鸡皮衣属Pertusaria14种,果疣衣属varicellaria1种。拟苍白肉疣衣Ochrolechiapseudopallescens和类斑点鸡皮衣Pertusariamultipunctoides为中国新记录种。     

中国果疣衣属地衣的研究

果疣衣属地衣系子囊菌门Ascomycota,子囊菌纲Ascomycetes,茶渍衣亚纲Lecanoromycetidae,鸡皮衣目Pertusariales,鸡皮衣科Pertusariaceae的成员。由于粉色果疣衣Varicellariarhodocarpa在中国的首次发现,使中国地衣区系中新增添了一个属:果疣衣属Varicellaria。该属迄今已知仅含三种,即粉芽果疣衣V.kemensis,八孢果疣衣V.carneonivea及粉色果疣衣V.rhodocarpa。果疣衣属为壳状地衣,地衣体微薄,膜质;子囊盘茶渍型,单个或数个聚生于瘤状果疣中;类侧丝多分枝并呈网状缠绕;子囊内含单孢或八孢;子囊孢子大型(长度为200~400mm),双胞,无色透明,椭圆形;孢子壁厚达27mm;与鸡皮衣属不同之处在于前者子囊内含双胞孢子,后者子囊内含单胞孢子。由于该属在中国是首次被发现,为了进一步的研究,文中还提供了该属迄今已知的全部三种的分种检索表。粉色果疣衣以其地衣体基本无粉芽和遇Pd呈负反应而区别于粉芽果疣衣,以子囊内含单孢而区别于八孢果疣衣。通过薄板层析法首次从该种髓部检测出茶渍衣酸。其地理成分为北极高山种,主要分布于欧洲的挪威、瑞典、芬兰、阿尔卑斯山脉,喀尔巴阡山脉、苏格兰以及北美洲;在亚洲迄今只见于日本与中国。     

中国果疣衣属地衣的研究

果疣衣属地衣系子囊菌门Ascomycota,子囊菌纲Ascomycetes,茶渍衣亚纲Lecanoromycetidae,鸡皮衣目Pertusariales,鸡皮衣科Pertusariaceae的成员。由于粉色果疣衣Varicellaria rhodocarpa在中国的首次发现,使中国地衣区系中新增添了一个属：果疣衣属Varicellaria。该属迄今已知仅含三种,即粉芽果疣衣V.kemensis,八孢果疣衣V.carneonivea及粉色果疣衣V.rhodocarpa。果疣衣属为壳状地衣,地衣体微薄,膜质;子囊盘茶渍型,单个或数个聚生于瘤状果疣中;类侧丝多分枝并呈网状缠绕;子囊内含单孢或八孢;子囊孢子大型(长度为200～400μm),双胞,无色透明,椭圆形;孢子壁厚达27μm;与鸡皮衣属不同之处在于前者子囊内含双胞孢子,后者子囊内含单胞孢子。由于该属在中国是首次被发现,为了进一步的研究,文中还提供了该属迄今已知的全部三种的分种检索表。粉色果疣衣以其地衣体基本无粉芽和遇Pd呈负反应而区别于粉芽果疣衣,以子囊内含单孢而区别于八孢果疣衣。通过薄板层析法首次从该种髓部检测出茶渍衣酸。其地理成分为北极高山种,主要分布于欧洲的挪威、瑞典、芬兰、阿尔卑斯山脉,喀尔巴阡山脉、苏格兰以及北美洲;在亚洲迄今只见于日本与中国。     

湖北神农架鸡皮衣属(PERTUSARIA DC.)地衣初步研究

报道了湖北神农架鸡皮衣属地衣６种其中中国新记录１种,即亚斑点鸡皮衣。对各个种的主要鉴别特征,化学成分、基物、标本、国内分布也作了描述,并与有关地区鸡皮衣属地衣种数进行了比较和区系讨论。     

中国鸡皮衣属地衣化学成分研究

作者通过对录属于３５个分类单位的近４００号中国鸡皮有标本的化学天本文中报字我国鸡皮衣属地衣中存在的２３个化合物,首次报道鸡皮衣属地衣中存在的有分类意义的化学成分１种,即ｍａｌｏｎｏｐｒｏｔｏｃｅｔｒａｒｉｃ ａｃｉｄ。化学测定结果表明：至少在中国鸡皮衣属种中,４,５＝二氯地衣酮（４,５－ｄｉｃｈｌｏｒｏｌｉｃｈｅｘａｎｔｈｏｎｅ）可能局于Ｐｅｒｔｕｓａｒｉａ亚属,β－地衣酚类（β－ｏｒｃｉｎｏｌ）     

Diversity of the lichenized fungi in King George Island, Antarctica, revealed by phylogenetic analysis of partial large subunit rDNA sequences

Lichens are predominant and important components of flora in the terrestrial ecosystem of Antarctica. However, relatively few researches on the phylogenetic position of Antarctic lichen-forming fungi have been accomplished. In this study, partial sequences of nuclear large subunit rDNAs from 50 Antarctic specimens were obtained and the phylogeny was reconstructed. Antarctic lichen species were distributed among 4 orders, including the monophyletic order Agyrales, paraphyletic orders Pertusariales and Teloschistales, and polyphyletic order Lecanorales. Species diversity was highest in the order Lecanorales, followed by Teloschistales and Pertusariales. Based on the phylogeny and sequence similarity analyses, it is proposed that the taxonomy of Stereocaulon alpinum, Physcia caesia, Usnea aurantiacoatra, and Cladonia species should be revised by careful examination of their phenotypic and molecular characteristics. Six species known to be endemic to Antarctica, Catillaria corymbosa, Himantormia lugubris, Leptogium puberulum, Pertusaria pertusa, Rhizoplaca aspidophora, and Umbilicaria antarctica, formed unique lineages, implying independent origins in the Antarctic area.     

Supraordinal phylogenetic relationships of Lecanoromycetes based on a Bayesian analysis of combined nuclear and mitochondrial sequences

Phylogenetic relationships of lichen-forming discomycetes and their relatives in the class Lecanoromycetes were examined by using nuclear large subunit and mitochondrial small subunit ribosomal DNA sequences. Ninety-eight partial sequences of 53 ascomycetes were generated and aligned with the corresponding sequences retrieved from GenBank resulting in an alignment of 100 taxa that was analyzed using a Bayesian approach with Markov chain Monte Carlo (B/MCMC) methods. The analysis revealed the monophyly of the Lecanoromycetes with two major clades: one clade including the monophyletic orders Graphidales and Ostropales and the paraphyletic Gyalectales, the other clade including the monophyletic Lecanorales (incl. Caliciales, Peltigerales, and Teloschistales) and a clade containing the polyphyletic Agyriales, a yet undescribed order Umbilicariales (including Elixiaceae and Umbilicariaceae), and Pertusariales. The monophyly of the Pertusariales was not resolved. Testing of alternative hypotheses revealed that a placement of Chaetothyriomycetes and Eurotiomycetes within Lecanoromycetes and the monophyly of Agyriales s. lat. (incl. Elixiaceae and Schaereriaceae) and Ostropales s. lat. (incl. Graphidales) can be rejected, while monophyly of Gyalectales and the Pertusariales and placement of Umbilicariales on the Lecanorales branch cannot be rejected with the current data set.     

Diversity of non-reducing polyketide synthase genes in the Pertusariales (lichenized Ascomycota): a phylogenetic perspective

Lichenized fungi synthesize a great variety of secondary metabolites. These are typically crystalline compounds, which are deposited extracellularly on the fungal hyphae. While we know a lot about the chemical properties and structures of these substances, we have very little information on the molecular background of their biosynthesis. In the current study we analyze the diversity of non-reducing polyketide synthase (PKS) genes in members of the lichenized Pertusariales. This order primarily contains fully oxidized secondary metabolites from different substance classes, and is chemically and phylogenetically well studied. Using a degenerate primer approach with subsequent cloning we detected up to five non-reducing PKS sequences in a single PCR product. Eighty-five new KS sequence fragments were obtained for this study. Analysis of the 157 currently available fungal KS sequence fragments in a Bayesian phylogenetic framework revealed 18 highly supported clades that included only lichenized taxa, only non-lichenized taxa, or both. Some Pertusarialean groupings of PKS sequences corresponded partly to phylogenetic groupings based on ribosomal DNA. This is reasonable, because a correlation between well-supported phylogenetic lineages and the occurrence of secondary metabolites in the Pertusariales has been observed before. However, no clear linkage was found between the PKS genes analyzed and the ability to produce a particular secondary substance. Several PKS clades did not reveal obvious patterns of secondary compound distribution or phylogenetic association. Compared with earlier phylogenetic analyses of KS sequences the increased sampling in the current study allowed us to detect many new groupings within the fungal non-reducing PKSs.     

新疆石人沟山区岩面生地衣群落分布格局的环境解释

地衣作为真菌和绿藻/蓝绿藻的成功共生体,广泛分布在陆地生态中的各种栖息地。岩面生地衣作为陆地生态系统的主要组成部分,在干旱和半干旱地区陆地食物链中具有重要地位,同时对岩石的生物腐蚀和土壤的形成有重要作用。岩面生地衣的多样性和分布格局强烈地受到海拔、湿度、温度、降水量、太阳辐射强度和基物的特征(岩石类型、岩石大小、岩石的化学成分和营养成分)等多种因素的影响。为了研究乌鲁木齐县石人沟山区岩面生地衣群落与基物间的关系,该研究在乌鲁木齐县石人沟山区设立16个样地,计测样地中岩面生地衣的盖度,包括坡度、坡向、光照强度等7个环境因子,采用典范对应分析法(CCA)对各群落的物种分布格局与环境因子的关系进行了探讨。结果表明:石人沟山区的岩面生地衣共有27种,隶属于7目9科15属。其中,黄枝衣目、茶渍目和鸡皮衣目的种类较多,占该地区岩面生地衣总数的74.07%。CCA排序结果显示坡度、坡向、光照强度、湿度、岩石pH值是5个影响岩面生地衣种类分布格局的主要环境因子,并显示了岩面生地衣与样地间的对应性。     

Phylogenetic classification of peltigeralean fungi (Peltigerales, Ascomycota) based on ribosomal RNA small and large subunits

To provide a comprehensive molecular phylogeny for peltigeralean fungi and to establish a classification based on monophyly, phylogenetic analyses were carried out on sequences from the nuclear ribosomal large (LSU) and small (SSU) subunits obtained from 113 individuals that represent virtually all main lineages of ascomycetes. Analyses were also conducted on a subset of 77 individuals in which the ingroup consisted of 59 individuals representing six families, 12 genera, and 54 species potentially part of the Peltigerineae/Peltigerales. Our study revealed that all six families together formed a strongly supported monophyletic group within the Lecanoromycetidae. We propose here a new classification for these lichens consisting of the order Peltigerales and two suborders-Collematineae subordo nov. (Collemataceae, Placynthiaceae, and Pannariaceae) and Peltigerineae (Lobariaceae, Nephromataceae, and Peltigeraceae). To accommodate these new monophyletic groups, we redefined the Lecanorineae, Pertusariales, and Lecanorales sensu Eriksson et al. (Outline of Ascomycota-2003, Myconet 9: 1-103, 2003). Our study confirms the monophyly of the Collemataceae, Lobariaceae, Nephromataceae, and Peltigeraceae, and the genera Nephroma, Sticta, and Peltigera. However, Leptogium, Lobaria, Pseudocyphellaria, and Solorina were found to be nonmonophyletic genera. Reconstruction of ancestral symbiotic states within the Peltigerales, using maximum likelihood (ML) and a Bayesian approach to account for phylogenetic uncertainty, revealed an evolutionary scenario in which bimembered associations with cyanobacteria were ancestral, followed by multiple independent acquisitions of green algae to form tripartite symbioses and rare subsequent losses of the cyanobiont to form bimembered symbioses with green algae.     

The distribution of ascus types and photobiontal selection in Lecanoromycetes (Ascomycota) against the background of a revised SSU nrDNA phylogeny

Within the last decade, molecular methods have revealed the relationships in many groups of lichenized Ascomycetes. However, the published phylogenies were often contradictory with respect to higher taxonomic levels. To achieve a more convincing overall picture of phylogenetic relationships of and within the Lecanoromycetes, we set up an alignment of all publicly available SSU nrDNA sequences of the Pezizomycotina, discarded those of insufficient quality, and added 21 newly obtained sequences representing groups that were not or under-represented so far. The alignment of 635 taxa and a subset of 166 Lecanoromycetes were analysed with different phylogenetic algorithms. The best phylogenetic trees, with respect to length, resolution, and support, were obtained with the Parsimony Ratchet method and DNAPARS (Phylip). According to these results, the Lecanoromycetes were subdivided into eight monophyletic clades representing the following orders: Acarosporales ad. int., Agyriales, Baeomycetales, Gyalectales, Icmadophilales ad. int., Lecanorales, Ostropales, and Pertusariales. These clades are distributed in two monophyletic groups corresponding to the two different types of ascomatal ontogeny. The taxa of the Lecanorales-clade differ from the other orders by the absence of a primary cyanobiont and of phycobionts of the genera Coccomyxa and Trentepohlia, in combination with the presence of an amyloid reaction of the ascus tips (lacking amyloid flanks). The Lecanorales-clade is subdivided into nine groups which are treated here at the level of suborders: Lecideineae, Teloschistineae, Physciineae, Bacidiineae ad int., Sphaerophorineae ad int., Rhizocarpineae ad int., Psorineae ad int., Cladoniineae, and Lecanorineae. The amyloid reaction pattern of the ascus apex correlates with this grouping at suborder rank. Peltigerales were excluded from the Lecanorales but included in the Lecanoromycetes based on morpho-anatomical features. The Lichinales were excluded from the Lecanoromycetes, while the position of the Umbilicariaceae remains unclear.     

Mutagenic activity of possible metabolites of 4-nitrobiphenyl ether

A series of possible metabolites--4-nitrosobiphenyl ether (4-NO), 4-hydroxylaminobiphenyl ether (4-NHOH), 4-aminobiphenyl ether (4-NH2), 4-hydroxyacetylaminobiphenyl ether (4-N(OH)Ac), 4-acetoxyacetylaminobiphenyl ether (4-N(OAc)Ac)involved in the toxic effects of 4-nitrobiphenyl ether (4-NO2) was synthesized and tested for mutagenic activity toward Salmonella typhimurium TA100 strain in the presence and the absence of liver homogenates of guinea pig treated with Kaneclor-500. 4-NO2, 4-NO and 4-NHOH showed direct-acting mutagenicity. 4-NO and 4-NHOH showed high mutagenic activity, while the mutagenic activity of 4-NO2 was very weak compared to 4-NO and 4-NHOH. 4-NO showed antimicrobial action at high concentrations. The other three compounds tested induced no mutation. Upon addition of NAD(P)H, the mutagenic activities of 4-NO and 4-NHOH were slightly enhanced, but no enhancement was observed by addition of NAD(P)+. Metabolic activation with guinea pig liver homogenates enhanced the mutagenic activities of 4-NO2 and 4-NO, and converted 4-NH2, 4-N(OH)Ac and 4-N(OAc)Ac to the product(s) responsible for the mutagenic activity. Addition of bis(p-nitrophenyl)phosphate, a deacetylase inhibitor, inhibited the mutagenic activities of 4-N(OH)Ac and 4-N(OAc)Ac by about 70% in the presence of NADPH and about 77% in the absence of NADPH. High performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) analysis of non-enzymatic conversion-products of 4-NHOH and 4-BO with and without NADPH indicated that 4-NHOH disappeared after 30 min of incubation and was converted completely to 4-NO without NADPH, while with NADPH, 4-NHOH disappeared very slowly and was detected even after 4 h of incubation. In the case of 4-NO, no decrease of 4-NO was observed without NADPH, while with NADPH 4-NO decreased quickly and a significant amount of 4-NHOH appeared. The mechanism of the NAD(P)H-dependent increase in mutagenicity is also discussed.