流体剪应力作用对内皮细胞变形的影响

血液流动和内皮的耦合是重要的生物医学问题,引起了学者们的广泛兴趣。目前已知流场剪应力对内皮细胞的形态和功能有重要影响,流体剪应力被认为是引起内皮细胞重建的始发信号。所以,了解流体剪应力与内皮细胞之间的相互作用机制是十分重要的。建立了一个理论模型来模拟流场剪应力与内皮细胞之间的相互作用。根据二维计算流体动力学方法研究了流体剪应力作用下内皮细胞表面的应力、压力分布。模拟结果表明:(1) 内皮细胞的变形随琢(对应于流体作用于细胞表面的剪应力)的变化而变化。当琢很小时(<0.02),流场剪应力对细胞变形的影响很小;随着琢的增大,细胞的变形也相应增大;当琢达到0.20以上时,细胞的变形变化很小,即细胞的形态保持相对稳定。(2) 流动引起了细胞表面应力和压力分布的不均匀,从而导致了细胞的变形,但内皮细胞的最大应力总是位于细胞的顶点。同时,用流室系统提供剪切流动,测量了不同剪应力作用下培养的人主动脉内皮细胞的变形,所得到的实验结果与数值模拟结果吻合。结果提示,由于剪切流动引起细胞表面应力分布的不均一,可能在细胞激活和细胞功能的调节(如细胞骨架的调节、粘附分子的表达与分布等)机制上具有特殊的作用。为应用流体动力学理论研究细胞(内皮细胞、白细胞等)变形以及细胞-基质粘     

人体纤维结缔组织网络中的主动界面液体流动新现象及其机制研究进展

认识和理解组织液在凝胶样组织间隙中的流动规律和力学机制是近百年来的重大医学科学问题之一。本文回顾了生理学中关于组织液流动的若干代表性研究、颅内血管周围间隙中的液体流动研究及经络示踪成像研究等,并介绍了已有的系列研究结果,即通过追踪人体和动物体内不同部位组织间隙中的示踪剂流动,发现组织液沿动脉和静脉血管外膜、神经和皮肤等至少四种解剖结构进行长程而有序的流动;其中的皮肤组织液长程流动通路与人体四肢远端穴位区相连接;组织液长程流动通路的内部结构是由有序纤维集合而成的纵向纤维束,组织液以纤维等固相结构为轨道而流动,形成贯穿全身的"组织液界面流动网络",具有重要的医学科学和中西医结合研究价值。     

晋东豫西旱农试验区农业生态系统能流特征

以晋东豫西旱农试验区－－山西省寿阳县宗艾镇宗艾村农业生态系统为研究对象,分析了农田、果园、林业和畜牧业等亚系统能量流动途径、人工辅助能输入、能量产出,能量结构偏差以及能量转化效率等能流特征。结果表明：（１）由于能量投入低,尽管利用效率较高,但能量产出仍处于低水平阶段。农田生态系统的有机能投入和人工辅助能总投入很低,低于１９７９年全国平均水平,但能量产投比较高,增加人工辅助能投入、提高有机能投入比例     

一种阻断兔单侧肺动脉血流的方法

由于兔左右肺动脉肺外段的位置较深且受心脏跳动等因素的影响,常规开胸后对其进行手术操作具有一定难度。为建立兔单侧肺动脉缺血模型,我们在兔活体内先找到左右肺动脉的分支标志点,并利用左侧肺动脉的延伸与肺动脉主干的走向基本一致的特点,对左侧肺动脉进行了分离手术试验。同时直接用穿线套管结扎法进行了单侧肺血流阻断和恢复等操作。此外,对结扎或肺动脉１０小时后的肺组织进行的形态学观察表明,肺组织短期缺血不致造成明     

非线性渗透压条件下肾近曲小管内流体流动分析

肾是人体中最重要的物质输运器官，近曲小管是肾中主要的体液重吸收管道，本文研究体液在近曲小管内的流动，认为管壁的重吸收由反映一般滤过现象的Starling定律所控制，并提出渗透压是非线性的假定，不可压缩牛顿流体以小雷诺数在管道中流动的基本议程是Stokes议程，由量级估计得到初级近似和次级近似议程。解这两组议程组得到了压力、速度和流量的分析表达式。表征管壁重吸收特征的参数根据实验流量数据确定。本文结果与其他作者相比较更加符合实验结果。     

集成微管路电位分析及其在生态学研究中的应用

本文介绍了集成微管路电位分析原理,实验装置、分析特点及其在生态学研究中的应用。采用此微型装置测定了土壤、植物、水、血清、药物中的K~ 、Na~ 、Cl~-、pH、NH_3、NO_3~-、Ca~(2 )、Mg~(2 )、F~-、CN~-、I~-、S~-/Ag~ 、阿托品、东茛菪碱等,并和各种标准分析方法进行了比较,结果一致。鉴于集成微管路引入分析领域所提供的优点,它将在生态学研究中发挥重要作用。     

北京市M县乡镇卫生院人员稳定性及影响因素分析

目的 了解北京市M县乡镇卫生院人员稳定性及其影响因素,探讨如何更好地建设基层人才队伍。方法 抽取8个卫生院,于2012年5—7月进行调查,分析2007—2011年客观与主观稳定性以及影响因素,包括流动人员数量、质量、结构和频率等。结果 每年每院流入大于流失,流失人员平均素质越来越高,但暂对整体人员素质提升影响不大,净流入人员药房最多,医技和中医流动较大,防保和行政后勤几乎无进无出。平均每年每院流入率和流失率为5.89%和1.64%。影响人员稳定的影响因素主要包括区域经济、交通（宏观）,卫生院综合水平、业务收支（中观）,收入待遇、发展进取心和工作忙碌程度（微观）。结论 政府应该加快发展区域经济,改善区域交通,加大投入,提高卫生院综合水平与业务收支,调整卫生人才队伍结构,提高管理水平,改善补偿机制和建立合理流动机制。     

人口流动条件下血管壁运动的数学模型

根据血管人口流动条件,从血液流动、血管壁运动、血液－血管壁耦合运动３个方面出发,推导出血管壁运动的数学模型,通过理论分析与实例计算,进一步明确了模型的物理意义。     

流动注射化学发光法检测剑麻皂苷元

采用Luminol-K3Fe(CN)6化学发光体系,建立流动注射化学发光法检测从剑麻残渣和麻膏中分离得到的皂苷元。当用0.1 mol·L-1NaOH作为溶剂配制鲁米诺浓度为1.0×10-5mol·L-1,用去离子水作为溶剂配制K3Fe(CN)6浓度为1.6×10-5mol·L-1,主副蠕动泵转数均在50~80 r·min-1时,用无水乙醇溶解的皂苷元流入体系具有最强的化学发光。在该条件下,剑麻皂苷元最低检出限为3.0×10-3mg·mL-1,标准曲线相关系数为0.999 6,平均回收率为98.5%,相对标准偏差在2.9%~4.2%之间。同时与HPLC检测方法对样品检测结果进行了比较。     

农田生态系统的概念、组成和特性

1　农田生态系统的概念农田生态系统是人类为了满足生存需要 ,积极干预自然生态系统 ,依靠土地资源 ,利用农作物的生长繁殖来获得产品物质而形成的半自然人工生态系统 ;是由农作物及其周围环境构成的物质转化和能量流动系统 ,在自然生态系统的基础之上 ,“迭加”了人类的经济活动而形成的更高层次上的自然与经济的统一体 ,具有自然和社会的双重属性。2　农田生态系统的组成农田生态系统的内部组成 ,也可分为非生物的环境部分——自然环境组分、人工环境组分 (包括电力、机械、肥料、农药、除草剂、防护林和水利设施等 )和生物部分——生产者…     

Data Cubes and Matrix Formulae for Convenient Handling of Physical Flow Data

If the technosphere and the biosphere are divided into cells, the presence and turnover of a substance in a study area can be summarized in a vector of stocks and a matrix of flows between different pairs of cells. Likewise the stocks and flows of several substances or materials in one or more time periods can be summarized in multidimensional data cubes. In this article, we provide a theoretical framework for handling physical flow data, and we demonstrate how a set of matrix operations can facilitate exploratory analysis and quality assessment of such data regardless of the number of substances, materials, and time periods considered. In particular, we show how matrices and cubes of flow data can be recalculated when the collection of cells is modified by joining cells, and also what information is required to recalculate flows when cells are split. Furthermore, we illustrate how and under what circumstances substance-flow data originating from different studies with different collections of cells can be compared or merged. The generic character of the given formulae facilitates the development of software for physical flow data.     

A weather-driven model of malaria transmission

The classic formulae in malaria epidemiology are reviewed that relate entomological parameters to malaria transmission, including mosquito survivorship and age-at-infection, the stability index (S), the human blood index (HBI), proportion of infected mosquitoes, the sporozoite rate, the entomological inoculation rate (EIR), vectorial capacity (C) and the basic reproductive number (R ₀). The synthesis emphasizes the relationships among classic formulae and reformulates a simple dynamic model for the proportion of infected humans. The classic formulae are related to formulae from cyclical feeding models, and some inconsistencies are noted. The classic formulae are used to to illustrate how malaria control reduces malaria transmission and show that increased mosquito mortality has an effect even larger than was proposed by Macdonald in the 1950's.     

Branching process results in terms of moments of the generation-time distribution

A number of simple formulae concerning the growth rate, doubling time, and age distribution of cell populations are in common usage. Many of these are invalid unless the generation times have no variation, a situation which occurs rarely. The correct formulae, which are available from the theory of age-dependent branching processes, are often ignored in the biological literature, perhaps due to their complexity. In this paper the major formulae from the theory of age-dependent branching processes are reorganised in terms of the mean, coefficient of variation, and skewness of the generation times. This leads to a greater insight into the theory and some simple formulae which account for the variability.     

State-dependent life-history equations

Matrix population models provide a natural tool to analyse state-dependent life-history strategies. Reproductive value and the intrinsic rate of natural increase under a strategy, and the optimal life-history strategy can all be easily characterised using projection matrices. The resultant formulae, however, are not directly comparable with the corresponding formulae for age structured populations such as Lotka's equations and Fisher's formula for reproductive value. This is because formulae involving projection matrices lose track of what happens to an individual over its lifetime and are only concerned with expected numbers of descendants one time step in the future. In contrast the usual age-dependent formulae explicitly followed a single individual through from birth to death.In this paper I show how the state-dependent formulae can be rewritten to be directly comparable with the standard age-structured formulae. Although the formulae are intuitively obvious the decomposition into current and future reproductive success differs from that previously given and is, I suggest, a more natural definition. The derivation of appropriate equations for optimal life-histories relies on results from dynamic programming theory; and is much more general and easier than previous derivations.The value of rewriting projection matrix results in terms of the lifetime of an individual organism is illustrated by an example in which the optimal plastic response to an environment is derived.     

Predynastic egyptian stature and physical proportions

An attempt has been made to estimate male and female Egyptian stature from long bone length usingTrotter &Gleser negro stature formulae, previous work by the authors having shown that these rather than white formulae give more consistent results with male dynastic material. Evidence is presented that the tibia length should include the spine in the later (1958) formulae and should exclude it in the earlier (1952) formulae. It is also shown that better results are obtained if the constants in the stature formulae are modified so as to conform more exactly with the basic data published byTrotter &Gleser. When consistency has been achieved in this way, predynastic, proportions are founded to be such that distal segments of the limbs are even longer in relation to the proximal segments than they are in modern negroes. Such proportions are termed ?super-negroid?.     

Generalization of the variance-covariance method for microdosimetric measurements

Numerical simulations in terms of microdosimetric data for 5-MeV neutrons are utilized to test the twin detector method of microdosimetric measurements in its new, extended form. Three different conditions of measurement are considered: (I) constant dose increments per measurement, (II) fluctuating dose increments per measurement, and (III) fluctuating dose increments combined with slow changes of the dose-rate ratio for the two detectors. Under each of the conditions, large numbers of measurement series are simulated, and the estimation formulae for the mean and the two subsequent moments of the dose-weighted single-event distribution, d(y), are applied. The estimation formulae exist in three different forms: uncorrected formulae that apply to condition I, corrected formulae that are valid also for condition II, and fully corrected formulae that remain applicable under condition III. The results of the simulations indicate the acceptable ranges of doses per measurement interval. It can be seen that all three parameters are obtainable through the twin detector method, and that the fully corrected formulae for the two lower moments are generally applicable. The determination of the third moment is possible only under limited conditions, and the fully corrected formula is not useful in this case, while the corrected formula has some applicability even under condition III. Received: 10 January 1996 / Accepted in revised form: 27 May 1996     

Simple Closed Formulae for the Number of the Short-Range Surface-Plasma Wave Guided by a Thin,Plane Metallic Film,Between Claddings with Unequal Permittivities

Closed formulae are derived for the wave number of a short-range surface-plasma wave guided by a metallic film between two thick dielectric slabs. The respective permittivities of those claddings may differ from each other, as much as those of air and silicon carbide do for example. The new formulae are simpler and more accurate than the formulae published previously. Contrary to the latter, they are not limited in the range of the film’s thickness, as is illustrated by two examples.     

An analytical formula to estimate confidence interval of QTL location with a saturated genetic map as a function of experimental design

Analytical formulae are derived for the confidence interval for location of a quantitative trait locus (QTL) using a saturated genetic map, as a function of the experimental design, the QTL allele substitution effect, and the number of individuals genotyped and phenotyped. The formulae are derived assuming evenly spaced recombination events, rather than the actual unevenly spaced distribution. The formulae are useful for determining desired sample size when designing a wide variety of QTL mapping experiments, and for evaluating a priori the potential of a given mapping population for defining the location of a QTL. The formulae do not take into account the finite number of recombination events in a given sample.     

Selenium content of Spanish infant formulae and human milk: Influence of protein matrix, interactions with other trace elements and estimation of dietary intake by infants

The selenium content of infant formulae varies as a result of differences in the amount of intrinsic selenium compounds. Manufacturers have been gradually changing the protein profile of infant formulae to reflect human milk contents more closely. Because of these variations in infant formula composition and their potential impact on selenium content, this trace element was analysed with regard to the different protein sources.

The aims of this study were to determine the selenium content in infant formulae sold commercially in Spain, to estimate a daily dietary intake for infants fed on formulae and to compare with the selenium provided by Spanish breast milk samples used as a reference. We have also identified certain trace elements added to formulae which interact with selenium according to the type and protein matrix of the infant formulae.

Selenium concentration was determined by inductively coupled plasma atomic emission spectrometry (ICP-AES) with a hydride generator.

The selenium concentrations in human milk and infant formulae determined in this study are similar to those found by other researchers in different countries. The daily selenium intake from the formulae studied was estimated according to the recommended doses from the manufacturers. The theoretical selenium intake of nursed infants has been studied in relation to the Recommended Dietary Allowance (RDA: 10 μg Se/day) and the specific recommendations for infant formula nutrient contents (10–35 μg Se/L) set by the Expert Panel of Life Sciences Research Office (LSRO) of the American Society for Nutritional Sciences.

According to our results, on an overall view, infants fed on the studied infant formulae have an intake between basal and normative requirements. This might be considered as providing an adequate selenium supply. However, the intake of selenium provided by several formulae included in this research did not reach the RDA for the first month of neonate life.     

黑眶蟾蜍、黑斑蛙、中国雨蛙不同地理居群的染色体多样性

本文研究温州地区的黑眶蟾蜍、黑斑蛙、中国雨蛙的核型,分析了三个地理居群的黑星期五蟾蜍、四个地理居群的黑斑蛙、三个地理居群的中国雨蛙核型。结果表明不同地理居群的同种蛙有相同的染色体数和核型模式。黑星期五蟾蜍为2n＝22,NF＝44,核模式6＋5;黑斑蛙为2n=26,NF=52,核模式5＋8;中国雨蛙为2n＝24,NF＝48,核模式6＋6。但同一种蛙的不同地理居群之间在SM数目和顺序、次缢痕或随体的位置等有所不同。说明不同地理居群的同种蛙的染色体具有丰富的多样性。