松材线虫对马尾松林土壤微生物生物量及酶活性的影响

以感染松材线虫病的马尾松林土壤作为研究对象,探索不同程度松材线虫病感染对马尾松林土壤理化性质、微生物生物量和土壤酶活性的影响。结果表明:随松材线虫病危害程度的加重,总碳、总磷、总钾、可溶性有机碳、铵态氮、硝态氮、有效磷和含水量呈现升高趋势,而p H、Ca、Mg、可溶性有机氮、微生物生物量碳(MBC)和微生物生物量氮(MBN)显著降低;同时,蔗糖酶、脲酶、纤维素酶和多酚氧化酶酶活性随着感染程度的加重而趋于下降,而酸性磷酸酶和蛋白酶活性则显著升高。结果表明:土壤脲酶、蔗糖酶、纤维素酶和多酚氧化酶4种酶活性与含水量、铵态氮、硝态氮、可溶性有机碳、总磷、总钾、有效磷、总碳等理化指标呈显著负相关,而与可溶性有机氮、p H、Mg、Ca含量呈显著正相关;酸性磷酸酶和蛋白酶酶活性与含水量、铵态氮、硝态氮、可溶性有机碳、总钾呈显著正相关,而与可溶性有机氮、p H、Mg和Ca呈显著负相关;另外,MBC和MBN与酸性磷酸酶或蛋白酶呈显著负相关,而MBC和MBN与蔗糖酶、纤维素酶或多酚氧化酶呈显著正相关;因此,松材线虫的侵染改变了松林土壤的理化性质,引起土壤微生物群落结构、生物量和土壤酶活性的变化,这些指标可用于指示和评价松材线虫侵染对土壤质量的影响。     

福州市绿地景观土壤溶解性有机碳、微生物量碳及酶活性

以福州市建成区自然绿地和人工管理绿地为对象,研究不同绿地景观类型土壤溶解性有机碳、微生物量碳及土壤酶活性的差异和垂直结构。结果表明：与自然绿地景观土壤相比,人工管理绿地不同土层溶解性有机碳含量明显增加,且变异性较大,土壤微生物量碳含量平均值下降,各土层脲酶含量均低于自然绿地;土壤溶解性有机碳、微生物量碳和酶活性均随着土壤深度的增加而降低;土壤表层过氧化氢酶活性与溶解性有机碳含量呈显著正相关,10～20 cm土层脲酶活性与微生物量碳呈显著正相关。     

Effects of mercury on microbial biomass and enzyme activities in soil

Mercury (Hg) is a persistent soil pollutant that affects soil microbial activity. We monitored the changes in soil microbial biomass and activity of enzymes, including alkaline phosphatase, arylsulfatase, fluorescein diacetate (FDA) hydrolytic activity, and o-diphenol oxidase (o-DPO) in three soils contaminated with different concentrations of Hg. Increasing levels of Hg, from 0.5 to 10 μmol/g of dried soil, generally depressed microbial activity; however, the effects of Hg on soil microbial activity depended on soil type and composition, particularly organic matter content. o-DPO was less affected by Hg than the other three enzymes tested. Our results indicate that the analysis of microbial biomass content and soil-enzyme activities may be used to predict the soil quality contaminated with Hg.     

土壤微生物生物量氮及其在氮素循环中作用

简述了土壤微生物生物量氮的含量及其影响因素,阐述了其在土壤氮素循环中的重要作用,着重讨论了其与可矿化氮、矿质氮、有机氮和固定态铵之间的关系,指出土壤微生物生物量氮与供氮因子间的关系在氮素循环研究中有非常重要的作用,可为调控土壤氮素的供应状况,减少氮素损失,提高氮肥利用率提供科学依据,并提出了需要深入研究的问题。     

Soil nutrients and microbial biomass in three contrasting Mediterranean forests

Aims

The extent to which the spatial and temporal patterns of soil microbial and available nutrient pools hold across different Mediterranean forest types is unclear impeding the generalization needed to consolidate our understanding on Mediterranean ecosystems functioning.

Methods

We explored the response of soil microbial, total, organic and inorganic extractable nutrient pools (C, N and P) to common sources of variability, namely habitat (tree cover), soil depth and season (summer drought), in three contrasting Mediterranean forest types: a Quercus ilex open woodland, a mixed Q. suber and Q. canariensis woodland and a Pinus sylvestris forest.

Results

Soil microbial and available nutrient pools were larger beneath tree cover than in open areas in both oak woodlands whereas the opposite trend was found in the pine forest. The greatest differences in soil properties between habitat types were found in the open woodland. Season (drought effect) was the main driver of variability in the pine forest and was related to a loss of microbial nutrients (up to 75 % loss of N_mic and P_mic) and an increase in microbial ratios (C_mic/N_mic, C_mic/P_mic) from Spring to Summer in all sites. Nutrient pools consistently decreased with soil depth, with microbial C, N and P in the top soil being up to 208 %, 215 % and 274 % larger than in the deeper soil respectively.

Conclusions

Similar patterns of variation emerged in relation to season and soil depth across the three forest types whereas the direction and magnitude of the habitat (tree cover) effect was site-dependent, possibly related to the differences in tree species composition and forest structure, and thus in the quality and distribution of the litter input.     

我国北方3种典型土壤-作物体系中微生物量磷库特征

土壤微生物量磷(Microbial Biomass Phosphorus, MBP)是土壤磷组分中最为活跃的形态,在土壤磷素的形态转化与生物地球化学循环过程中起着关键作用,是植物可利用磷的重要来源。研究土壤MBP库容的大小对于充分认识微生物的固磷潜力和掌握土壤磷素循环与转化能力意义重大。以我国北方农田3种典型的土壤-作物体系为研究对象,基于定点采样,通过分析测定采集的362个表层(0—30 cm)土壤样品来量化不同土壤-作物体系MBP库容的大小。结果表明：黑土-春玉米、潮土-冬小麦/夏玉米、灰漠土-棉花体系表层土壤MBP平均含量分别为17.36、14.45、8.75 mg/kg,且不同土壤-作物体系间MBP含量存在显著差异;3种土壤-作物体系表层土壤(0—30 cm)MBP库容的大小分别为83.60、54.26、39.80 kg P/hm~2,其储存的磷在数量上相当于当季作物需磷量的1.10—2.73倍,表明土壤MBP库是农田生态系统中一个不容忽视的巨大有效养分磷储库。其库容的大小受土壤性质和气候因素的共同影响,土壤pH、有机碳、年均气温和年均降雨量是我国北方农田土壤MBP库容大小的主...     

皇甫川流域退化草地和恢复草地土壤微生物生物量的研究

土壤微生物生物量常被作为植物所需营养元素的转化因子和资源库,是表明土壤发育状况和生化强度的一项主要指标。在内蒙古伊盟准格尔旗皇甫川流域,对退化草地和恢复草地土壤微生物生物量进行了研究。结果表明,土壤微生物生物量的垂直分布依次为0～10>10～20>20～30>30～40>40～50cm,随土层加深而递减;0～10cm土层细菌和丝状微生物生物量超过其他土层;恢复草地各土层中的土壤微生物生物量均高于退化草地;恢复草地的土壤微生物生物量与土壤肥力密切相关。     

黄土丘陵区小流域侵蚀环境对土壤微生物量及酶活性的影响

土壤侵蚀环境直接影响土壤的特性,对土壤微生物的形成和稳定具有重要的影响。土壤微生物量推动着土壤的物质循环和能量流动,对土壤中各种环境的变化有很强的敏感性。土壤酶活性能表示土壤微生物功能的多样性,与土壤微生物量有着紧密的联系。为了探究不同侵蚀环境对土壤微生物量和酶活性的影响,以黄土丘陵区陈家坬小流域为研究区,选择5种不同侵蚀环境下0—10cm和10—20cm土层的土壤为研究对象,对土壤微生物量及其土壤蔗糖酶、脲酶和碱性磷酸酶活性进行了研究。结果表明:(1)土壤微生物量碳、氮、磷含量均表现为0—10cm大于10—20cm土层;土壤微生物量碳和磷在阴沟坡最大,在阳梁峁坡和峁顶较小,且阴沟坡和峁顶差异显著;土壤微生物量氮在阳沟坡最大,阴阳梁峁坡最小,差异性显著(P0.01)。(2)土壤脲酶、蔗糖酶和碱性磷酸酶活性均表现为0—10cm大于10—20cm土层,且在不同侵蚀环境下均表现为阴梁峁坡最大,阳梁峁坡最小。(3)相关性分析表明,土壤微生物量碳、氮、磷与土壤脲酶、蔗糖酶、碱性磷酸酶活性之间均有极显著的正相关。     

Soil microbial biomass and the fate of phosphorus during long-term ecosystem development

Background

Soil phosphorus availability declines during long-term ecosystem development on stable land surfaces due to a gradual loss of phosphorus in runoff and transformation of primary mineral phosphate into secondary minerals and organic compounds. These changes have been linked to a reduction in plant biomass as ecosystems age, but the implications for belowground organisms remain unknown.

Methods

We constructed a phosphorus budget for the well-studied 120,000 year temperate rainforest chronosequence at Franz Josef, New Zealand. The budget included the amounts of phosphorus in plant biomass, soil microbial biomass, and other soil pools.

Results

Soil microbes contained 68–78 % of the total biomass phosphorus (i.e. plant plus microbial) for the majority of the 120,000 year chronosequence. In contrast, plant phosphorus was a relatively small pool that occurred predominantly in wood. This points to the central role of the microbial biomass in determining phosphorus availability as ecosystems mature, yet also indicates the likelihood of strong competition between plants and saprotrophic microbes for soil phosphorus.

Conclusions

This novel perspective on terrestrial biogeochemistry challenges our understanding of phosphorus cycling by identifying soil microbes as the major biological phosphorus pool during long-term ecosystem development.     

Soil microbial biomass influence on strontium availability in mine soil

Abstract

The main aim of our work was to assess whether strontium (Sr) affects soil microbial biomass size and activity, and the involvement of said biomass in the availability process of the metal. In addition, information concerning the distribution and mobility of the stable element within ecosystems may allow the prediction of the behaviour of its radioisotope counterpart, ⁹⁰Sr. Samples were collected in the surroundings of a strontium mine and characterised for total and diethylene triamine pentaacetic acid (DTPA)-extractable Sr, total organic C (TOC), microbial biomass C (MBC), MBC/TOC ratio and metabolic quotient (qCO₂). Moreover, MBC and DTPA-extractable Sr were measured during a 45-day incubation experiment of samples soils amended with maize. Overall, increased levels of total Sr had a negative effect on both TOC and MBC. DTPA-extractable Sr was significantly correlated to MBC/TOC suggesting a possible role of soil microbial biomass in the mobilisation of the element. The synthesis of new microbial biomass after soil amendment was negatively affected by the initial content of DTPA-extractable Sr. Conversely, there was a linear positive relationship between newly formed MBC and DTPA-extractable Sr during the incubation, indicating that soil microbial biomass may promote the mobilisation of Sr. These findings indicate that soil amendment with easily degradable organic substrate significantly increases Sr mobility and availability.     

海拔对高山峡谷区土壤微生物生物量和酶活性的影响

为了解土壤微生物生物量和酶活性随海拔的变化特征,以川西海拔1563 m到3994 m的高山峡谷区的干旱河谷、干旱河谷-山地森林交错带、亚高山针叶林、高山森林和高山草甸土壤为研究对象,采用原位培养法研究了5种不同海拔生态系统中有机层(0～15 cm)和矿质层(15～30 cm)土壤微生物生物量碳氮、土壤蔗糖酶、脲酶及酸性磷酸酶活性的变化.结果表明:有机层土壤中微生物生物量碳氮和3种土壤酶活性呈现出先增加后减少再增加的变化特征,从2158 m开始不断增加,到3028 m左右达到峰值后减少,在3593 m出现最小值后,逆势增加直到3994 m后再次减少;矿质层土壤的微生物生物量碳氮和3种土壤酶活性表现为亚高山针叶林(3028 m)>高山草甸(3994 m)>干旱河谷-山地森林交错带(2158 m)>高山森林(3593 m)>干旱河谷(1563 m).各海拔梯度土壤有机层的微生物生物量和酶活性显著高于矿质层.高山峡谷区土壤微生物生物量与土壤酶活性呈极显著正相关.土壤微生物生物量和土壤酶与土壤含水量、有机碳和全氮呈极显著正相关,土壤蔗糖酶与土壤全磷含量呈极显著正相关,土壤酸性磷酸酶与土壤全磷和土壤温度呈极显著正相关.可见,高山峡谷区海拔变化引起的植被和其他环境因子的变化显著影响了土壤生化特性.     

生物结皮对铜尾矿废弃地土壤微生物量及酶活性的影响

生物结皮是铜尾矿废弃地自然原生演替的最初阶段.本研究以铜陵杨山冲铜尾矿库和铜官山新铜尾矿库为对象,采用熏蒸浸提和化学分析法研究了两尾矿库不同类型生物结皮下土壤微生物量C、N及脱氢酶、过氧化氢酶、碱性磷酸酶和脲酶活性.结果表明：铜尾矿废弃地上的生物结皮能够显著提高表层尾矿中的微生物量和土壤酶活性,其中藻类结皮对土壤微生物量C、N的影响高于藓-藻混合结皮,藓类结皮的影响最小;随着土壤生物结皮类型的变化,土壤微生物区系也随之变化;各类生物结皮下表层尾矿中土壤酶活性无显著差异.相关分析表明,碱性磷酸酶活性与土壤微生物量、脱氢酶和脲酶活性呈显著正相关,但与土壤pH呈显著负相关.此外,藓类植物假根能够显著提高藓类结皮假根层的微生物量和酶活性.     

不同林龄杨树农田防护林土壤微生物生物量碳、氮和微生物活性

以辽宁省建平县5、10、15和20年生4个林龄的杨树农田防护林为对象,以农田作为对照,研究了农田营造防护林对土壤微生物生物量碳、氮及微生物活性的影响.结果表明：农田营造防护林后,0～15 cm层土壤有机碳、全氮、微生物生物量碳、氮含量和土壤基础呼吸均呈现出先降低后升高的趋势,在造林20年后达到或超过未造林农田的水平;而代谢熵在造林5年后显著增加,然后随着林龄的增加而降低.上述结果表明,农田营造杨树防护林后,土壤微生物生物量和活性均发生了明显的变化.     

水稻和稗草共生土壤微生物生物量碳及酶活性的变化

以稻田稗草、化感水稻PI312777和普通水稻辽粳9为试材,研究了田间稗草和水稻1∶1共生条件下,土壤微生物生物量碳及脱氢酶、脲酶和转化酶活性的变化.结果表明：在稗草 的干扰下,化感水稻PI312777根区土壤微生物生物量碳含量比单作减少了 50.52％（P<0.01）,而行间土壤微生物生物量碳含量增加;普通水稻辽粳9根区土壤 微生物生物量碳含量比单作减少了38.99％（P<0.01）,但其行间土壤微生物生物量碳含量无明显变化.两个水稻品种根区土壤脱氢酶活性均被显著抑制（P<0.05）,下降率都在20％以上;PI312777根区土壤脲酶和转化酶活性均被显著促进（P<0.01）;而辽粳9根区土壤转化酶活性也被显著抑制（P<0.01）,但脲酶活性无明显变化.化感水稻根区土壤微生物生物量碳含量的显著减少及脲酶、转化酶活性的增加是其化感特性的表现,表明土壤微生物和酶均参与了水稻和稗草的种间作用,化感水稻具有抗稗草干扰的明显优势.     

沙化对玛曲高寒草甸土壤微生物数量及土壤酶活性的影响

对不同沙化程度高寒草甸土壤物理性质和土壤酶活性及微生物结构进行调查分析,结果表明:(1)随沙化程度的加剧,玛曲高寒草甸土壤粘粒成分、含水量、蔗糖酶活性、脲酶活性、中性磷酸酶活性以及过氧化氢酶活性均呈现出下降趋势,而土壤细砂粒成分和pH值逐渐增大,土壤粗砂粒、细菌数量、真菌数量、放线菌数量以及微生物总数量均出现了先增大后减小的趋势。(2)在发生沙化的高寒草甸土壤中,细菌占土壤微生物的主要组分,然后依次是放线菌和真菌;细菌百分比在中度沙化的样地土壤中达到最大值,放线菌和真菌百分比在轻度沙化的样地土壤中达到最大值。(3)在玛曲高寒草甸沙化过程中,驱使土壤微生物数量变化的主导因子是土壤孔隙度和含水量;驱使土壤酶活性变化的主导因子,在沙化初期是土壤含水量、颗粒组成、动植物和pH,在沙化发生后是土壤微生物、颗粒组成、含水量及动植物。     

Soil microbial biomass influence on growth and biocontrol efficacy of Trichoderma harzianum

Hyphal growth and biocontrol efficacy of Trichoderma harzianum may depend on its interactions with biotic components of the soil environment. Effects of soil microbial biomass on growth and biocontrol efficacy of the green fluorescent protein transformant T. harzianum ThzID1-M3 were investigated using different levels of soil microbial biomass (153, 328, or 517 μg biomass carbon/g of dry soil). Hyphal growth of T. harzianum was significantly inhibited in soil containing 328 or 517 μg biomass carbon/g of dry soil compared with soil containing 153 μg biomass carbon/g. However, when ThzID1-M3 was added to soil as an alginate pellet formulation, recoverable populations of ThzID1-M3 varied, with the highest populations in soil containing 517 μg biomass carbon/g. When sclerotia of Sclerotinia sclerotiorum were added to soils (10 sclerotia per 150 g soil) with ThzID1-M3 (20 pellets per 150 g soil), colonization of sclerotia by ThzID1-M3 was significantly lower in the soil containing the highest level of biomass. Addition of alginate pellets of ThzID1-M3 to soils (10 pellets per 50 g) resulted in increased indigenous microbial populations (total fungi, bacteria, fluorescent Pseudomonas spp., and actinomycetes). Our results suggest that higher levels of microbial soil biomass result in increased interactions between introduced T. harzianum and soil microorganisms, and further that microbial competition in soil favors a shift from hyphal growth to sporulation in T. harzianum, potentially reducing its biocontrol efficacy.     

Soil organic matter,nutrient distribution,fungal and microbial biomass and enzyme activities in a forest beech stand on the Apennines of southern Italy

The aim of this study was to analyse the amount and qualitative characteristics of organic matter (OM) in the litter horizon (considering leaf litter at different decomposition stages) and underlying soil to a 30-cm depth in a beech stand on the Apennines in southern Italy. Distribution of major nutrients as well as fungal and microbial biomass were also evaluated, in addition to beech leaf nutrient content monitor from full expansion to abscission in order to estimate annual nutrient input to soil from litterfall and nutrient retranslocation before abscission. OM was significantly higher in leaf litter. C/N ratio and the Na, Mn, Fe levels also decreased along the decomposition continuum, whereas N and S contents slowly decreased with soil depth. Generally, leaf nutrient content was also significantly lower in dead leaves, indicating efficient retranslocation to persistent organs. Fungal biomass was the highest in leaf layers, with no significant changes between spring and autumn samplings. Enzyme activities did not differ significantly along the decomposition continuum but marked decreases were found in the upper soil layer; these remained relatively constant, with the exception of laccase, at deeper soil depths. No seasonal effect on enzyme activities and OM content was found.     

Likelihood methods for detecting temporal shifts in diversification rates

Maximum likelihood is a potentially powerful approach for investigating the tempo of diversification using molecular phylogenetic data. Likelihood methods distinguish between rate-constant and rate-variable models of diversification by fitting birth-death models to phylogenetic data. Because model selection in this context is a test of the null hypothesis that diversification rates have been constant over time, strategies for selecting best-fit models must minimize Type I error rates while retaining power to detect rate variation when it is present. Here I examine model selection, parameter estimation, and power to reject the null hypothesis using likelihood models based on the birth-death process. The Akaike information criterion (AIC) has often been used to select among diversification models; however, I find that selecting models based on the lowest AIC score leads to a dramatic inflation of the Type I error rate. When appropriately corrected to reduce Type I error rates, the birth-death likelihood approach performs as well or better than the widely used gamma statistic, at least when diversification rates have shifted abruptly over time. Analyses of datasets simulated under a range of rate-variable diversification scenarios indicate that the birth-death likelihood method has much greater power to detect variation in diversification rates when extinction is present. Furthermore, this method appears to be the only approach available that can distinguish between a temporal increase in diversification rates and a rate-constant model with nonzero extinction. I illustrate use of the method by analyzing a published phylogeny for Australian agamid lizards.