人工林碳汇潜力新概念及应用

定量确定森林碳汇潜力有助于科学地评估森林对碳汇的潜在贡献及制定实现这种潜力所需要的经营管理措施。目前,国内外有关森林碳汇潜力缺乏统一的概念及计量方法。在综述国内外有关固碳潜力概念的基础上,引入时间动态构架和可持续性的概念,提出了针对人工林的固碳潜力概念并利用FORECAST模型以杉木人工林为例阐明此概念的实际意义与应用。     

Biomass carbon density and carbon sequestration capacity in seven typical forest types of the Xiaoxing’an Mountains,China

森林生物碳储量作为森林生态系统碳库的重要组成部分,在全球碳循环中发挥着重要作用。以小兴安岭7种典型林型为研究对象,通过外业样地调查与室内实验分析相结合的方法,从林分尺度对林分生物量与碳密度进行计量,分析了林分生物碳储量的空间分配格局,并对林分年固碳能力与碳汇潜力进行了探讨。结果表明:小兴安岭不同林型从幼龄林到成熟林的乔木层碳密度增长速率为:蒙古栎(Quercus mongolica)林>兴安落叶松(Larix gmelinii)林>云冷杉(Picea-Abies)林>樟子松(Pinus sylvestris var.mongolica)林>山杨(Populus davidiana)林>红松(Pinus koraiensis)林>白桦(Betula platyphylla)林。7种典型林型不同龄组(幼龄林、中龄林、近熟林和成熟林)林分生物量碳密度分别为:红松林31.4、74.7、118.4和130.2 t·hm–2;兴安落叶松林28.9、44.3、74.2和113.3 t·hm–2;樟子松林22.8、52.0、71.1和92.6 t·hm–2;云冷杉林23.1、44.1、77.6和130.3 t·hm–2;白桦林18.8、35.3、66.6和88.5 t·hm–2;蒙古栎林25.0、20.0、47.5和68.9 t·hm–2;山杨林19.8、28.7、43.7和76.6 t·hm–2。红松林、兴安落叶松林、樟子松林和蒙古栎林在幼龄林时林分年固碳量较高,其他林型在成熟林时林分年固碳量较高。7种典型林型不同龄组的林分生物量碳密度均随林龄增长而增加,但不同林型的碳汇功能存在差异,同一林型不同林龄的生物量碳密度增幅差异也较大。林分年固碳量在0.4–2.8 t·hm–2之间,碳汇能力较强、碳汇潜力较大。尤其是小兴安岭目前林分质量较差,幼龄林和中龄林所占的比重较大,具有较大的碳汇潜力。研究结果可为森林经营管理及碳汇功能评价提供参考。     

小兴安岭7种典型林型林分生物量碳密度与固碳能力

森林生物碳储量作为森林生态系统碳库的重要组成部分, 在全球碳循环中发挥着重要作用。以小兴安岭7种典型林型为研究对象, 通过外业样地调查与室内实验分析相结合的方法, 从林分尺度对林分生物量与碳密度进行计量, 分析了林分生物碳储量的空间分配格局, 并对林分年固碳能力与碳汇潜力进行了探讨。结果表明: 小兴安岭不同林型从幼龄林到成熟林的乔木层碳密度增长速率为: 蒙古栎(Quercus mongolica)林>兴安落叶松(Larix gmelinii)林>云冷杉(Picea-Abies)林>樟子松(Pinus sylvestris var. mongolica)林>山杨(Populus davidiana)林>红松(Pinus koraiensis)林>白桦(Betula platyphylla)林。7种典型林型不同龄组(幼龄林、中龄林、近熟林和成熟林)林分生物量碳密度分别为: 红松林31.4、74.7、118.4和130.2 t·hm^-2; 兴安落叶松林28.9、44.3、74.2和113.3 t·hm^-2; 樟子松林22.8、52.0、71.1和92.6 t·hm^-2; 云冷杉林23.1、44.1、77.6和130.3 t·hm^-2; 白桦林18.8、35.3、66.6和88.5 t·hm^-2; 蒙古栎林25.0、20.0、47.5和68.9 t·hm^-2; 山杨林19.8、28.7、43.7和76.6 t·hm^-2。红松林、兴安落叶松林、樟子松林和蒙古栎林在幼龄林时林分年固碳量较高, 其他林型在成熟林时林分年固碳量较高。7种典型林型不同龄组的林分生物量碳密度均随林龄增长而增加, 但不同林型的碳汇功能存在差异, 同一林型不同林龄的生物量碳密度增幅差异也较大。林分年固碳量在0.4-2.8 t·hm^-2之间, 碳汇能力较强、碳汇潜力较大。尤其是小兴安岭目前林分质量较差, 幼龄林和中龄林所占的比重较大, 具有较大的碳汇潜力。研究结果可为森林经营管理及碳汇功能评价提供参考。     

Advances in increment coring system for large tropical trees with high wood densities

Incremental coring of trees is the key method used in non-destructive dendrochronological sampling. Despite the advances in developing such methods, the sampling of large, high-density trees still poses a challenge in remote tropical forests. Manually operated incremental drills, while easy to transport across difficult terrain, limit sample size and can often get damaged in the sampling process, especially when trees have wood densities above 0.8 g/cm³. Here, we discuss the existing available alternatives and present an up-to-date incremental coring system composed of a borer coupled to a hand-held drilling machine and a support attached to the tree which can collect incremental cores of 1.5 mm in diameter and over 1.0 m in length. The support ensures stability for the drill throughout the sampling process. This system is relatively lightweight and portable, offering field flexibility and suitability for sampling in remote locations. It provides a core sample of an appropriate diameter and amount for carrying out ring-width measurements, stable isotope and radiocarbon analyses on some of the large, older trees which are now being found in the tropics. We expect that this methodology will broaden the possibilities in the now-blossoming sub-field of tropical dendrochronology.     

The importance of rapid, disturbance-induced losses in carbon management and sequestration

Management of terrestrial carbon fluxes is being proposed as a means of increasing the amount of carbon sequestered in the terrestrial biosphere. This approach is generally viewed only as an interim strategy for the coming decades while other longer‐term strategies are developed and implemented — the most important being the direct reduction of carbon emissions. We are concerned that the potential for rapid, disturbance‐induced losses may be much greater than is currently appreciated, especially by the decision‐making community. Here we wish to: (1) highlight the complex and threshold‐like nature of disturbances — such as fire and drought, as well as the erosion associated with each — that could lead to carbon losses; (2) note the global extent of ecosystems that are at risk of such disturbance‐induced carbon losses; and (3) call for increased consideration of and research on the mechanisms by which large, rapid disturbance‐induced losses of terrestrial carbon could occur. Our lack of ability as a scientific community to predict such ecosystem dynamics is precluding the effective consideration of these processes into strategies and policies related to carbon management and sequestration. Consequently, scientists need to do more to improve quantification of these potential losses and to integrate them into sound, sustainable policy options.     

杭州市不同土地利用类型的树木生长和碳固存

随着全球城市化的加剧,城市作为一个受强人类活动支配的生态系统,在显著改变土地利用的同时,也改变了城市内植被的碳吸收和碳储存能力.本文选取杭州具有代表性的2个树种香樟(Cinnamomum camphora)和悬铃木(Platanus acerifolia)为研究对象,调查并测量了720株树木的胸径、株高、株距和冠幅,测量了230株样木近10年的平均轮面积增量,对城市不同土地利用类型上不同树种的碳储存和碳吸收速率进行了估算和比较.结果表明,香樟碳储存为45 kg C·m-2,悬铃木104 kg C·m-2.香樟碳吸收速率在政府机关用地上最大,住宅区最小;而悬铃木在住宅区碳吸收速率远远大干商业区和政府机构用地.冠幅是影响香樟碳吸收速率的主要影响因子,而悬铃木的碳吸收速率与冠幅相关外还受到年龄的影响.在城市土地利用类型中乔木碳吸收是野外相同年龄乔木的5倍甚至更多.     

贵阳市区灌木林生态系统生物量及碳储量

采用直接收获法和实测数据,以贵州省贵阳市区天然灌木林内木本和草本植物、凋落物及土壤为研究对象,研究了灌木林生态系统的生物量、碳含量及碳储量。结果表明:灌木林植被层生物量为23.16 t/hm2,其中木本植物层生物量为12.46 t/hm2;草本植物层为3.74 t/hm2;凋落物层为6.96 t/hm2,分别占植被层生物量的53.08%、16.15%、30.05%。木本植物25种的碳含量范围为445.91—603.46 g/kg;草本植物6种的碳含量为408.48—523.04 g/kg;凋落物层碳含量为341.01—392.81 g/kg;土壤层碳含量为5.73—26.68 g/kg。生态系统总碳储量为88.34 t/hm2,其中植被层为8.10 t/hm2;凋落物层为2.56 t/hm2;土壤层为77.68 t/hm2,分别占系统总碳储量的9.17%、2.89%、87.94%。灌木林生态系统碳储量的空间分布格局为:土壤层植被层凋落物层。研究结果,可为喀斯特城市估算森林生态系统碳储量和碳平衡提供科学依据。     

Biomass carbon storages and carbon sequestration potentials of the Grain for Green Program‐Covered Forests in China

The Grain for Green Program (GGP) was the most all‐embracing program of ecological reconstruction implemented in China. To estimate carbon storages and carbon sequestration potentials of the GGP forests, the study presented in the paper collected data spanning from 1999 to 2010, such as tree species, tree planting area relevant to the GGP, empirical growth curves suitable for different planted tree species in China, as well as wood density (WD), biomass expansion factor (BEF), carbon fraction (CF) of different trees species, and estimated the carbon storages of the biomasses of GGP forests from 1999 to 2050. It showed that the total carbon storage of the biomass of GGP forests was 320.29 Tg upon the GGP completion in 2010; the total carbon sequestration is higher during the early GGP‐implementation stage than at the late GGP‐implementation stage, and the annual mean carbon sequestration of GGP forests was 26.69 Tg/year. The potential of GGP forests as carbon sink presented an increasing increment. In China, the potential increments of GGP forests as carbon sinks were estimated to be 397.34, 604.00, 725.53, and 808.90 Tg in 2020, 2030, 2040, and 2050, respectively, and the carbon sequestration rates were 1.72, 0.89, 0.52, and 0.36 Mg ha^?1 year^?1, respectively, corresponding to 2010s, 2020s, 2030s, and 2040s. Therefore, the GGP forests had bigger carbon sequestration capacities and potentials in China.     

Natural forests exhibit higher carbon sequestration and lower water consumption than planted forests in China

Large‐scale planted forests (PF) have been given a higher priority in China for improving the environment and mitigating climate change relative to natural forests (NF). However, the ecological consequences of these PF on water resource security have been less considered in the national scale. Moreover, a critically needed comparison on key ecological effects between PF and NF under climate change has rarely been conducted. Here, we compare carbon sequestration and water consumption in PF and NF across China using combination of remote sensing and field inventory. We found that, on average, NF consumed 6.8% (37.5 mm per growing season) less water but sequestered 1.1% (12.5 g C m^?2 growing season^?1) more carbon than PF in the period of 2000–2012. While there was no significant difference in water consumption (p = 0.6) between PF and NF in energy‐limited areas (dryness index [DI] < 1), water consumption was significantly (p < 0.001) higher in PF than that in NF in water‐limited regions (DI > 1). Moreover, a distinct and larger shift of water yield was identified in PF than in NF from the 1980s to the 2000s, indicating that PF were more sensitive to climate change, leading to a higher water consumption when compared with NF. Our results suggest NF should be properly valued in terms of maximizing the benefits of carbon sequestration and water yield. Future forest plantation projects should be planned with caution, particularly in water‐limited regions where they might have less positive effect on carbon sequestration but lead to significant water yield reduction.     

农林复合系统固碳潜力研究进展

农林复合系统是解决当前资源枯竭、农林用地紧张和实现环境保护的一种可持续土壤管理模式。自《京都议定书》签订以来, 农林复合系统因其较高的固碳潜力引起了科学家的广泛关注。深入理解农林复合系统的固碳过程及其对气候变化、环境条件的改变和管理措施的响应, 是准确地预测农林复合系统在全球变化情景下固碳潜力的关键。该文综述了农林复合系统的概念和分类, 探讨了农林复合系统相比单一系统的固碳潜力及固碳机理, 分析了农林复合系统固碳潜力的测定方法和当前面临的挑战, 综述了气候因子、环境条件和人为管理措施对农林复合系统固碳潜力的影响。我国农林复合系统的固碳潜力相比全球其他区域还处于较低水平, 为提高我国农林复合系统的固碳潜力, 未来需要加强以下四个方面的工作: 扩大农林复合系统的分布面积、加强农林复合系统的合理配置和管理、选择适宜的物种组合和优化系统的群体结构。     

碳中和目标下中国森林固碳量跨期分配及成本

我国实现碳中和路线图的“碳排放达峰”、“快速降低碳排放”、“深度脱碳实现碳中和”3阶段具有复杂且差异的减排形势。森林固碳作为我国实现碳中和目标的重要手段,其跨期分配是平衡产业减排与森林固碳关系、降低我国实现碳中和的成本代价、以最优成本分步实现碳中和目标的重要途径。本研究从成本优化分配理论出发,引入森林边际固碳成本理论,结合国内现有产业边际减排理论,对我国实现碳中和3个阶段的成本变化过程进行模拟。结果表明: 我国在“碳排放达峰”、“快速降低碳排放”、“深度脱碳实现碳中和”3个阶段,实现成本最优的森林年固碳量分别为0.20、7.75、19.82亿t,分别占当期总减排量的1.8%、17.5%、37.6%。相较于仅依赖产业减排,在成本最优设计下发挥森林固碳成本优势,使得碳中和3个阶段的总成本分别降低0.48、791.36、9092.53亿美元。在“碳排放达峰”阶段,森林固碳的成本优势十分有限,应当主要依靠产业减排;在“快速降低碳排放”阶段,森林固碳的成本优势逐渐凸显;在“深度脱碳实现碳中和”阶段,应当充分发挥森林固碳的成本优势实现“零碳”目标,否则将会面临十分高昂的成本代价,尤其对于脱碳成本十分高昂或永远无法完全脱碳的产业。最优成本设计下森林固碳可以节约9884.37亿美元的碳中和成本。     

Assessing bias in diameter at breast height estimated from tree rings and its effects on basal area increment and biomass

Above-ground forest productivity can be reliably estimated from tree-ring width measurements. In doing so, annual growth is linked to the tree’s basal area increment (BAI), which is the change in cross-sectional area associated with each annual ring. When BAI is estimated from ring-width series, a value for the diameter of the tree is required. This diameter is ideally measured in the field, but can also be estimated as the sum of the annual ring widths. Tree biomass can also be estimated directly from the diameter estimates derived from tree-rings. Summing the ring widths, however, typically underestimates the tree’s true diameter. To evaluate this potential bias in diameter, we compared field-measured diameter and diameter estimated from the sum of the ring widths using tree-ring chronologies for seven common species in the eastern United States. We then evaluated the impacts of using the biased diameter estimates on derived BAI and biomass values. To simulate field-sampling error (i.e., failure to reach the pith when obtaining a core sample), we re-calculated BAI and biomass after removing a portion of the innermost rings from each tree. Comparisons of these various methods quantify the substantial and consistent underestimations in forest productivity estimates. To reduce the bias in diameter when using ring widths, we developed a regression model to adjust the diameter using core samples. This model is predicated on having some field-measured diameter values available at a site to calibrate and validate the model, but it can then be used to produce estimates at similar sites with similar species where no field-measured diameter values are available. Values of BAI and biomass derived from model-estimated diameter were more accurate at representing absolute growth than values produced by using the sum of the ring widths. Assessing the interannual variations in tree-growth is dependent on having metrics that accurately reflect the area and mass of wood produced. Our results suggest that published estimates of BAI and biomass using the sum of the ring widths to estimate diameter have substantially underestimated these productivity metrics. Our new procedure allows for more reliable estimates of productivity metrics that use diameter-at-breast height derived from tree rings.     

紫色土人工林生态系统碳库与碳吸存变化

采用时空代换法,以福建省宁化县严重退化紫色土人工林生态系统为对象,按侵蚀强度由强到弱选取4种生态恢复措施Ⅰ、Ⅱ、Ⅲ、Ⅳ,对比研究了碳库与碳吸存能力．结果表明,随着恢复程度的提高,生态系统的碳吸存能力逐渐增加,即Ⅰ<Ⅱ<Ⅲ<Ⅳ,4种措施生态系统碳库分别为1．4、8．5、25．6和37．6t·hm^-2;CO2年同化量分别是712．87、1458．01、9718．10和11109．56k·hm^-2．可见,恢复过程中的生态系统是本地区重要的碳汇之一．水土保持工程措施与生物措施相结合应是退化生态系统生态恢复的重要手段,但是减少人为干扰才是目前较为合理的恢复策略,使森林生态系统成为大气中CO2的一个重要的碳汇．     

杉木人工林C库与C吸存的动态研究

对湖南会同10年生、14年生杉木人工林C库和C吸存的动态研究结果表明,杉木人工林生态系统的C库主要由植被层、死地被物层、土壤层组成的,按其C库大小顺序排列为土壤层>植被层>死地被物层。10年生、14年生杉木林生态系统的C库分别为120.52和171.40t.hm-2,具有一定的年龄阶段和地带性特点。随着杉木林年龄的增长,乔木层C贮量的优势逐渐加强,从10年生的30.38t.hm-2增加到14年生的61.24t.hm-2,分别占总C库的25.21%和38.50%,树干C贮量占林分C贮量的比例最大,可达47.17%以上,并随杉木林年龄的增长而明显增强,分布在枝、叶、皮和根中的C贮量占48.11%以上,地上部分的C贮量占总C贮量的84.73%以上。10年生和14年生林地土壤层(0~60cm)的C库分别为88.21和108.20t.hm-2,占生态系统总C库的63.13%以上,土壤表层(0~15cm)的C储量分别占土壤总C库的36.57%和34.26%,土壤0~30cm层中的C储量分别占土壤总C库的63.44%和61.05%。地上部分C贮量与地下部分C贮量之比为10年生时为1∶3.53,14年生时为1∶2.22。10年生和14年生杉木人工林生态系统的年净固定C量分别为5.488和9.285t.hm-2.a-1。湖南省现有杉木林植被C库为0.1916×108t,潜在C库为1.4710×108t,C吸存潜力为1.2794×108t,湖南省现有杉木林植被的C库仅为其潜在C库的13.03%,低于全国水平26.46%。     

农田土壤有机碳固定潜力研究进展

土壤有机碳的贮存和损失的研究是目前国际上前沿研究领域之一。研究农田土壤有机碳固定过程 ,对于了解农业生产过程和生态过程的关系具有十分重要的意义。在农田土壤中 ,发生变化的有机碳主要是年轻或轻组有机碳 ,而且土壤有机碳的损失或固定都是在土壤表层和有限的时间内发生 ,且数量巨大。传统的耕作体系是造成土壤有机碳损失的主要原因。为了增加农田土壤有机碳的保有量 ,农业管理措施应该从增加有机碳的输入量 (如草田轮作、保留残茬以及施用肥料等 )和减少土壤有机碳的矿化 (少、免耕等 )两方面入手     

Biomass and carbon accumulation in a fire chronosequence of a seasonally dry tropical forest

Seasonally dry tropical forests (SDTF) are a widely distributed vegetation type in the tropics, characterized by seasonal rainfall with several months of drought when they are subject to fire. This study is one of the first attempts to quantify above- and belowground biomass (AGB and BGB) and above- and belowground carbon (AGC and BGC) pools to calculate their recovery after fire, using a chronosequence approach (six forests that ranged form 1 to 29 years after fire and mature forest). We quantified AGB and AGC pools of trees, lianas, palms, and seedlings, and BGB and BGC pools (Oi, Oe, Oa soil horizons, and fine roots). Total AGC ranged from 0.05 to nearly 72 Mg C ha⁻¹, BGC from 21.6 to nearly 85 Mg C ha⁻¹, and total ecosystem carbon from 21.7 to 153.5 Mg C ha⁻¹; all these pools increased with forest age. Nearly 50% of the total ecosystem carbon was stored in the Oa horizon of mature forests, and up to 90% was stored in the Oa-horizon of early successional SDTF stands. The soils were shallow with a depth of <20 cm at the study site. To recover values similar to mature forests, BGC and BGB required <19 years with accumulation rates greater than 20 Mg C ha⁻¹ yr⁻¹, while AGB required 80 years with accumulation rates nearly 2.5 Mg C ha⁻¹ yr⁻¹. Total ecosystem biomass and carbon required 70 and 50 years, respectively, to recover values similar to mature forests. When belowground pools are not included in the calculation of total ecosystem biomass or carbon recovery, we estimated an overestimation of 10 and 30 years, respectively.     

On carbon sequestration in desert ecosystems

Recent reports of net ecosysytem production >100 gCm⁻² yr⁻¹ in deserts are incompatible with existing measurements of net primary production and carbon pools in deserts. The comparisions suggest that gas exchange measurements should be used with caution and better validation if they are expected to indicate the magnitude of carbon sink in these ecosysytems.     

城市土壤碳循环与碳固持研究综述

城市化过程带来的土地利用变化和环境污染是全球变化的重要方面,城市为人们了解人类与自然复合生态系统对全球变化的影响及其对全球变化的响应过程提供一个独特的"天然实验室"。陆地生态系统碳循环是全球变化研究的热点领域之一,然而,人们对城市在全球碳循环中的作用和影响知之甚少,城市土壤碳循环研究处于起步阶段。介绍了城市土壤的主要特性和碳循环特征,指出强烈的人为作用是其最突出的特点;综述了城市土壤碳库、碳通量和碳固持研究方面取得的进展;探讨了城市化过程中土地利用变化、土壤中生物及土壤管护措施、城市小气候、大气污染沉降和土壤污染等对土壤碳循环的影响;提出未来城市碳循环研究需要开展长期系统监测、深化城市土壤碳循环机制研究、创新研究范式和研究方法、并将研究成果与城市景观规划与设计相结合,提升城市土壤碳管理能力。     

服务双碳目标的中国人工林生态系统碳增汇途径

中国在相对较低的经济发展水平条件下提出了"碳达峰、碳中和"目标,在全球气候治理中起着关键作用。中国是全球人工林面积最多的国家,中国森林生态系统碳储量增加的主要贡献者是人工林,是中国陆地碳汇的主要来源,具有较高的碳汇增长潜力,加强人工林碳增汇方案研究对中国实现"碳达峰、碳中和"目标具有非常重要的作用。研究梳理了中国人工林生态系统碳汇能力提升的主要因子和环节,分别从增加碳汇强度型增汇、保护修复型增汇、减少碳排放型增汇、技术提高型增汇和市场引领型增汇5个方面提出了12条人工林碳增汇途径,以期为中国实现"碳达峰、碳中和"目标作出更大贡献。     

Carbon stock changes and carbon sequestration potential of Flemish cropland soils

Evaluations of soil organic carbon (SOC) stocks are often based on assigning a carbon density to each one of a number of ecosystems or soil classes considered, using data from soil profiles within these categories. A better approach, in which the use of classification methods by which extrapolation of SOC data to larger areas is avoided, can only be used if enough data are available at a sufficiently small scale. Over 190 000 SOC measurements (0–24 cm) have been made in the Flemish cropland (the Northern part of Belgium) in the 1989–2000 period. These SOC data were grouped into 3‐year periods and as means plus standard deviation per (part of) community (polygons). This large dataset was used to calculate SOC stocks and their evolution with time, without data extrapolation. Using a detailed soil map, larger spatial groups of polygons were created based on soil texture and spatial location. Linear regression analysis showed that in the entire study area, SOC stocks had decreased or at best had remained stable. In total, a yearly decrease of 354 kton OC yr^?1 was calculated, which corresponds with a net CO₂ emission of 1238 kton CO₂ yr^?1. Specific regions with a high carbon sequestration potential were identified, based on SOC losses during the 1989–2000 period and the mean 1999 SOC content, compared to the average SOC content of soils in Flanders with a similar soil texture. When restoring the SOC stocks to their 1990 level, we estimated the carbon sequestration potential of the Flemish cropland soils to be some 300 kton CO₂ yr^?1 at best, which corresponds to a 40‐year restoration period. In conclusion, we can say that in regions where agricultural production is very intense, carbon sequestration in the cropland may make only a very modest contribution to a country's effort to reduce greenhouse gas emissions.