山东省探照灯诱虫器和地面灯诱虫器诱集昆虫群落结构

[目的]山东省是昆虫南北迁飞的关键路径,了解山东省的迁飞性昆虫群落结构,对明确迁飞性昆虫种类,并对其进行预测预报具有重要意义.[方法]在山东省14个地区建立监测点,每个监测点于2018年9月-10月利用探照灯诱虫器和地面灯诱虫器诱集昆虫.[结果]14个监测点共诱捕到昆虫有12目54科408种,其中探照灯诱虫器诱集到11目45科388种,地面灯诱虫器诱集到12目46科365种,探照灯诱虫器诱集的主要昆虫类群为鳞翅目(79.12％)、鞘翅目(9.42％)、直翅目(8.14％)和脉翅目(2.26％).地面灯诱虫器诱集的主要昆虫类群为鳞翅目(68.84％)、鞘翅目(23.46％)、膜翅目(3.69％)、直翅目(1.50％)、半翅目(1.14％).探照灯诱虫器诱集昆虫数量显著多于地面灯诱虫器.[结论]阐明了山东省昆虫群落结构和多样性,并证实了许多重大昆虫在山东省存在迁飞性.     

三种诱捕器对天牛科昆虫的诱集效率

【目的】不同诱捕器类型可以有效诱集不同昆虫物种,为了更准确的判断某地区的物种丰富度,更高效的进行不同物种的诱集,开展不同诱捕器类型对昆虫诱集效率的对比研究是至关重要的。【方法】研究了档板、漏斗和马氏3种不同类型诱捕器在吉林省松花湖库区蒙古栎林中对天牛科昆虫的诱集数量和种类。【结果】在相同地点和相同时间段内,漏斗诱捕器共诱集189头天牛科昆虫、分属于4亚科、11属、12种;挡板诱捕器共诱集134头天牛科昆虫,分属于5亚科、15属、17种;马氏诱捕器共诱集99头天牛科昆虫,分属于4亚科、16属18种。从诱集到的物种丰富度看,诱集效率顺序为:马氏诱捕器>挡板诱捕器>漏斗诱捕器;从诱集到的个体数量看,诱集效率顺序为:漏斗诱捕器>挡板诱捕器>马氏诱捕器;从诱集到的优势种数量看,诱集效率顺序为:漏斗诱捕器>挡板诱捕器>马氏诱捕器。【结论】从成本和效率的综合因素考虑,在一般性天牛科昆虫调查和种群监测时,可以选择以联合使用挡板和漏斗诱捕器为主,马氏诱捕器辅之的调查设计,可达到高效且经济的调查天牛科昆虫的目的。     

蟋蟀科和螽蟖科昆虫的足听器

一、导言 在某些直翅目昆虫中,听器非常发达;不独有固定的位置,并且有复杂的结构,按照听器位置的不同,它们可以分作两类:一类是腹听器,另一类是足听器。我们曾经发表过关於“几种蝗科昆虫的腹听器”一文,本文是报告蟋蟀科和螽斯科昆     

采用马氏诱集器法对不同小生境昆虫相的初步研究

本文采用马氏诱集器法对6种不同小生境的昆虫相进行初步研究。对采集到的昆虫进行整理和数据分析后表明,采用马氏诱集器法对不同昆虫的诱集效果不同,其中对双翅目、鳞翅目和膜翅目的诱集效果较好。根据诱集结果,不同生境的昆虫种类和数量都存在明显差异。     

东亚飞蝗鼓膜器对于不同方向声刺激的反应

腹鼓膜器是蝗虫的主要听觉器官,Pumphrey(1940)、Katsuki等(1958,1960)和Autrum等(1961)曾用电生理方法研究过此器官对不同方向声刺激的神经电位反应,从而确定蝗虫有辨识声音方向的能力。Pumphrey用离体鼓膜器作为研究材料,测定了鼓膜器对各种投射方向声音的反应阈值,证明此器官具有方向性,并且对由鼓腹内侧和外侧射来的声波都能感受。Autrum等以整体蝗虫的鼓膜器进行了类似的试验,见到当声源的方向改变时听神经反应的电位振幅有所不同:当声源与被测鼓膜器垂直时反应电位最大,声源     

昆虫弦音器及其声音感受分子机制

弦音器是昆虫类特有的一种机械感受器,亦称弦音感受器或剑梢感受器。它主要具有感知外界声压和体内肌肉运动的听觉功能,研究弦音器的机能结构对揭秘昆虫听觉的神经机制有重要的科学意义。本文从弦音器多样性和进化入手,重点综述了弦音器的微细结构、基因功能定位、声音感受分子机制及其声压增幅分子生物物理学原理,为昆虫听觉仿生学的研究提供了理论依据。     

昆虫弦音器及其声音感受分子机制

弦音器是昆虫类特有的一种机械感受器,亦称弦音感受器或剑梢感受器。它主要具有感知外界声压和体内肌肉运动的听觉功能,研究弦音器的机能结构对揭秘昆虫听觉的神经机制有重要的科学意义。本文从弦音器多样性和进化入手,重点综述了弦音器的微细结构、基因功能定位、声音感受分子机制及其声压增幅分子生物物理学原理,为昆虫听觉仿生学的研究提供了理论依据。     

飞行阻隔器在昆虫采集中的应用探究

飞行阻隔器主要由一个垂直悬到地面的拦截屏(塑料网、PVC塑料玻璃或树脂玻璃)和一个昆虫标本接收器组成,用于拦截和收集飞行中的昆虫,是一种有效的昆虫采集装置。近年来在国外昆虫采集中已被广泛应用,但在国内昆虫采集中尚未见正式报道。通过英国同行推荐、资料查阅和实际使用,本文作者摸索出一整套符合中国国情的组装及使用方法,并结合在秦岭山脉实际采集效果,统计了飞行阻隔器对昆虫纲膜翅目、双翅目、鞘翅目、鳞翅目和毛翅目等主要类群的采集效果。结果表明飞行阻隔器对于膜翅目、双翅目和鞘翅目均有非常好的采集效果,每个飞行阻隔器每天平均采集昆虫总量为332头,包括膜翅目126头、鞘翅目101头、双翅目87头、鳞翅目10头、毛翅目3头及其他昆虫5头。另外,本文比较了同一时间段、同一地点飞行阻隔器和马氏网的采集效果,飞行阻隔器采虫效果优于马氏网、在采集类群上两种方法各有侧重点,飞行阻隔器对膜翅目采集效果最好,其次为鞘翅目;马氏网以双翅目采集效果最好,其次为膜翅目。     

东亚飞蝗Locusta migratoria manilensis Meyen的感觉器官和附肢的组织构造

有关蝗虫感觉器官的研究报告不很多,其中值得指出的有Slifer(1935,1936,1938,1950,1951,1954)对于几种蝗虫的弦音器、勃氏器、具橛感器等研究,McFarlane(1953)对于小迁移蝗的弦音器研究,Marshall(1945)对于红腿蝗上唇感觉器的研究,其他尚有Fulton(1928)对于直翅目听器的研究,Friedrich(1930)对于直翅目胫节上具橛感器的比较研究,和徐凤早等(1952)对于几种蝗科昆虫的腹昕器和蟋蟀科与螽蟖科昆虫的足听器研究等。     

二化螟性信息素应用技术:笼罩诱捕器和筒形诱捕器

除目前在我国普遍使用的水盆诱捕器 ,本文还介绍了两种诱捕器———笼罩诱捕器和筒形诱捕器。 3种诱捕器的诱蛾效果比较研究表明 :( 1 )笼罩诱捕器中使用铁纱所制的诱笼的诱蛾量较多 ,同时其锥体的锥角以 60°左右为宜 ;( 2 )筒形诱捕器的诱蛾量略高出笼罩诱捕器 ;( 3) 3种诱捕器中 ,水盆诱捕器的诱蛾效果较好 ,筒形诱捕器次之 ,而笼罩诱捕器较差。     

Otoacoustic emissions from insect ears: evidence of active hearing?

Sensitive hearing organs often employ nonlinear mechanical sound processing which generates distortion-product otoacoustic emissions (DPOAE). Such emissions are also recordable from tympanal organs of insects. In vertebrates (including humans), otoacoustic emissions are considered by-products of active sound amplification through specialized sensory receptor cells in the inner ear. Force generated by these cells primarily augments the displacement amplitude of the basilar membrane and thus increases auditory sensitivity. As in vertebrates, the emissions from insect ears are based on nonlinear mechanical properties of the sense organ. Apparently, to achieve maximum sensitivity, convergent evolutionary principles have been realized in the micromechanics of these hearing organs-although vertebrates and insects possess quite different types of receptor cells in their ears. Just as in vertebrates, otoacoustic emissions from insects ears are vulnerable and depend on an intact metabolism, but so far in tympanal organs, it is not clear if auditory nonlinearity is achieved by active motility of the sensory neurons or if passive cellular characteristics cause the nonlinear behavior. In the antennal ears of flies and mosquitoes, however, active vibrations of the flagellum have been demonstrated. Our review concentrates on experiments studying the tympanal organs of grasshoppers and moths; we show that their otoacoustic emissions are produced in a frequency-specific way and can be modified by electrical stimulation of the sensory cells. Even the simple ears of notodontid moths produce distinct emissions, although they have just one auditory neuron. At present it is still uncertain, both in vertebrates and in insects, if the nonlinear amplification so essential for sensitive sound processing is primarily due to motility of the somata of specialized sensory cells or to active movement of their (stereo-)cilia. We anticipate that further experiments with the relatively simple ears of insects will help answer these questions.     

Embryonic development and evolutionary origin of the Orthopteran auditory organs

Two different types of ears characterize the order of Orthopteran insects. The auditory organs of grasshoppers and locusts (Caelifera) are located in the first abdominal segment, those of bushcrickets and crickets (Ensifera) are found in the tibiae of the prothoracic legs. Using neuron-specific antibody labelling, we describe the ontogenetic origin of these two types of auditory organs, use comparative developmental studies to identify their segmental homologs, and on the basis of homology postulate their evolutionary origin. In grasshoppers the auditory receptors develop by epithelial invagination of the body wall ectoderm in the first abdominal segment. Subsequently, at least a part of the receptor cells undergo active migration and project their out-growing axons onto the next anterior intersegmental nerve. During this time the receptor cells and their axons express the cell-cell adhesion molecule, Fasciclin I. Similar cellular and molecular differentiation processes in neighboring segments give rise to serially homologous sensory organs, the pleural chordotonal organs in the pregenital abdominal segments, and the wing-hinge chordotonal organs in the thoracic segments. In more primitive earless grasshoppers pleural chordotonal organs are found in place of auditory organs in the first abdominal segment. In bushcrickets the auditory receptors develop in association with the prothoracic subgenual organ from a common developmental precursor. The auditory receptor neurons in these insects are homologous to identified mechanoreceptors in the meso- and metathoracic legs. The established intra- and interspecies homologies provide insight into the evolution of the auditory organs of Orthopterans.     

The scolopidial accessory organs and Nebenorgans in orthopteroid insects: Comparative neuroanatomy,mechanosensory function,and evolutionary origin

Scolopidial sensilla in insects often form large sensory organs involved in proprioception or exteroception. Here the knowledge on Nebenorgans and accessory organs, two organs consisting of scolopidial sensory cells, is summarised. These organs are present in some insects which are model organisms for the physiology of mechanosensory systems (cockroaches and tettigoniids). Recent comparative studies documented the accessory organ in several taxa of Orthoptera (including tettigoniids, cave crickets, Jerusalem crickets) and the Nebenorgan in related insects (Mantophasmatodea). The accessory organ or Nebenorgan is usually a small organ of 8–15 sensilla located in the posterior leg tibia of all leg pairs. The physiological properties of the accessory organs and Nebenorgans are so far largely unknown. Taking together neuroanatomical and electrophysiological data from disparate taxa, there is considerable evidence that the accessory organ and Nebenorgan are vibrosensitive. They thus complement the larger vibrosensitive subgenual organ in the tibia. This review summarises the comparative studies of these sensory organs, in particular the arguments and criteria for the homology of the accessory organ and Nebenorgan among orthopteroid insects. Different scenarios of repeated evolutionary origins or losses of these sensory organs are discussed. Neuroanatomy allows to distinguish individual sensory organs for analysis of sensory physiology, and to infer scenarios of sensory evolution.     

The tympanal hearing organ of the parasitoid fly Ormia ochracea (Diptera, Tachinidae, Ormiini)

Tympanate hearing has evolved in at least 6 different orders of insects, but had not been reported until recently in the Diptera. This study presents a newly discovered tympanal hearing organ, in the parasitoid tachinid fly, Ormia ochracea. The hearing organ is described in terms of external and internal morphology, cellular organization of the sensory organ and preliminary neuroanatomy of the primary auditory afferents. The ear is located on the frontal face of the prothorax, directly behind the head capsule. Conspicuously visible are a pair of thin cuticular membranes specialized for audition, the prosternal tympanal membranes. Directly attached to these membranes, within the enlarged prosternal chamber, are a pair of auditory sensory organs, the bulbae acusticae. These sensory organs are unique among all auditory organs known so far because both are contained within an unpartitioned acoustic chamber. The prosternal chamber is connected to the outside by a pair of tracheae. The cellular anatomy of the fly's scolopophorous organ was investigated by light and electron microscopy. The bulba acustica is a typical chordotonal organ and it contains approximately 70 receptor cells. It is similar to other insect sensory organs associated with tympanal ears. The similarity of the cellular organization and tympanal morphology of the ormiine ear to the ears of other tympanate insects suggests that there are potent constraints in the design features of tympanal hearing organs, which must function to detect high frequency auditory signals over long distances. Each sensory organ is innervated by a branch of the frontal nerve of the fused thoracic ganglia. The primary auditory afferents project to each of the pro-, meso-, and metathoracic neuropils. The fly's hearing organ is sexually dimorphic, whereby the tympanal membranes are larger in females and the spiracles larger in males. The dimorphism presumably reflects differences in the acoustic behavior in the two sexes.     

昆虫听觉相关基因的研究进展

听觉对于昆虫的求偶、同种竞争、躲避天敌以及寄生昆虫寻找寄主等方面具有非常重要的作用。早年人们对昆虫听觉系统的形态学、生理学及行为学等方面进行了广泛研究。而近年来,研究人员对昆虫听觉分子机理开展了大量研究,对昆虫听觉相关基因包括Atonal(Ato)基因、Spalt(Sal)基因等十几种基因进行了结构分析和功能研究。本文综述了国内外昆虫听觉相关基因的研究进展。     

The tympanal hearing organ of the parasitoid fly Ormia ochracea (Diptera,Tachinidae, Ormiini)

Tympanate hearing has evolved in at least 6 different orders of insects, but had not been reported until recently in the Diptera. This study presents a newly discovered tympanal hearing organ, in the parasitoid tachinid fly, Ormia ochracea. The hearing organ is described in terms of external and internal morphology, cellular organization of the sensory organ and preliminary neuroanatomy of the primary auditory afferents. The ear is located on the frontal face of the prothorax, directly behind the head capsule. Conspicuously visible are a pair of thin cuticular membranes specialized for audition, the prosternal tympanal membranes. Directly attached to these membranes, within the enlarged prosternal chamber, are a pair of auditory sensory organs, the bulbae acusticae. These sensory organs are unique among all auditory organs known so far because both are contained within an unpartitioned acoustic chamber. The prosternal chamber is connected to the outside by a pair of tracheae. The cellular anatomy of the fly's scolopophorous organ was investigated by light and electron microscopy. The bulba acustica is a typical chordotonal organ and it contains approximately 70 receptor cells. It is similar to other insect sensory organs associated with tympanal ears.The similarity of the cellular organization and tympanal morphology of the ormiine ear to the ears of other tympanate insects suggests that there are potent constraints in the design features of tympanal hearing organs, which must function to detect high frequency auditory signals over long distances. Each sensory organ is innervated by a branch of the frontal nerve of the fused thoracic ganglia. The primary auditory afferents project to each of the pro-, meso-, and metathoracic neuropils. The fly's hearing organ is sexually dimorphic, whereby the tympanal membranes are larger in females and the spiracles larger in males. The dimorphism presumably reflects differences in the acoustic behavior in the two sexes.     

Novel schemes for hearing and orientation in insects

Severe size constraints are imposed on the hearing organs of insects, yet they perform sophisticated tasks of auditory processing. Recent research has shown how flies acoustically locate targets in space, how mosquitoes afford highly sensitive ears, and how crickets avoid deafening themselves with their songs. These findings unveil the exquisite analytical capabilities of highly specialized microscale auditory systems.     

Hearing molecules,mechanism and transportation: Modeled in Drosophila melanogaster

Mechanosensory transduction underlies the perception of touch, sound and acceleration. The mechanical signals exist in the environment are resensed by the specialized mechanosensory cells, which convert the external forces into the electrical signals. Hearing is a magnificent example that relies on the mechanotransduction mediated by the auditory cells, for example the inner‐ear hair cells in vertebrates and the Johnston's organ (JO) in fly. Previous studies have shown the fundamental physiological processes in the fly and vertebrate auditory organs are similar, suggesting that there might be a set of similar molecules underlying these processes. The molecular studies of the fly JO have been shown to be remarkably successful in discovering the developmental and functional genes that provided further implications in vertebrates. Several evolutionarily conserved molecules and signaling pathways have been shown to govern the development of the auditory organs in both vertebrates and invertebrates. The current review describes the similarities and differences between the vertebrate and fly auditory organs at developmental, structural, molecular, and transportation levels. © 2014 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Develop Neurobiol 75: 109–130, 2015     

Evolutionary diversification of the auditory organ sensilla in Neoconocephalus katydids (Orthoptera: Tettigoniidae) correlates with acoustic signal diversification over phylogenetic relatedness and life history

Neoconocephalus Tettigoniidae are a model for the evolution of acoustic signals as male calls have diversified in temporal structure during the radiation of the genus. The call divergence and phylogeny in Neoconocephalus are established, but in tettigoniids in general, accompanying evolutionary changes in hearing organs are not studied. We investigated anatomical changes of the tympanal hearing organs during the evolutionary radiation and divergence of intraspecific acoustic signals. We compared the neuroanatomy of auditory sensilla (crista acustica) from nine Neoconocephalus species for the number of auditory sensilla and the crista acustica length. These parameters were correlated with differences in temporal call features, body size, life histories and different phylogenetic positions. By this, adaptive responses to shifting frequencies of male calls and changes in their temporal patterns can be evaluated against phylogenetic constraints and allometry. All species showed well‐developed auditory sensilla, on average 32–35 between species. Crista acustica length and sensillum numbers correlated with body size, but not with phylogenetic position or life history. Statistically significant correlations existed also with specific call patterns: a higher number of auditory sensilla occurred in species with continuous calls or slow pulse rates, and a longer crista acustica occurred in species with double pulses or slow pulse rates. The auditory sensilla show significant differences between species despite their recent radiation, and morphological and ecological similarities. This indicates the responses to natural and sexual selection, including divergence of temporal and spectral signal properties. Phylogenetic constraints are unlikely to limit these changes of the auditory systems.