共查询到20条相似文献,搜索用时 31 毫秒
1.
K. M. Bhat P. K. Thulasidas E. J. Maria Florence K. Jayaraman 《Trees - Structure and Function》2005,19(6):654-660
Natural decay resistance of teak wood grown in home-garden forestry and the factors influencing decay resistance were determined
in comparison with that of a typical forest plantation. Accelerated laboratory tests were conducted on 1800 wood samples drawn
from 15 trees of three planted sites. Analysis of variance based on a univariate mixed model showed that planted site, fungal
species, and their interaction terms were important sources of variation in decay resistance. With increasing decay resistance
from centre to periphery of the heartwood, radial position was a critical factor and the interaction effect of fungal species
× radial position was significant in influencing the durability. No significant differences were found in decay resistance
either between the opposite radii or due to the various possible interaction terms of radii with the site, fungal species
and radial position. There were significant differences in decay resistance against brown-rot fungi between wet and dry sites
of home-garden teak although differences against white-rot fungi were non-significant among the three planted sites. Polyporus palustris was the more aggressive brown-rot fungus than Gloeophyllum trabeum. The higher susceptibility of wet site home-garden teak to brown-rot decay was associated with a paler colour of the wood
and lower extractive content. 相似文献
2.
Cludia Alves da Silva Maria Beatriz Bacellar Monteiro Srgio Brazolin Gonzalo Antonio Carballeira Lopez Andreas Richter Mrcia Regina Braga 《International biodeterioration & biodegradation》2007,60(4):285-292
The heartwood of Caesalpinia echinata Lam. (Leguminosae) (commonly called brazilwood) is used for violin bow manufacture due to the unique vibrational and physical properties found in the wood. In the present work, the effects of Pycnoporus sanguineus (white-rot fungus), Gloeophyllum trabeum (brown-rot fungus), Chaetomium globosum (soft-rot fungus), and Cryptotermes brevis (dry-wood termite) on weight losses and chemical composition of extractives and cell-wall polysaccharides of C. echinata wood were investigated under laboratory conditions and compared to those obtained for Anadenanthera macrocarpa, Eucalyptus grandis, and Pinus elliottii. The heartwood of C. echinata was found to be as resistant as A. macrocarpa to the decay fungi tested and to the attack of the dry-wood termite. Pinitol and galactopinitol A were the main sugar alcohols found in the extractives of wood of C. echinata, their presence, however, did not appear related to the resistance to fungal decay. Although only incipient stages of decay were found, the modifications in cell-wall polysaccharide composition of heartwood of C. echinata by rot fungi were related to decrease in polymers other than xylans. The high resistance of C. echinata to xylophages is probably due to the presence of toxic extractives in the wood. 相似文献
3.
Anne Christine Steenkjær Hastrup Caitlin Howell Flemming Hofmann Larsen Noppadon Sathitsuksanoh Barry Goodell Jody Jellison 《Fungal biology》2012,116(10):1052-1063
Wood-decaying basidiomycetes are some of the most effective bioconverters of lignocellulose in nature, however the way they alter wood crystalline cellulose on a molecular level is still not well understood. To address this, we examined and compared changes in wood undergoing decay by two species of brown rot fungi, Gloeophyllum trabeum and Meruliporia incrassata, and two species of white rot fungi, Irpex lacteus and Pycnoporus sanguineus, using X-ray diffraction (XRD) and 13C solid-state nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectroscopy. The overall percent crystallinity in wood undergoing decay by M. incrassata, G. trabeum, and I. lacteus appeared to decrease according to the stage of decay, while in wood decayed by P. sanguineus the crystallinity was found to increase during some stages of degradation. This result is suggested to be potentially due to the different decay strategies employed by these fungi. The average spacing between the 200 cellulose crystal planes was significantly decreased in wood degraded by brown rot, whereas changes observed in wood degraded by the two white rot fungi examined varied according to the selectivity for lignin. The conclusions were supported by a quantitative analysis of the structural components in the wood before and during decay confirming the distinct differences observed for brown and white rot fungi. The results from this study were consistent with differences in degradation methods previously reported among fungal species, specifically more non-enzymatic degradation in brown rot versus more enzymatic degradation in white rot. 相似文献
4.
Enrique Cárcamo-Ibarra Mauro Manuel Martínez-Pacheco Abril Munro-Rojas Jorge Enrique Ambriz-Parra Crisanto Velázquez-Becerra 《Phyton》2022,91(8):1795-1808
Wood is mainly made up of cellulose, hemicelluloses, lignin polymers and other organic and inorganic substances, making it susceptible to deteriorate by various biological agents. Tectona grandis L.f. (Teak) is a timber species with high resistance to biological deterioration, valued for its durability, beauty, and mechanical resistance. The purpose of this work was to evaluate the antifungal activity of crude extracts from teak on various fungi that cause wood deterioration. For this, Teak heartwood was obtained, then fragmented and pulverized until obtaining a flour which was used for compounds extraction using the Soxhlet technique coupled to a rotary evaporator through solvents of increasing polarity (hexane, dichloromethane, tetrahydrofuran, and acetone). The extracts obtained were tested against fungal organisms collected in the field, and the LC50 was determined using teak crude extracts on Artemia salina as a biological model. The results obtained showed that a high flour yield was obtained with hexane (0.951 g), followed by tetrahydrofuran (0.446 g), dichloromethane (0.348 g), and acetone (0.152 g). By using nine fungal organisms that predominantly correspond to the genus Aspergillus, the extractable compounds were tested, inhibiting 25% of mycelial growth with tetrahydrofuran (T. versicolor), and 40.9% with dichloromethane (G. trabeum). Likewise, the biological model of A. salina showed an LC50 of 84.9 μg/mL with hexane, 43.3 μg/mL with dichloromethane, 59.6 μg/mL with tetrahydrofuran, and 54.7 μg/mL with acetone. For this reason, it is concluded that Teak wood contains many extractable compounds in relation to its weight, besides having antimicrobial activity when extracted through polar compounds such as dichloromethane and tetrahydrofuran. 相似文献
5.
Justin T. Kaffenberger Jonathan S. Schilling 《Applied microbiology and biotechnology》2013,97(19):8831-8840
Interest in the mechanisms of wood-degrading fungi has grown in tandem with lignocellulose bioconversion efforts, yet many potential biomass feedstocks are non-woody. Using corn stover (Zea mays) as a substrate, we tracked degradative capacities among brown rot fungi from the Antrodia clade, including Postia placenta, the first brown rot fungus to have its genome sequenced. Decay dynamics were compared against Gloeophyllum trabeum from the Gloeophyllum clade. Weight loss induced by P. placenta (6.2 %) and five other Antrodia clade isolates (average 7.4 %) on corn stalk after 12 weeks demonstrated inefficiency among these fungi, relative to decay induced by G. trabeum (44.4 %). Using aspen (Populus sp.) as a woody substrate resulted in, on average, a fourfold increase in weight loss induced by Antrodia clade fungi, while G. trabeum results matched those on stover. The sequence and trajectories of chemical constituent losses differed as a function of substrate but not fungal clade. Instead, chemical data suggest that characters unique to stover limit decay by the Antrodia clade, rather than disparities in growth rate or extractives toxicity. High p-coumaryl lignin content, lacking the methoxy groups characteristically cleaved during brown rot, is among potential rate-distinguishing characters in grasses. This ineptitude among Antrodia clade fungi on grasses was supported by meta-analysis of other unrelated studies using grass substrates. Concerning application, results expose a problem if adopting the strategy of the model decay fungus P. placenta to treat corn stover, a widely available plant feedstock. Overall, the results insinuate phylogenetically distinct modes of brown rot and demonstrate the benefit of using non-woody substrates to probe wood degradation mechanisms. 相似文献
6.
Shinta Ohashi Naoki Okada Tadashi Nobuchi Somkid Siripatanadilok Teera Veenin 《Trees - Structure and Function》2009,23(4):813-822
We measured radial variation of carbon isotope composition and vessel traits in tree species in seasonally dry forests of
Northeast Thailand to explore a more reliable and amenable method of tropical dendrochronology for trees that lack visually
detectable and consistent growth rings. Six Dipterocarpaceae species (3 Shorea, 2 Dipterocarpus, and 1 Hopea species) with indistinct or irregular growth rings and teak (Tectona grandis), a species which forms distinct growth rings, were examined. The δ13C value variations in all species showed annual cyclicity. Dipterocarpaceae species usually marked the lowest values of δ13C in the middle of the growing season, whereas teak had the lowest values at nearly the end of the growing season. Since the
growing season of the species examined almost corresponds to the rainy season in the study area, the δ13C variation was likely caused by the change in moisture availability. The different variation pattern of teak was attributable
to its stronger dependence on 13C-enriched reserved material early in the growing season. Changes in tree vessel traits for all species examined also showed
annual cyclicity. Dipterocarpaceae species showed significant correlation between δ13C values and vessel measurements. Vessel lumen (mean area, tangential and radial diameter, and proportion of total area) had
a negative correlation, whereas vessel frequency showed a positive correlation. The correlations indicated that changes in
vessel traits were caused by the seasonal variation of moisture available to the trees. Thus, we concluded that methods using
wood anatomy, as well as δ13C, have great potential for use as tools in tropical dendrochronology within the context of seasonal climate. 相似文献
7.
We focused in selecting four fungi, naturally living in Eucalyptus sp. fields, for application in accelerating stump decay. The wood-rot fungi Pycnoporus sanguineus (Ps), Lentinus bertieri (Lb) and Xylaria sp. (Xa) were isolated from Eucalyptus sp. field and the fungus Lentinula edodes (Led) was obtained from a commercial strain. All fungi were studied according to their capacity to degrade eucalyptus urograndis wood. In order to evaluate mass losses of seven years old eucalyptus urograndis' wood test blocks from heartwood were prepared added to glass flasks with red clay soil. The humidity of the soil was adjusted with 50 and 100% of its water retention capacity. Mass loss evaluations occurred at 30 until 120 days after eucalyptus wood degradation. Chemical analysis and soil pH were measured only in the last evaluation. Mycelial growth assays with potato-dextrose-agar, malt-agar and sawdust-dextrose-agar at three temperatures was carried out in order to get information about the best conditions of fungi growth. On the 120th day, Ps and Lb showed good capacity of wood degradation by leading to a high mass loss in soil with highest humidity. These fungi were the best consumers of lignin, hemicellulose, cellulose and extractives, caused acidification in the soil. Ps and Lb had faster mycelial growth in sawdust-dextrose-agar, especially in high temperature, comparing to Xa and Led. Xa and Led are not good eucalyptus urograndis heartwood degraders, because they consume preferentially hemicellulose. 相似文献
8.
Caitlin Howell Anne Christine Steenkjær Hastrup Barry Goodell Jody Jellison 《International biodeterioration & biodegradation》2009,63(4):414-419
The degradation of wood by brown rot fungi has been studied intensely for many years in order to facilitate the preservation of in-service wood. In this work we used X-ray diffraction to examine changes in wood cellulose crystallinity caused by the brown rot fungi Gloeophyllum trabeum, Coniophora puteana, and two isolates of Serpula lacrymans. All fungi increased apparent percent crystallinity early in the decay process while decreasing total amounts of both crystalline and amorphous material. Data also showed an apparent decrease of approximately 0.05 Å in the average spacing of the crystal planes in all degraded samples after roughly 20% weight loss, as well as a decrease in the average observed relative peak width at 2θ = 22.2°. These results may indicate a disruption of the outer most semi-crystalline cellulose chains comprising the wood microfibril. X-ray diffraction analysis of wood subjected to biological attack by fungi may provide insight into degradative processes and wood cellulose structure. 相似文献
9.
Carolina L. Pometti Sabrina Palanti Benedetto Pizzo Jean-Paul Charpentier Nathalie Boizot Claudio Resio Beatriz O. Saidman 《Biodegradation》2010,21(5):753-760
The natural durability of four Argentinean species of Prosopis and one of Acacia was evaluated in laboratory tests, according to European standards, using three brown rot and one white rot fungi. These
tests were complemented by assessing the wood chemical composition. All the species were from moderately slightly durable
to very durable (classes 4–1), and in all cases the heartwood was the most resistant to fungal attack. Chemical extractives
content (organic, aqueous, tannic and phenolic) was higher in the heartwood. However, species durability was not related to
extractive contents nor with wood density. Instead, it is possible that extractives could contribute to natural durability
in different ways, including the effects related to the antioxidant properties of some of them. 相似文献
10.
J. Chirkova I. Irbe B. Andersons I. Andersone 《International biodeterioration & biodegradation》2006,58(3-4):162
The dynamics of the biodegradation of wood by brown-rot fungi (Coniophora puteana, Poria placenta, and Gloephyllum trabeum) was investigated by the water vapour sorption method. The change in wood microstructure characteristics (specific surface and concentration of surface hydrophilic centres) with increasing exposure time correlated with reduction in mass and change in composition. Two-to-eight-nanometer-wide micropores, whose size and volume depended on the fungal species and exposure time, appeared in the wood. Methodological aspects of the application of sorption methods should be taken into account in the interpretation of the results. 相似文献
11.
Comparison of methods to evaluate the potential of fungal growth on decay of spruce wood after short-time treatment 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
M. Schmutzer M. Schwanninger K. Fackler K. Messner C. Gradinger 《International biodeterioration & biodegradation》2008,61(4):319-324
Several analytical methods were compared to evaluate characteristic wood decaying fungi for their potential to depolymerise lignin on spruce wood particles. Wood samples were treated with the white rot fungi Phlebia brevispora, Ceriporiopsis subvermispora, Merulius tremellosus, Pycnoporus sanguineus, Trametes pubescens and with the brown rot fungus Gloeophyllum trabeum. The UV absorbancies of crude ethanol extracts, total extractives content from sequential extraction, ligninolytic enzyme activities, lignin solubilisation and decrease of lignin content were compared. It was shown, that, in early decay stages, UV absorbancies of crude ethanol extracts and total extractives content correlate well with lignin degradation, increase of acid soluble lignin and increased production of ligninolytic enzymes (total peroxidase). Lignin content was determined using FT-NIR spectroscopy as well as by wet-chemical analysis, indicating a very good correlation between the two methods. According to the different analytical methods, the tested fungi can be classified into three categories based on their characteristic behaviour: brown rot, “slow” and “fast” white rot. 相似文献
12.
The amounts of free sterols, steryl esters and lipid phosphorus were determined in the sapwood and heartwood of mature, and in the outer and inner sapwood of young Pinus sylvestris trees. In the mature trees (up to 70 years old) the heartwood contains significantly higher amounts of free sterols than the sapwood. No radial gradient can be demonstrated in the amounts of steryl esters. Lipids extracted from the sapwood contain higher amounts of phosphorus than those from the heartwood. Stems of young Pinus sylvestris trees (up to 13 years old) show in the inner sapwood higher amounts of both free sterols and steryl esters than the peripheral younger wood zone. The inner sapwood of the young stems shows slightly higher amounts of lipid phosphorus than the outer sapwood. The results indicate that Pinus sylvestris accumulates both free sterols and steryl esters in the stems at a very early stage of the life cycle. Sterol accumulation in the innermost parts of the stems seems not to depend on heartwood formation. 相似文献
13.
Resistance of Scots pine wood to Brown-rot fungi after long-term forest fertilization 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
Juha Heijari Anne-Marja Nerg Seija Kaakinen Elina Vapaavuori Hannu Raitio Teuvo Levula Hannu Viitanen Jarmo K. Holopainen Pirjo Kainulainen 《Trees - Structure and Function》2005,19(6):729-735
The susceptibility of Scots pine (Pinus sylvestris L.) sap- and heartwood against the wood decaying brown-rot fungus (Coniophora puteana) was investigated after long-term forest fertilization at three different sites in central Finland. Different wood properties:
wood extractives, wood chemistry, and wood anatomy were used to explain sap- and heartwood decay. Scots pine sapwood was more
susceptible to decay than its heartwood. In one site, sapwood seemed to be more resistant to wood decay after forest fertilization
whereas the susceptibility of heartwood increased. Significant changes in the sapwood chemistry were found between treatment
and sites, however, no relationship between wood chemistry and wood decay was observed in the factor analysis. The results
of this study show that there was an inconsistent relationship between decay susceptibility and fertilization and the measured
physical and chemical attributes of the wood were not consistently correlated with the decay rate. 相似文献
14.
15.
Daniel Job 《Mycological Progress》2002,1(2):123-129
We studied the capacity of selected Basidiomycetes (72 species; 109 strains) to defibrillate Picea abies wood blocks, and determined the remaining cellular cohesion and the lignin content in the wood after treatment. Forty strains
were sufficiently aggressive to invade non-sterile wood blocks in laboratory conditions; but only seven of them — Gloeophyllum trabeum, Gloeoporus taxicola, two strains of Phanerochaete velutina, Polyporus badius, Resinicium bicolor and Trametes versicolor produced an significant biodefibrillation. A combination of Gloeophyllum trabeum and Gloeoporus taxicola or Gloeophyllum trabeum and Resinicium bicolor created a synergetic effect and a nearly 70 % loss of the cellular cohesion. The use of selected rot fungi as pre-treatment
to save wood pulping energy in several manufacturing processes is discussed. 相似文献
16.
P. Burtin Christian Jay-Allemand Jean-Paul Charpentier Gérard Janin 《Trees - Structure and Function》1998,12(5):258-264
Radial distribution of soluble phenolics was investigated at different heights in stems of Juglans nigra, J. regia and hybrids J. nigra 23 × J. regia. Four major phenolic compounds were studied: hydrojuglone glucoside (HJG), quercitrin (QUER) and two unknown compounds
characterized as two ellagic acid derivatives E1 and E2. HJG and E1 content increased gradually in the sapwood, peaked in
the sapwood-heartwood transition zone, and decreased drastically in the heartwood. QUER was accumulated preferentially around
the transition zone, and its content was relatively low in the outer part of the sapwood and in the inner part of the heartwood.
E2 content was low in the sapwood and increased in the heartwood. The heartwood formation was marked by the accumulation of
new soluble compounds. The relationship between wood extractives and wood colour were evaluated and discussed. HJG was considered
to be a major precursor of heartwood colour providing chromophores through hydrolysis (deglucosylation), oxidation and polymerization
processes.
Received: 2 September 1997 / Accepted: 23 November 1997 相似文献
17.
Naeem Iqbal Abid Mahmood Alvi Muhammad Shoaib Abdul Rashied Qamar Saeed Muhammad Amjad Bashir 《Journal of Asia》2018,21(2):485-489
Fungus-growing termites are important pests in buildings and agriculture in Pakistan and are difficult to control with existing bait systems. Development of bait systems requires the knowledge of foraging behavior of termite species. Behavior of foraging workers depends upon the quality and quantity of the food placed in the bait stations. In the current study, we tested 16 different woods (of varying density) for their susceptibility to an important fungus-growing termite, Odontotermes obesus (Rambur). The aim was to find a highly susceptible wood for use in bait stations. The woods were evaluated in no-choice and choice feeding experiments in the field by mass loss and visual ratings to the termites. Statistically significant differences were recorded (P?<?.001). Woods having low density were preferred to high density woods. Highest mass losses (%) were recorded from Ficus religiosa (86.49–87.8%), Bombax malabaricum (86.53–88.43%) and Populus euramericana (75.62–76.31%) in both no-choice and choice tests under “very heavy attack (almost collapsed) to completely consumed” visual rating category. The woods having least mass losses were Albizia lebbeck heartwood (7.03–9.91%), Syzygium cumini (14.25–19.89%) and Dalbergia sissoo heartwood (14.35–24.88%) and had “slightly to superficial attack” with minimum rating values. Ficus religiosa, B. malabaricum and P. euramericana appear suitable woods for use in bait stations for fungus-growing termites. 相似文献
18.
Daniel Job 《Mycological Progress》2004,3(2):151-156
We studied the capacity of a selected strain of Gloeophyllum trabeum, alone or in combination with Resinicium bicolor, to defibrillate non treated deciduous wood at a semi industrial composting scale. Inoculum amount, aeration of the composted
wood, type (freshly cut wood and wood stored since several years) and the quantity of wood used were analysed. The remaining
cellular cohesion, lignin and holocellulose, as well as fungal biomass content in the wood after various treatments were determined.
Results showed that G. trabeum rapidly colonised the non-sterile substrate and caused greater biodefibrillation compared with the control (non inoculated
wood). Effects of the various treatments on biodefibrillation were compared and are discussed. 相似文献
19.
Colour of larch heartwood and relationships to extractives and brown-rot decay resistance 总被引:3,自引:0,他引:3
Larch heartwood is appreciated for its good mechanical properties, its colour and its texture, and it is often used outdoors because of its natural durability (decay resistance). In this study the colour of larch heartwood was studied in relation to extractives and decay resistance, with the aim to estimate durability of larch heartwood from its colour. On a total of 293 trees colour in the CIE L*a*b* space (L* lightness, a* red/green axis, b* yellow/blue axis), extractives content (acetone and hot-water extractives, amount of phenolics) and the brown-rot decay resistance were determined. For calculating the relative decay resistance ( x), mass loss after inoculation for 16 weeks with two fungi [ Coniophora puteana (Schum.ex.Fr.) Karst., Poria placenta (Fr.) Cke, European standard EN 113] of larch heartwood samples was compared to Scots pine ( Pinus sylvestris L) sapwood reference samples (EN 350-1). Different species [Japanese larch ( Larix kaempferi Lamb.), Hybrid larch (Larix deciduax L. kaempferi) and European larch ( L. decidua Mill.)], provenances and age classes (38-year, >150-year) were included. Japanese larch heartwood turned out to be significantly more reddish (higher a*-values) compared to the European larch provenances. Reddishness of the hybrids was intermediate. The red hue (+a*) was strongly correlated with the amount of phenols ( r =0.84) and decay resistance ( r =0.63) and therefore suitable for prediction of both parameters. The results suggest that colour measurements of larch heartwood could be of benefit in tree breeding programs and for an optimised utilization of larch timber. 相似文献
20.
Katsushi Kuroda Kana Yamashita Takeshi Fujiwara 《Trees - Structure and Function》2009,23(6):1163-1172
The mechanism of heartwood formation in Cryptomeria japonica D. Don has long been studied since heartwood formation is a fundamental physiological feature of trees. In this study, the
water distribution in the xylem of C. japonica was investigated at the cellular level to reveal the role of water distribution in the xylem during heartwood formation.
Samples were taken from different heights of each trunk, in which the phases of heartwood formation differed. These were designated
as SIH, which consisted of sapwood, intermediate wood, and heartwood; SI, which consisted of sapwood and intermediate wood
but no heartwood; and S-all, which consisted entirely of sapwood. Cryo-scanning electron microscopic observations of the heartwood-formed
(SIH) and non-heartwood-formed (SI and S-all) xylem revealed different patterns of water distribution changes in tracheids
between the latewood and earlywood. In the latewood, almost all tracheids were filled with water in all areas from the sapwood
to the heartwood (98–100% of tracheids had water in their lumina). In the earlywood, however, the water distribution differed
between the sapwood (95–99%), intermediate wood (7–12%), and heartwood (4–100%). Many of the tracheids in the xylem, where
the sapwood changed to intermediate wood lost water. In the heartwood, some tracheids remained empty, while others were refilled
with water. These results suggest that the water distribution changes in individual tracheids are closely related to heartwood
formation. Water loss from tracheids may be an important factor inducing heartwood formation in the xylem of C. japonica. 相似文献