小麦双基因型混合种群的稳态效应研究

在作物生产中,不但要高产,稳产更为重要,因为大多数作物种植者处在易变多样的环境中。生产实践证明,在易变多样的生态系统中,靠单一基因型作物种群来达到既高产又稳产的目的是很困难的。根据生物多样性稳态学原理可知,若将同种作物的两个或两个以上纯系品种或品系按一定的比例组成混合种群,肯定能够提高作物群体产量的稳产性。有关作物双基因型混合种群的稳产效应研究,国内外已有许多研究报道,但大多为抗病稳产方面的研究,有关其它逆境方面的稳产效应研究报道较少。1989～1993年我们利用耐盐性不同的小麦品种,在山东省鲁北地区的盐碱土地上…     

濒危植物长柄双花木自然种群年龄结构及其生态对策

通过对濒危植物长柄双花木自然种群的年龄结构、图解生命表以及生殖价分析等途径,研究了其种群结构动态及生态对策,结果表明:长柄双花木种群为衰退型种群,虽然种群中也存在一定数量的幼龄个体,但个体死亡率较高。长柄双花木种群表现出r～K对策的混合生态适应策略。该种群数量在下降过程中还存在波动,仍具有一定的实现生殖和恢复的可能,但依靠有性生殖途径实现恢复的能力有限。     

基因型数目对溚草生长表现的影响

物种内基因型多样性是否具有类似物种多样性的生态功能是恢复生态学与保护生态学研究的热点问题。在一些群落建群种的研究中,基因型多样性被证明确实具有与物种多样性类似的生态功能,然而群落伴生种是否也具有类似的生态功能并没有实验证据。本研究以中国北方草原群落伴生种溚草为研究对象,采用单因素实验设计,构建溚草基因型单种和4基因型混种2种处理,通过2次收获分别得到溚草地上部绿叶干重、地上部枯叶干重、地上部干重(绿叶+枯叶)、地下部干重以及分蘖数5个指标对基因型数目的响应。结果表明:(1)尽管所得结果均表明4基因型组合种群的表现优于基因型单种,但仅第一次收获时地下部干重这一指标在两种处理之间差异显著(P0.05);(2)仅第一次收获时地下部干重的基因型多样性净效应为显著正效应(P0.05);(3)将所得多样性净效应分解为互补效应和选择效应,发现9/10的互补效应值为正值但与0之间差异不显著(P0.05),而7/10的选择效应为负值,且第二次收获时地上部枯叶干重的选择效应显著小于0(P0.05)。这些结果表明,群落伴生种溚草混种时选择效应不对基因型多样性正效应起正面作用,而基因型间并不能发挥类似物种多样性间的功能互补,因此仅在1/10指标中得到基因型多样性效应的正效应,显著低于已有的关于物种多样性以及建群种基因型多样性所得结果,这些结果为合理评价退化草原的生态功能提供了新的视角。     

轮虫种群遗传结构及系统地理格局研究进展

轮虫是浮游动物中的重要类群,开展轮虫种群遗传结构及系统地理格局研究对更好地理解种群分化、物种形成、生态适应和历史气候变化等进程具有重要意义。关于轮虫种群的系统地理格局主要包括两种不同的观点:一种观点认为种群的快速增长及其建群效应使得轮虫种群表现出高度的遗传分化和显著的系统地理格局;另一种观点认为,由于浮游动物具有高度的拓殖能力和局域性适应,轮虫种群间不具有系统地理格局。轮虫的种群遗传结构存在着季节变化,这可能会干扰我们对浮游动物系统地理格局的正确认识。本文简述了轮虫种群遗传结构及系统地理格局的研究现状,并对轮虫种群遗传结构及系统地理格局研究进行了展望。     

华北平原作物群体结构性状初步研究

生长在农田上的作物往往连成一片,我们称之为作物群体。作物群体结构性状是农田生态系统的重要特征,作物层内的光照、温度、湿度、风和二氧化碳浓度等要素的分布,都与作物群体结构性状紧密相联。合理的群体结构是提高农田光能利用率获得高产的重要条件,在生产中必须研究群体结构的动态变化,如分蘗消长和成穗规律,叶面积增长和消失规律,群体基础结构,群体后期结构和产量的关系等。研究不同群体结构和产量的关系,能使我     

“一元多生态位”原理及其在棉花高产栽培中的应用

“一元多生态位”群体是指由同一个物种(品种)构成,生态元具有不同时间生态位、空间生态位、营养生态位、温度生态位或者水分生态位等．其特征为,群体培育具有目标性,种群组成具有一元性,冠层结构具有多层性,群体形成过程具有人工调控性,群体建立过程具有简单性,所形成的群体各生态元具有特定的生态位宽度、生态位重叠与生态位分离．从产量构成来看。作物“一元多生态位”群体具有群体生产能力的高效性和单株生产能力的差异性特征。     

甜玉米地亚洲玉米螟为害的生态控制系统研究

利用自然种群生命表方法 ,研究了甜玉米品种抗虫性差异 ,斯氏线虫、玉米螟赤眼蜂对亚洲玉米螟种群系统的生态控制 ,根据不同卵量水平初步组建了第 5代亚洲玉米螟生态控制系统。结果得出 :亚洲玉米螟为害的生态控制系统由人工生态控制系统和自然控制系统两大部分组成 ,主要通过调控人工生态控制系统中的生态控制措施来达到生态控制目标。当甜玉米品种为穗甜 2号 ,卵密度为 18(块 / 10 0株 )时 ,不采取人为生态控制措施即可控制亚洲玉米螟的为害 ,即在人工生态控制系统内 ,利用穗甜 2号对亚洲玉米螟的抗性即可达到生态控制目标 ;当甜玉米品种为粤甜 1号 ,卵密度为 18或 35 (块 / 10 0株 )时 ,在人工生态控制系统内释放玉米螟赤眼蜂或撒施线虫颗粒剂均可达到生态控制目标 ;当甜玉米品种为粤甜 1号 ,卵密度为 6 2 (块 / 10 0株 )时 ,则要在人工生态控制系统内同时释放玉米螟赤眼蜂和撒施线虫颗粒剂 ,才能达到生态控制目标。通过生态控制系统的建立 ,为甜玉米的无公害化生产提供了一条切实可行的害虫控制途径     

羊草基因型多样性能增强种群对干扰的响应

研究了不同基因型多样性(1、3、6三种基因型组合)羊草种群的地上生物量、地下生物量、分蘖数、根茎芽数和根冠比5个指标对干扰强度(用不同留茬高度来模拟)的响应。结果表明:(1)基因型多样性和干扰强度对地上生物量、地下生物量、分蘖数和根茎芽数均有显著影响(P0.05),但两者的交互作用不显著(P0.05)。其中,多基因型组合(3、6基因型组合)羊草种群中这4个响应变量的值均显著高于单基因型羊草种群(P0.05);而干扰强度的增加显著降低了这4个响应变量的值(P0.05)。对于根冠比这一响应变量来说,仅干扰强度对其产生了显著地影响(P0.05)。(2)29个基因型多样性效应值中,有25个值大于0,其中12个表现为显著的基因型多样性正效应。依Loreau和Hector的方法将多样性净效应分解后发现,互补效应和选择效应共同主导12个响应指标的基因型多样性效应,而互补效应独自主导3个、选择效应独自主导5个响应指标的基因多样性效应;但对基因型多样性正效应起主要贡献的是互补效应。所得结果表明,基因型多样性能提高羊草种群的表现,能增强羊草种群对干扰的响应,不同基因型间的互补作用对这种正效应起主要贡献,这将为该物种种质资源保护和合理利用提供理论指导。     

农业生态与螟虫发生的关系

水稻螟虫是稻区主要害虫,历年来单一或混合种群数量消长、为害程度等,起伏不定,波动较大,突变的原因也比较复杂。过去虽然有过不少报道,但很少见到对其混合种群突变规律的系统研究报道。作者在前人研究的基础上,收集整理和研究了江西数十年有关螟虫发生为害规律。螟虫单一或混合种群突变原因,主要与耕作、栽培、营养和气候等生态因子关系密切,在某一阶段时间序列内,对螟虫发生起主导作用的生态因子一般只有一个,其他生     

厦门木麻黄种群交配系统及近交衰退

木麻黄耐沙生,盐碱,是沿海优良的防护林树种,从20世纪80年代开始,木麻黄林呈现出衰退现象。采用等位酶分析技术研究木麻黄种群的交配系统及近交衰退,木麻黄种群异交率为0．622,表明为混合酱类型,与其亲缘种比较来看,引种降低了木麻黄异交率,增加了近交,采用电是接估算的近交衰退程度很高。结果表明,引种过程中的建立者效应引起的近交及其后的近交衰退确定在木麻黄林衰退中起了重要作用,根据基因型有选择地引起木麻黄以减轻衰退。     

作物群体边际效应规律及其应用

对作物边际效应的研究表明,有利生态因子的作用大于不利生态因子的作用时,作物群体发生正边际效应,表现为边际优势;不利生态因子的作用大于有利生态因子的作用时,作物群体发生负边际效应,表现为边际劣势．在作物群体内部条件一致的情况下,边际效应的绝对值随边距递增而递减．     

The potential of genotypically diverse cultivar mixtures to moderate aphid populations in wheat (Triticum aestivum L.)

Plant species diversity has long been considered a primary driver of arthropod community structure; however, recent ecological research has demonstrated that plant genotypic diversity can also play a major role in influencing the composition of arthropod communities. Genotypic diversity has already been exploited in some agricultural systems to improve disease control and appears to hold promise for managing some insect species as well. To explore the potential for using genotypic diversity within a crop species to help manage insect pests, we used laboratory-based studies to investigate the influence of wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) genotypic diversity on aphid (Rhopalosiphum padi L.) population growth. Increasingly diverse mixtures of wheat genotypes supported lower aphid populations compared with monocultures and were equally productive as single variety plantings. In the absence of aphids, genotypic mixtures were more productive than monocultures. We also analyzed the volatile organic compounds emitted by non-infested genotypic mixtures to provide insight on a possible mechanism influencing aphid populations. Mixtures and monocultures of wheat emitted the same compounds, but mixtures emitted greater amounts of volatile compounds than monocultures. Our results suggest that genotypic mixtures can strongly influence the growth rate and size of aphid populations; therefore, cultivar mixtures appear to hold good potential to be an effective tool for managing insect pests in crop fields.     

The Importance of Plant Provenance and Genotypic Diversity of Seed Material Used for Ecological Restoration

The increased translocation of plant species for biodiversity restoration and habitat creation has provoked a debate on provenance and genotypic diversity of the used plant material. Nonlocal provenances are often not adapted to the local environmental conditions, and low population genotypic diversity may result in genetic bottlenecks hampering successful establishment. We tested provenance differentiation of four plant species used in agri‐environment schemes to increase biodiversity of agricultural landscapes (wildflower strips). Provenances were collected close to the experimental field and at four further sites of different distances ranging from 120 to 900 km. In two of these provenances, different levels of genotypic diversity were simulated by sowing seed from a high and low number of mother plants. We found a large provenance differentiation in fitness‐related traits, particularly in seedling emergence. There was no evidence for a general superiority of the local population. The productivity was greater in populations of high genotypic diversity than in those of low diversity, but the effect was only significant in one species. Productivity was also more constant among populations of high diversity, reducing the risk of establishment failure. Our results indicate that the choice of an appropriate provenance and a sufficient genotypic diversity are important issues in ecological restoration. The use of local provenances does not always guarantee the best performance, but a spread of superior alien genotypes can be avoided. A sufficient genotypic diversity of the sown plants might be a biological insurance against fluctuations in ecosystem processes increasing the reliability of restoration measures.     

Managing the ecology of foliar pathogens: ecological tolerance in crops

The phyllosphere is a rich and varied microbial community comprising organisms with diverse functional types. Its composition is strongly influenced by both genotypic and environmental factors, many of which can be manipulated by breeding, agronomy and crop protection strategies in an agricultural context. These factors also affect the complex interactions between the microbes, which in turn affect their interaction with their host plant. Whether or not an organism becomes pathogenic and the subsequent expression of disease are also influenced by all these factors. Understanding the population dynamic balance between the organisms of the phyllosphere as an ecological system should lead to new approaches in agronomy, crop protection and breeding that enhance sustainability, where the previously presumed requirement to eliminate putative pathogens is replaced by management that favours dominance of beneficial organisms and contains putative pathogens in asymptomatic or stable states.     

广东省森林生态旅游与可持续发展

论述了森林生态旅游与森林生态旅游资源的内涵, 分析了广东省森林生态旅游的必要性、区位优势和资源优势, 提出了广东省森林生态旅游的原则与可持续发展措施。     

Bioenergy production and Skylark (Alauda arvensis) population abundance – a modelling approach for the analysis of land‐use change impacts and conservation options

Bioenergy production is seen as one way of meeting future energy needs. The growing demand for biomass for energy production induces the cultivation of a few fast growing and high‐yielding energy crops on vast areas of arable land. This land‐use change has been found associated with the reduction of habitat suitability for farmland birds and a decline in farmland biodiversity in general. A large number of studies have assessed the ecological effects of energy crop cultivation at the local scale of a single field. This study focuses on regional landscape changes caused by increased energy crop cultivation, which includes reduction of crop‐type richness and spatial concentration of single crop‐types. We present a spatially explicit ecological model to assess the population‐level consequences of these effects on the abundance of the farmland bird species Skylark (Alauda arvensis). We also investigate the impacts of different land‐use scenarios and aim to identify adaptive conservation options. We show that (1) the impacts of increased energy crop cultivation on Skylark population abundance depend strongly on the landscape structure; (2) impacts could be tolerated as long as a certain minimum level of crop‐type heterogeneity is retained at the landscape level and (3) conservation actions are required and effective especially on landscapes where crop‐field size is large.     

Competitive interactions and the effect of herbivory on Bt-Brassica napus, Brassica rapa and Lolium perenne

1.  The probability of a transgenic crop establishing a feral population outside cultivated areas and possibly outcompeting naturally occurring species needs to be assessed to make an ecological risk assessment of the transgenic crop.
2.  The interaction between herbivory and competition is thought to determine the ecological success of insect-resistant plants, and this interaction was investigated in a competition experiment with transgenic insect-resistant Bt- Brassica napus , Brassica rapa , Lolium perenne , and herbivory from the large white butterfly Pieris brassicae .
3.  As expected, herbivory had a negative effect on the biomass of B. rapa at high plant densities. The competitive ability of L. perenne , when growing with B. rapa , increased significantly with the level of herbivory on B. rapa .
4.  To predict the effect of herbivory in a natural ecosystem, plant competition between the two annual Brassica species was analysed in a population ecological model. It was concluded that it is probable that transgenic Bt- B. napus plants may invade a natural habitat if herbivory is sufficiently high and the habitat is suitable for B. napus .
5.   Synthesis and applications . The results indicate that it is important to study the interaction between herbivory and competition when assessing the ecological risk of insect-resistant genetically modified crops. Furthermore, combining ecological data from manipulated experiments with population ecological modelling is a fruitful approach when conducting environmental risk assessments.     

作物群体结构的生态环境效应及其优化探讨

作物群体结构具有重要的生态学意义。在农田生态系统中 ,不同的群体结构可形成不同的辐射场、风场以及农田的小气候环境特征。文章对主要的作物群结构参数 (如株高、茎粗、叶面积指数、叶倾角、叶方位角等 )所产生的生态环境效应进行了探讨 ,并总结了理想作物群体结构构建的标准与途径。     

北京中华蜜蜂的保护与利用

阐述目前中华蜜蜂Apis cerana Fabricius的分布及其生态影响,并针对北京地区中蜂现状,提出从中蜂饲养技术培训、饲养繁育示范、多元开发利用、建立专业养殖乡及发挥中蜂优势、发展山区养蜂事业等5个方面入手,保护与利用中华蜜蜂,逐步恢复中蜂的数量。