The complete mitochondrial genome of fall armyworm <Emphasis Type="Italic">Spodoptera frugiperda</Emphasis> (Lepidoptera:Noctuidae)

The mitochondrial genome (mitogenome) can provide important information for understanding molecular evolution and phylogenetic analyses. The complete mitogenome of Spodoptera frugiperda (Lepidoptera:Noctuidae) was determined to be 15,365 bp in length and has the typical gene order found in Noctuidae mitogenomes, it includes 13 protein-coding genes (PCGs), two rRNA genes, 22 tRNA genes and a A+T-rich region. The nucleotide composition was biased toward A+T nucleotides (81.09 %) and the AT skew of this mitogenome was slightly positive (0.004). All PCGs were initiated by ATN codons, except for cytochrome c oxidase subunit 1 (cox1) gene which was initiated by CGA. Eight of the 13 PCGs have the incomplete termination codon, T or TA. All the tRNA genes displayed the typical clover-leaf structure of mitochondrial tRNAs, with the exception of trnS1 (AGN). The A+T-rich region was 328 bp in length and consisted of several features common to the Noctuidae insects. Phylogenetic analysis showed that the S. frugiperda was within the Noctuidae.     

The complete mitochondrial genome sequence and gene organization of the mud crab (Scylla paramamosain) with phylogenetic consideration

The complete mitochondrial genome is of great importance for better understanding the genome-level characteristics and phylogenetic relationships among related species. In the present study, we determined the complete mitochondrial genome DNA sequence of the mud crab (Scylla paramamosain) by 454 deep sequencing and Sanger sequencing approaches. The complete genome DNA was 15,824 bp in length and contained a typical set of 13 protein-coding genes, 22 transfer RNA (tRNA) genes, two ribosomal RNA (rRNA) genes and a putative control region (CR). Of 37 genes, twenty-three were encoded by the heavy strand (H-strand), while the other ones were encoded by light strand (L-strand). The gene order in the mitochondrial genome was largely identical to those obtained in most arthropods, although the relative position of gene tRNA^His differed from other arthropods. Among 13 protein-coding genes, three (ATPase subunit 6 (ATP6), NADH dehydrogenase subunits 1 (ND1) and ND3) started with a rare start codon ATT, whereas, one gene cytochrome c oxidase subunit I (COI) ended with the incomplete stop codon TA. All 22 tRNAs could fold into a typical clover-leaf secondary structure, with the gene sizes ranging from 63 to 73 bp. The phylogenetic analysis based on 12 concatenated protein-coding genes showed that the molecular genetic relationship of 19 species of 11 genera was identical to the traditional taxonomy.     

Characterization of the complete mitochondrial genome of the giant silkworm moth, Eriogyna pyretorum (Lepidoptera: Saturniidae)

The complete mitochondrial genome (mitogenome) of Eriogyna pyretorum (Lepidoptera: Saturniidae) was determined as being composed of 15,327 base pairs (bp), including 13 protein-coding genes (PCGs), 2 rRNA genes, 22 tRNA genes, and a control region. The arrangement of the PCGs is the same as that found in the other sequenced lepidopteran. The AT skewness for the E. pyretorum mitogenome is slightly negative (-0.031), indicating the occurrence of more Ts than As. The nucleotide composition of the E. pyretorum mitogenome is also biased toward A + T nucleotides (80.82%). All PCGs are initiated by ATN codons, except for cytochrome c oxidase subunit 1 and 2 (cox1 and cox2). Two of the 13 PCGs harbor the incomplete termination codon by T. All tRNA genes have a typical clover-leaf structure of mitochondrial tRNA, with the exception of trnS1(AGN) and trnS2(UCN). Phylogenetic analysis among the available lepidopteran species supports the current morphology-based hypothesis that Bombycoidea, Geometroidea, Notodontidea, Papilionoidea and Pyraloidea are monophyletic. As has been previously suggested, Bombycidae (Bombyx mori and Bombyx mandarina), Sphingoidae (Manduca sexta) and Saturniidae (Antheraea pernyi, Antheraea yamamai, E. pyretorum and Caligula boisduvalii) formed a group.     

The complete mitogenome of Bombyx mori strain Dazao (Lepidoptera: Bombycidae) and comparison with other lepidopteran insects

The complete mitochondrial genome (mitogenome) of Bombyx mori strain Dazao (Lepidoptera: Bombycidae) was determined to be 15,653 bp, including 13 protein-coding genes (PCGs), two rRNA genes, 22 tRNA genes and a A + T-rich region. It has the typical gene organization and order of mitogenomes from lepidopteran insects. The AT skew of this mitogenome was slightly positive and the nucleotide composition was also biased toward A + T nucleotides (81.31%). All PCGs were initiated by ATN codons, except for cytochrome c oxidase subunit 1 (cox1) gene which was initiated by CGA. The cox1 and cox2 genes had incomplete stop codons consisting of just a T. All the tRNA genes displayed a typical clover-leaf structure of mitochondrial tRNA. The A + T-rich region of the mitogenome was 495 bp in length and consisted of several features common to the lepidopteras. Phylogenetic analysis showed that the B. mori Dazao was close to Bombycidae.     

The mitochondrial genome of Apodemus peninsulae (Rodentia, Muridae)

The complete mitochondrial (mt) genome of the Korean field mouse Apodemus peninsulae was sequenced and found to be 16,266 bp in length. The mt protein-coding genes of A. peninsulae had ATG, GTG, ATC, and ATA as initiation codons and TAA, TAG, TA, and T as termination codons. Two forms each of trnL and trnS and the three tRNA clusters, IQM, WANCY, and HSL were identified, as in the typical Rodentia mt genome. Among tRNAs, abnormal cloverleaf structure of trnS((AGY)) was identified in DHU arm. The l-strand replication origin has the potential to form a stable stem-loop structure and control region has several conserved sequence elements.     

The mitochondrial genome of Brachycephalus brunneus (Anura: Brachycephalidae), with comments on the phylogenetic position of Brachycephalidae

The mitochondrial genome of Brachycephalus brunneus was determined by next-generation sequencing of mitochondrial DNA. Without its control region, it has a total length of 15,485 bp, consisting of 37 genes: 13 protein-coding genes, 2 rRNA genes, and 22 tRNA genes. Except for eight tRNAs and the nd6 gene, all other mitochondrial genes are encoded on the heavy strand. ATG and ATC act mainly as the initial codon in 10 protein-coding genes, whereas nd2 and cox1 use ATT and nad3 uses ATA. Gene order is generally consistent with that observed in closely-related families. The cloverleaf structures for trnS1 and trnC lacked the DHU-stem and DHU-loop, respectively. Phylogenetic analyses of mitogenomes of closely-related families indicate that Brachycephalidae is more closely-related to Craugastoridae than to Eleutherodactylidae. This is the first sequenced mitochondrial genome for the entire Brachycephalidae and can provide the basis for the development of mitochondrial markers for other members of the family, including many species that are critically endangered.     

The complete mitochondrial genome of Eriocheir japonica sinensis (Decapoda: Varunidae) and its phylogenetic analysis

The complete mitochondrial genome (mitogenome) can provide novel insights into understanding the mechanisms underlying mitogenome evolution. In this study, the complete mitogenome of Eriocheir japonica sinensis (Decapoda: Varunidae) was determined to be 16,378 bp, including 13 protein-coding genes (PCGs), two rRNA genes, 22 tRNA genes and a D-loop region. The AT skew of the E. j. sinensis mitogenome was slightly negative (−0.016), indicating a higher number of T compared with A nucleotides. The nucleotide composition of the mitogenome was also biased toward A + T nucleotides (71.6%). All PCGs were initiated by ATN codons. Eight of the 13 PCGs harbored the incomplete termination codon by T, or TA. All other tRNA genes displayed a typical clover-leaf structure of mitochondrial tRNA. The D-loop region of the E. j. sinensis mitogenome was 918 bp in length. Based on 13 PCGs, phylogenetic analysis confirmed the placement of E. j. sinensis within the Varunidae.     

Characterization of the complete mitochondrial genome of Diaphania pyloalis (Lepidoptera: Pyralididae)

The complete mitochondrial genome (mitogenome) of Diaphania pyloalis (Lepidoptera: Pyralididae) was determined to be 15,298 bp and has the typical gene organization of mitogenomes from lepidopteran insects. It consists of 13 protein-coding genes (PCGs), two rRNA genes, 22 tRNA genes and an A + T-rich region. The A + T content of this mitogenome is 80.83% and the AT skew is slightly positive. All PCGs are initiated by ATN codons, except for cytochrome c oxidase subunit 1 (cox1) gene which is initiated by CGA. Only the cox2 gene has an incomplete stop codon consisting of just a T. All the tRNA genes display a typical clover-leaf structure of mitochondrial tRNA. The A + T-rich region of the mitogenome is 332 bp in length, including several common features found in lepidopteran mitogenomes. Phylogenetic analysis showed that the D. pyloalis is close to Pyralididae.     

The complete mitochondrial genome of the wild silkworm moth, Actias selene

The complete mitochondrial genome (mitogenome) of Actias selene (Lepidoptera: Saturniidae) was determined to be 15,236 bp, including 13 protein-coding genes (PCGs), two rRNA genes, 22 tRNA genes and a control region. The arrangement of 13 PCGs was similar to that of other sequenced lepidopterans. The AT skew of the mitogenome of A. selene was slightly negative, indicating a higher number of T compared to A nucleotides. The nucleotide composition of the mitogenome of A. selene was also biased toward A+T nucleotides (78.91%). All PCGs were initiated by ATN codons, except for the gene encoding cytochrome c oxidase subunit 1 (cox1), which may be initiated by the TTAG, as observed in other lepidopterans. Three genes, including cox1, cox2, and nad5, had incomplete stop codons consisting of just a T. With an exception for trnS1(AGN), all the other tRNA genes displayed a typical clover-leaf structure of mitochondrial tRNA. The A+T-rich region of the mitogenome of A. selene was 339 bp in length, and contains several features common to the Lepidopteras, including non-repetitive sequences, a conserved structure combining the motif ATAGA and an 18-bp poly-T stretch and a poly-A element upstream of trnM gene. Phylogenetic analysis showed that A. selene was close to Saturniidae.     

The complete mitochondrial genome of Gomphocerus tibetanus Uvarov, 1935 (Orthoptera: Acrididae: Gomphocerinae)

The complete nucleotide sequence of the mitochondrial genome (mitogenome) of Gomphocerus tibetanus Uvarov, 1935 (Orthoptera: Acrididae: Gomphocerinae) was determined. It is 15,571 bp in length and contains 74.8% A + T. All Gomphocerus tibetanus protein-coding sequences start with a typical ATN codon. The usual termination codons (TAA and TAG) were found from 13 PCGs except COI and COII which took incomplete codon T as termination codons. All tRNA genes could be folded into the typical cloverleaf secondary structure, except tRNA^Ser(AGN) lacking of dihydrouridine (D) arm. The sizes of the large and small ribosomal RNA genes are 1313 and 822 bp, respectively. The A + T content of the A + T-rich region is 82.3%. A preliminary analysis on characteristics of Gomphocerinae mitogenome was made by comparision among three Gomphocerinae mitogenomes and Locusta migratoria.     

The mitochondrial genome of the stramenopile alga Chrysodidymus synuroideus. Complete sequence, gene content and genome organization

This is the first report of a complete mitochondrial genome sequence from a photosynthetic member of the stramenopiles, the chrysophyte alga Chrysodidymus synuroideus. The circular-mapping mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) of 34 119 bp contains 58 densely packed genes (all without introns) and five unique open reading frames (ORFs). Protein genes code for components of respiratory chain complexes, ATP synthase and the mitoribosome, as well as one product of unknown function, encoded in many other protist mtDNAs (YMF16). In addition to small and large subunit ribosomal RNAs, 23 tRNAs are mtDNA-encoded, permitting translation of all codons present in protein-coding genes except ACN (Thr) and CGN (Arg). The missing tRNAs are assumed to be imported from the cytosol. Comparison of the C.synuroideus mtDNA with that of other stramenopiles allowed us to draw conclusions about mitochondrial genome organization, expression and evolution. First, we provide evidence that mitochondrial ORFs code for highly derived, unrecognizable versions of ribosomal or respiratory genes otherwise ‘missing’ in a particular mtDNA. Secondly, the observed constraints in mitochondrial genome rearrangements suggest operon-based, co-ordinated expression of genes functioning in common biological processes. Finally, stramenopile mtDNAs reveal an unexpectedly low variability in genome size and gene complement, testifying to substantial differences in the tempo of mtDNA evolution between major eukaryotic lineages.     

Characterization of the complete mitochondrial genome of Bombyx mori strain H9 (Lepidoptera: Bombycidae)

The complete mitochondrial genome (mitogenome) of Bombyx mori strain H9 (Lepidoptera: Bombycidae) is 15,670 base pairs (bp) in length, encoding 13 protein-coding genes (PCGs), two rRNA genes, 22 tRNA genes and a control region. The nucleotide composition of the genome is highly A + T biased, accounting for 81.31%, with a slightly positive AT skewness (0.059). The arrangement of 13 PCGs is similar to that of other sequenced lepidopterans. All the PCGs are initiated by ATN codons, except for the cytochrome c oxidase subunit 1 (cox1) gene, which is proposed by the TTAG sequence as observed in other lepidopterans. Unlike the other PCGs, the cox1 and cytochrome c oxidase subunit 2 (cox2) genes have incomplete stop codons consisting of just a T. All tRNAs have typical structures of insect mitochondrial tRNAs, which is different from other sequenced lepidopterans. The structure of A + T-rich region is similar to that of other sequenced lepidopterans, including non-repetitive sequences, the ATAGA binding domain, a 18 bp poly-T stretch and a poly-A element upstream of transfer RNA M (trnM) gene. Phylogenetic analysis shows that the domesticated silkmoth B. mori originated from the Chinese Bombyx mandarina.     

小长蝽线粒体基因组全序列测定与长蝽总科系统发育分析

为了解小长蝽Nysius ericae(Schilling)线粒体基因组结构及长蝽总科的分子系统发育关系。本试验采用Illumina MiSeq测序平台对小长蝽线粒体基因进行测序,对基因组序列进行拼装、注释和特征分析,利用最大似然法和贝叶斯法构建基于12种长蝽总科昆虫线粒体全基因组核苷酸序列的系统发育树。小长蝽线粒体基因组全长为16 330 bp(GenBank登录号：MW465654),基因组包括13个蛋白编码基因(PCGs),22个tRNA基因,2个rRNA基因和1段非编码控制区。11个蛋白质编码基因的起始密码子为典型的ATN;cox1,nad4l的起始密码子为TTG。cob的终止密码子为TAG,其余蛋白编码基因的终止密码子为TAA。只有trnS1缺少DHU臂,其余tRNA基因均能形成典型的三叶草结构。12种长蝽总科昆虫线粒体全基因组序列构建的昆虫系统发育树结果显示,小长蝽与Nysius plebeius具有更近的亲缘关系,且与传统形态学分类基本一致。小长蝽线粒体基因组符合长蝽总科线粒体基因组的一般特征。结果表明小长蝽与N.plebeius的亲缘关系更近。     

Complete Mitochondrial Genome of Anoplocephala magna Solidifying the Species

The 2 species of the genus Anoplocephala (Anoplocephalidae), A. perfoliata and A. magna, are among the most important equine cestode parasites. However, there is little information about their differences at the molecular level. The present study revealed that the mitochondrial (mt) genome of A. magna was 13,759 bp in size and 700 bp shorter than that of A. perfoliata. The 2 species includes 2 rRNA, 22 tRNA, and 12 protein-coding genes each. The size of each of the 36 genes was the same as that of A. perfoliata, except for cox1, rrnL, trnC, trnS2(UCN), trnG, trnH, trnQ, and trnP. In the full mitochondrial genome, the sequence similarity was 87.1%. The divergence in the nucleotide and amino acid sequences of individual protein-coding genes ranged from 11.1% to 16% and 6.8% to 16.4%, respectively. The 2 noncoding regions of the mt genome of A. magna were 199 bp and 271 bp in length, while the equivalent regions in A. perfoliata were 875 bp and 276 bp, respectively. The results of this study support the proposal that A. magna and A. perfoliata are separate species, consistent with previous morphological analyses.     

The complete mitochondrial genome of the damsel bug Alloeorhynchus bakeri (Hemiptera: Nabidae)

The complete sequence of the mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) of the damsel bug, Alloeorhynchus bakeri, has been completed and annotated in this study. It represents the first sequenced mitochondrial genome of heteropteran family Nabidae. The circular genome is 15, 851 bp in length with an A+T content of 73.5%, contains the typical 37 genes that are arranged in the same order as that of the putative ancestor of hexapods. Nucleotide composition and codon usage are similar to other known heteropteran mitochondrial genomes. All protein-coding genes (PCGs) use standard initiation codons (methionine and isoleucine), except COI, which started with TTG. Canonical TAA and TAG termination codons are found in eight protein-coding genes, the remaining five (COI, COII, COIII, ND5, ND1) have incomplete termination codons (T or TA). PCGs of two strands present opposite CG skew which is also reflected by the nucleotide composition and codon usage. All tRNAs have the typical clover-leaf structure, except the dihydrouridine (DHU) arm of tRNA(Ser (AGN))which forms a simple loop as known in many other metazoa. Secondary structure models of the ribosomal RNA genes of A. bakeri are presented, similar to those proposed for other insect orders. There are six domains and 45 helices and three domains and 27 helices in the secondary structures of rrnL and rrnS, respectively. The major non-coding region (also called control region) between the small ribosomal subunit and the tRNA(Ile )gene includes two special regions. The first region includes four 133 bp tandem repeat units plus a partial copy of the repeat (28 bp of the beginning), and the second region at the end of control region contains 4 potential stem-loop structures. Finally, PCGs sequences were used to perform a phylogenetic study. Both maximum likelihood and Bayesian inference analyses highly support Nabidae as the sister group to Anthocoridae and Miridae.     

入侵害虫甘薯凹胫跳甲的鉴定及线粒体基因组分析

【目的】基于形态学鉴定和分子生物学技术确认甘薯凹胫跳甲Chaetocnema confinis是否入侵中国大陆,测定甘薯凹胫跳甲线粒体基因组序列,分析基因组结构及其系统发育关系。【方法】应用显微镜观察从广东不同地点采集的甘薯凹胫跳甲成虫的形态特征,并扩增cox1基因DNA序列进行分子鉴定;利用Illumina MiSeq测序平台对甘薯凹胫跳甲线粒体基因组进行测序、拼装、注释和特征分析;基于亲缘关系相近种属的线粒体基因组序列进行共线性分析和构建系统发育树,分析基因重排和系统发育关系。【结果】形态和分子鉴定结果表明大陆甘薯上发现的跳甲为甘薯凹胫跳甲。甘薯凹胫跳甲线粒体基因组序列大小为15 685 bp,包括有13个蛋白质编码基因、2个rRNA基因、22个tRNA基因和1个非编码控制区;这37个基因之间排列紧凑,间隔总长度101 bp,排列顺序与模式昆虫Drosophila yakuba线粒体基因排列顺序相同。甘薯凹胫跳甲线粒体基因组A+T含量为77.3%,具有明显的AT偏向性。13个蛋白质编码基因的起始密码子均为ATN。在22个tRNA基因中除trnS1的DHU臂缺失,trnD, trnG, trnN和trnT的二级结构中缺少TψC环外,其余17个都能形成典型的三叶草式二级结构,另trnK的反密码子突变为UUU,trnS1的反密码子突变为UCU。甘薯凹胫跳甲的控制区片段长度仅有60 bp,是目前已报道的昆虫线粒体基因组中最短的控制区。基于线粒体基因组的系统发育分析表明,甘薯凹胫跳甲与跳甲亚科(Alticinae)黄曲条跳甲Phyllotreta striolata亲缘关系最近。【结论】甘薯凹胫跳甲已经入侵到中国大陆。本研究获得了甘薯凹胫跳甲的线粒体基因组序列,为防控甘薯凹胫跳甲和分析叶甲科(Chrysomelidae)各种属间的系统发育关系奠定了基础。     

The mitochondrial genome and ribosomal operon of Brachycladium goliath (Digenea: Brachycladiidae) recovered from a stranded minke whale

Members of the Brachycladiidae are known to cause pathologies implicated in cetacean strandings and it is important to develop accurate diagnostic markers to differentiate these and other helminths found in cetaceans. Brachycladium goliath (van Beneden, 1858) is a large trematode found, as adults, usually in the hepatic (bile) and pancreatic ducts of various cetaceans. Complete sequences were determined for the entire mitochondrial genome, and phylogenetically informative nuclear genes contained within the ribosomal operon, from a small piece of an individual worm taken from a common minke whale Balaenoptera acutorostrata Lacépède, 1804. Genomic DNA was sequenced using an Illumina MiSeq platform. The mtDNA is 15,229 bp in length consisting of 12 protein-coding genes, 22 tRNA genes, 2 rRNA genes and 2 non-coding regions of which the larger is comprised of 4 tandemly repeated units (260 bp each). The ribosomal RNA operon is 9297 bp long. These data provide a rich resource of molecular markers for diagnostics, phylogenetics and population genetics in order to better understand the role, and associated pathology of helminth infections in cetaceans.     

Complete mitochondrial genomes of three sea basses Lateolabrax (Perciformes,Lateolabracidae) species: Genome description and phylogenetic considerations

Genus Lateolabrax consists of three species, Japanese sea bass Lateolabrax japonicus, spotted sea bass Lateolabrax maculatus and blackfin sea bass Lateolabrax latus. The complete mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) of the three sea basses were amplified and sequenced to characterize and discuss their phylogenetic relationships. The length of mitogenomes was 16,593 bp, 16,479 bp and 16,600 bp, respectively, and all of them consisted of 13 protein-coding genes, 2 ribosomal RNA (rRNA), 22 transfer RNA (tRNA) and a control region, which are typical for mtDNA of vertebrate. Most genes were encoded on the H-strand, except for the ND6 and eight tRNA genes encoding on the L-strand. A significant variation among the three species was detected in length of the control region. Phylogenetic relationship among the three species was constructed based on the datasets, including the 12 protein-coding genes (except ND6 gene), 22 tRNA and 2 rRNA sequences. The results supported the sister taxon between L. japonicus and L. maculatus. The genetic resources reported here are useful for further studies in taxonomy and phylogeny of the three sea basses and related species.     

Complete sequence of the mitochondrial genome of Odontamblyopus rubicundus (Perciformes: Gobiidae): genome characterization and phylogenetic analysis

Odontamblyopus rubicundus is a species of gobiid fishes, inhabits muddy-bottomed coastal waters. In this paper, the first complete mitochondrial genome sequence of O. rubicundus is reported. The complete mitochondrial genome sequence is 17119 bp in length and contains 13 protein-coding genes, two rRNA genes, 22 tRNA genes, a control region and an L-strand origin as in other teleosts. Most mitochondrial genes are encoded on H-strand except for ND6 and seven tRNA genes. Some overlaps occur in protein-coding genes and tRNAs ranging from 1 to 7 bp. The possibly nonfunctional L-strand origin folded into a typical stem-loop secondary structure and a conserved motif (5^′-GCCGG-3^′) was found at the base of the stem within the tRNA ^Cys gene. The TAS, CSB-2 and CSB-3 could be detected in the control region. However, in contrast to most of other fishes, the central conserved sequence block domain and the CSB-1 could not be recognized in O. rubicundus, which is consistent with Acanthogobius hasta (Gobiidae). In addition, phylogenetic analyses based on different sequences of species of Gobiidae and different methods showed that the classification of O. rubicundus into Odontamblyopus due to morphology is debatable.