PVDF膜在电印迹法中的应用

本文介绍的是聚偏二氟乙烯膜（Polyvinylidenedifluoride,PVDF）在电印迹法中的应用,即将蛋白质SDS聚丙烯酰胺凝胶电沪后的条带电转移到PVDF膜上,随着蛋白质的转移,蛋白质在凝胶上的相对位置将在膜上得到相对的反映,然后将膜上所需蛋白质条带切割下来,直接可以用于N－未端序列分析及总氨基酸组成分析。该方法无需做到蛋白质的完全纯化,所以方法简单快速,所需样品量极少。     

测定多肽分子量的SDS聚丙烯酰胺电泳

一般说来,十二烷基硫酸钠聚丙烯酰胺电泳(SDS-PAGE),分离分子量10,000以下的多肽样品效果不佳。本文介绍了一种用强电解质离子为前导离子和拖尾离子、加尿素的SDS-PAGE系统,可对分子量2,000—20,000范围内的蛋白质多肽样品进行分子量的测定。     

用PCR和SDS-PAGE两种方法对转基因大豆的检测

采用PCR和SDS-PAGE电泳两种方法对转基因大豆(美国)和非转基因大豆(国内3个不同样品)进行了检测．结果显示：转基因大豆可以检测出195bp的花椰菜花叶病毒启动子(CaMV35S)序列片段和320bp的抗草甘膦基因(EPSPS)片段;SDS-PAGE蛋白质电泳中有一约40kDa的蛋白带出现;而非转基因的3个国内大豆品种中均没有CaMV35S启动子序列片段和抗草甘膦基因片段,SDS-PAGE蛋白质电泳检测也没有发现转基因大豆中存在的40kDa的蛋白带．     

不经染色直接从SDS-PAGE制备凝胶中准确切下所需蛋白条带的方法

蛋白样品的垂直板SDS-聚丙烯酰胺凝胶电泳 (SDS-PAGE)不但是一种最常用的蛋白分析方法,也经常用于蛋白质的制备。从电泳凝胶上纯化蛋白,一般都要先用考马斯亮蓝染色,然后切下所需的蛋白条带。这里介绍一种可以不染色,直接从SDS-PAGE制备凝胶上准确切割所需蛋白条带的方法。与染色后切胶的方法相比,这种方法简单、省时,分离到的蛋白容易从胶中洗脱回收,并可明显提高回收率,而且省去了令人烦怖的从回收的蛋白中脱去染色时结合的染料的问题。作者曾用此方法分离过多种蛋白,屡试不爽。这种方法与一般的SDS-PAGE制备电泳的差别主要在电泳结束后对凝胶的处理上。     

嘌呤核苷磷酸化酶基因的克隆及原核表达载体的构建

通过PCR方法从产气肠杆菌、胡萝卜软腐欧文氏菌、大肠杆菌扩增嘌呤核苷磷酸化酶(PNPase)基因,然后将扩增的约720bp的基因片段克隆到pET-28b表达载体上,构建重组PNPase的表达载体。核苷酸及推导的氨基酸序列分析表明,该基因在三个菌株之间有很高的同源性。SDS-PAGE电泳结果显示出明显的特异性蛋白质条带,其分子量约为29.8kDa.该载体的构建为进一步研究核苷及其类似物的生物合成奠定基础。     

一个深黄被孢霉苹果酸脱氢酶基因的克隆与表达

根据转录组测序结果设计特异性引物,以深黄被孢霉(Mortierella isabellina)M6-22的c DNA为模板,PCR扩增苹果酸脱氢酶基因MIMDH2,测序结果显示该序列长1 017 bp,编码338个氨基酸。序列分析表明该序列与已报道的烟曲霉(Aspergillus fumigates)线粒体苹果酸脱氢酶的相似性最高,达71.26%,且含有苹果酸脱氢酶的保守辅酶结合位点、底物结合位点和催化活性位点。将MIMDH2片段连接到表达载体pET32a(+)中,构建重组表达质粒pET32a-MIMDH2,并转化至大肠杆菌BL21中进行诱导表达,SDS-PAGE电泳检测结果显示在50 k D左右处有一蛋白质条带,酶活分析结果显示经镍柱亲和层析纯化的重组蛋白酶活高达271.33 U/mg。以上结果说明所克隆的MIMDH2为一个新的潜在的苹果酸脱氢酶基因,所编码的蛋白质具有苹果酸脱氢酶的活性。     

黄色短杆菌GDK-9谷氨酸脱氢酶基因的克隆、序列分析及表达

利用PCR技术从黄色短杆菌GDK-9的基因组DNA中扩增出谷氨酸脱氢酶基因(gdh)片段(EC.1.4.1.4), 连到pUCm-T载体上测序。核酸序列分析结果表明, 该片段全长1927 bp, 包含一个ORF, 推测此ORF区编码一条448个氨基酸的多肽, 分子量约为48 kD。与已报道的gdh序列相似性为99.55%, 其中1190位碱基(C→A)突变导致了编码氨基酸的变化(Thr→Asn), 其它的碱基变化不影响编码的氨基酸。将gdh基因克隆入穿梭质粒pXMJ19中, 并转化E. coli XL-Blue和Brevibacterium flavum GDK-9, 经IPTG诱导后, SDS-PAGE电泳结果显示, 在预计位置出现明显的诱导蛋白条带, 分子量约为48.7 kD。谷氨酸发酵实验表明, 尽管谷氨酸脱氢酶GDH能明显提高胞内的谷氨酸含量, 但其不影响谷氨酸的分泌。     

棉铃虫卵内半胱氨酸蛋白酶的分离纯化、氨基酸序列分析及蛋白酶鉴定

采用阴离子交换层析法,从棉铃虫Helicoverpa armigera卵母细胞中分离纯化到一种半胱氨酸蛋白酶,SDS-PAGE电泳显示为一条带,分子量约为29 kD,原位水解电泳表明其具有蛋白水解活性。对其进行了部分氨基酸序列测定,初步确定这种蛋白酶属于半胱氨酸蛋白酶类中的组织蛋白酶B类。     

直组人嗜中性白细胞活化蛋白-1/白细胞介素-8的纯化与鉴定

本文利用SDS-PAGE及蛋白质电泳印迹技术,从带有相应表达质粒的重组大肠杆菌裂解液中,将所表达的重组人嗜中性白细胞活化蛋白-1/白细胞介素-8(NAP-1/IL-8)转移至聚偏二氟乙烯膜上,直接进行N-末端15个氨基酸的序列分析,从而确证该目标蛋白得到高效表达和正确加工。随后采用Bio-Gel P30凝胶过滤层析和Mono-S阳离子交换层析对重组人NAP-1/IL-8进行了分离纯化,纯化产品达到SDS-PAGE纯。利用琼脂糖平板法测定了纯化产品的嗜中性白细胞趋化活性,推算其比活为2.8×10~5U/mg蛋白。又利用SDS-PAGE测出重组NAP-1/IL-8的分子量约为8.5kD,但根据凝胶过滤层析的洗脱时间推定,在溶液中确实存在分子量稍大于14.4kD的NAP-1/IL-8二聚体。     

小分子肽的Tricine-SDS-PAGE分离方法

在蛋白质的生化分析和基因表达产物的分离纯化中 ,经常要把某种或某些蛋白质成分分离开来。聚丙烯酰胺凝胶电泳 ( SDS- PAGE)是分离蛋白质的常用生化方法 ,样品的蛋白质分子热变性解聚后与 SDS结合形成带负电的蛋白质 - SDS复合物 ,复合物在电泳中的迁移率取决于蛋白质的分子大小 ,使用均匀浓度的 SDS-PAGE来分析分子量在 15～ 2 0 0 k D的蛋白质时 ,电泳迁移率与分子量的对数成线性关系。但常规定 Tris-甘氨酸 -盐酸系统中电泳分离分子量小于 10 k D的多肽效果差。作者在分离小分子肽的实验中改进了一套较简便的分离小分子肽的 T…     

Internal amino acid sequencing of proteins by in situ cyanogen bromide cleavage in polyacrylamide gels

A new method was developed for generating peptide fragments for amino acid sequence analysis from polyacrylamide-gel separated proteins. This method involves in situ CNBr treatment of proteins in the polyacrylamide gel after their separation by electrophoresis. Pure CNBr peptides were recovered either by solvent extraction followed by microbore column reversed-phase HPLC or, alternatively, by a second electrophoretic separation step (SDS-PAGE) followed by electrotransfer of the peptides onto polyvinylidene difluoride (PVDF) membranes. These approaches yielded sequence data at subnanomole levels for a wide range of CNBr fragments recovered from gel-separated proteins.     

A simple method for determination of intramolecular amino acid sequence of unpurified protein. Application to human serum protein adsorbed by silica particles.

Silica particles adsorbed several kinds of human serum proteins, especially 23 kDa molecular weight protein. After SDS-PAGE of adsorbed serum proteins, gel pieces containing 23 kDa protein was cut out and set in slot of stacking gel in second SDS-PAGE following overlay of Staphylococcus aureus V8 protease. After electrophoresis, gel was subjected to electroblotting onto polyvinylidene difluoride membrane. Both bands of dye-stained 23 kDa and the peptide were cut out from membrane and analyzed for amino acid sequence. Obtained sequences agreed well with amino terminal and intramolecular sequences of human HDL-apolipoprotein, A-I.     

The major outer membrane protein of Haemophilus ducreyi consists of two OmpA homologs.

The major outer membrane protein (MOMP) of Haemophilus ducreyi is an OmpA homolog that migrates on sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (SDS-PAGE) gels as three species with apparent molecular weights ranging from 37,000 to 43,000. Monoclonal antibodies directed against this macromolecule were used to identify recombinant clones containing fragments of the gene encoding this protein. Nucleotide sequence analysis of these fragments confirmed that the MOMP encoded by the intact gene (momp) was a member of the OmpA family of outer membrane proteins. Construction of an isogenic H. ducreyi mutant unable to express the MOMP led to the discovery of a second outer membrane protein which migrated at the same rate on SDS-PAGE gels as the MOMP. N-terminal amino acid sequence analysis of this second protein revealed that its N terminus was nearly identical to that of the MOMP and also had homology with members of the OmpA family. Nucleotide sequence analysis of the region downstream from the momp gene revealed the presence of a partial open reading frame encoding a predicted OmpA-like protein. A modification of anchored PCR technology was used to obtain the nucleotide sequence of this downstream gene which was shown to encode a second OmpA homolog (OmpA2). The N-terminal amino acid sequence of OmpA2 was identical to that of the OmpA-like protein detected in the momp mutant. The H. ducreyi MOMP and OmpA2 proteins, which comigrated on SDS-PAGE gels and which were encoded by the tandem arranged momp and ompA2 genes, were 72% identical.     

Determination of amino acid compositions and NH2-terminal sequences of peptides electroblotted onto PVDF membranes from tricine-sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis: application to peptide mapping of human complement component C3

The combination of high-resolution Tricine-Sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (H. Sch?gger and G. von Jagow (1987) Anal. Biochem. 166, 368-379) and electroblotting onto polyvinylidene difluoride (PVDF) membranes represents a powerful technique for the isolation of small amounts of peptides and protein fragments (Mr 1000-20,000) in a suitable form for amino acid sequencing, directly on the blotting membrane. Conditions for electrophoresis and electroblotting were optimized with respect to high transfer yield and suitability for both amino acid analysis and sequence determination of stained PVDF-bound peptides. Transfer yields were 50-80%, amino acid compositions including Cys were correct, and picomole quantities were sequenced with initial and repetitive yields as high as those we normally obtain for peptides in solution. The method was used for peptide mapping of polymorphic forms of human complement component C3.     

The primary structure of the Chloroflexus aurantiacus reaction-center polypeptides

The complete nucleotide sequence of two Chloroflexus aurantiacus reaction-center genes has been obtained. The amino acid sequence deduced from the first gene showed 40% similarity to the L subunit of the Rhodobacter sphaeroides reaction center. This L subunit was 310 amino acids long and had an approximate molecular mass of 35 kDa. The second gene began 17 bases downstream from the first gene. The amino acid sequence deduced from it (307 amino acids; 34950 Da) was 42% similar to the M subunit of the Rhodobacter sphaeroides reaction center. 20% of the deduced primary structure were confirmed through automated Edman degradation of cyanogen bromide peptide fragments or N-chlorosuccinimide peptide fragments isolated from the purified reaction-center complex or from the individual subunits. The peptides were isolated by preparative gel electrophoresis combined with molecular sieve chromatography in the presence of a mixture of formic acid, acetonitrile, 2-propanol and water. This method appeared to be applicable to the isolation of other hydrophobic proteins and their peptides.     

Cloning and expression of male-specific protein (MSP) from the hemolymph of greater wax moth, Galleria mellonella L

Male-specific protein (MSP) is a soluble protein that accumulates in high amounts in the hemolymph and other organs of adult male wax moth. The MSP was purified from adult male wax moth by gel filtration and reversed phase column chromatography, and its amino acid sequence was determined. Because of blocked N-terminus, several internal amino acid sequences of MSP were obtained by the in-gel digestion method using trypsin. RT-PCR was conducted using degenerate primers designed from the internal amino acid sequences. 5'-RACE PCR was used to obtain the complete coding region and 5'-UTR sequence. The full length MSP cDNA sequence encodes a 239 amino acid polypeptide with an 18 amino acid signal peptide. The putative mature MSP has a molecular mass of 24,317 Da and an isoelectric point (pI) of 6.00, but shows a molecular mass of 27 kDa on SDS-PAGE. Sequence alignment showed a significant similarity between MSP and juvenile hormone binding proteins (JHBPs) of several lepidopteran species, including G. mellonella.     

Antigenic structure of rabies virus glycoprotein: ordering and immunological characterization of the large CNBr cleavage fragments.

After rabies virus glycoprotein was treated with CNBr, the peptide mixture was fractionated by preparative sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. CNBr-cleaved peptide fragments were resolved into seven peptide bands under reducing conditions and six peptide bands under nonreducing conditions. The isolated nonreduced polypeptides were further analyzed by electrophoresis under reducing conditions. The N-terminal amino acid sequences were determined for the peptides in each of the isolated bands. The sequence data identified eight CNBr peptides and allowed the peptide fragments to be ordered within the deduced amino acid sequence of the glycoprotein. Analysis of the nonreduced CNBr peptides revealed two conformations of the glycoprotein. Two CNBr peptide fragments were specifically immunoprecipitated with a hyperimmune anti-rabies glycoprotein serum. These two and one other CNBr peptide induced the production of rabies virus-neutralizing antibodies, indicating the existence of at least three distinct antigenic sites on the rabies virus glycoprotein.     

Purification and partial peptide sequence analysis of the boar 32 kDa sperminogen

Boar 32 kDa sperminogen was purified from acid extracts of washed epididymal spermatozoa, and partial peptide sequence was determined. Boar sperminogen was purified from the acid extracts of boar spermatozoa by gel filtration through Sephadex G-75 column, followed by preparative SDS-PAGE. Gelatin zymographic analysis of the gel-filtered fractions showed that sperminogen was composed of three separate proteolytic bands. Among the three proteolytic bands, the 32 kDa sperminogen band which showed the strongest proteolytic activities upon activation was sliced out and eluted from the gel fragments. The eluted 32 kDa sperminogen was then subjected to peptide sequencing. Since the N-terminus of the 32 kDa sperminogen was blocked for peptide sequencing by Edman degradation method, the internal amino acid sequence of the sperminogen was obtained from the CNBr-digested peptides of sperminogen. The amino acid sequence of the analyzed peptide of the 32 kDa sperminogen showed 100% identity with that of proacrosin.     

Isolation, characterization and cDNA cloning of a one-lobed transferrin from the ascidian Halocynthia roretzi

Transferrin was isolated from plasma of the ascidian Halocynthia roretzi by ion-exchange chromatography. The molecular weight of the plasma transferrin was determined to be 52K by SDS-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis and gel filtration. Ascidian plasma transferrin was found to bind one mole of iron ion per mole of protein. The reductive S-pyridylethylated transferrin was subjected to Edman degradation analysis for determination of the N-terminal amino acid sequence, and it was also subjected to proteolytic fragmentation to yield peptide fragments, whose amino acid sequences were determined by Edman degradation analysis. Using the above amino acid sequences, a cDNA clone (1880 base pairs) encoding a protein of 372 amino acids containing a signal peptide of 21 amino acids was isolated from an H. roretzi hepatopancreas cDNA library. The reduced amino acid sequence contains the same sequences of the peptide fragments. A comparison of the amino acid sequence of ascidian transferrin with those of other members of the transferrin family revealed that the ascidian transferrin is composed of only the N-terminal lobe of two-lobed vertebrate transferrins. Thus, a one-lobed transferrin is present in the ascidian H. roretzi.     

Molecular characterization of the 28- and 31-kilodalton subunits of the Legionella pneumophila major outer membrane protein.

The major outer membrane protein of Legionella pneumophila exhibits an apparent molecular mass of 100 kDa. Previous studies revealed the oligomer to be composed of 28- and 31-kDa subunits; the latter subunit is covalently bound to peptidoglycan. These proteins exhibit cross-reactivity with polyclonal anti-31-kDa protein serum. In this study, we present evidence to confirm that the 31-kDa subunit is a 28-kDa subunit containing a bound fragment of peptidoglycan. Peptide maps of purified proteins were generated following cyanogen bromide cleavage or proteolysis with staphylococcal V8 protease. A comparison of the banding patterns resulting from sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (SDS-PAGE) revealed a common pattern. Selected peptide fragments were sequenced on a gas phase microsequencer, and the sequence was compared with the sequence obtained for the 28-kDa protein. While the amino terminus of the 31-kDa protein was blocked, peptide fragments generated by cyanogen bromide treatment exhibited a sequence identical to that of the amino terminus of the 28-kDa protein, but beginning at amino acid four (glycine), which is preceded by methionine at the third position. This sequence, (Gly-Thr-Met)-Gly-Pro-Val-Trp-Thr-Pro-Gly-Asn ... , confirms that these proteins have a common amino terminus. An oligonucleotide synthesized from the codons of the common N-terminal amino acid sequence was used to establish by Southern and Northern (RNA) blot analyses that a single gene coded for both proteins. With regard to the putative porin structure, we have identified two major bands at 70 kDa and at approximately 120 kDa by nonreducing SDS-PAGE. The former may represent the typical trimeric motif, while the latter may represent either a double trimer or an aggregate. Analysis of these two forms by two-dimensional SDS-PAGE (first dimensions, nonreducing; second dimensions, reducing) established that both were composed of 31- and 28-kDa subunits cross-linked via interchain disulfide bonds. These studies confirm that the novel L. pneumophila major outer protein is covalently bound to peptidoglycan via a modified 28-kDa subunit (31-kDa anchor protein) and cross-linked to other 28-kDa subunits via interchain disulfide bonds.