群体融合对遗传方差的影响

探讨了群体融合对遗传方差的影响,无显性时基因型方差对群体中的基因频率为一凸函数,群体融合将导致它的增加,完全显性时,当群体中显性基因的频率时,群体融合导致基因型方差增加;而当时,融合导致基因型方差减小。超显性时,群体融合导致基因型方差增加,对加性方差和显性方差也分别进行了探讨。     

连锁情况下自交群体遗传组成的一般表达及紧密连锁基因的选择

根据基因连锁模型推导出了计算杂交后代群体中基因型频率的数学公式,以此为基础分析了紧密连锁基因的选择策略。当Aa和Bb紧密连锁时,重组基因型在F2的频率很小,但是,随着世代的递增而迅速增大。重组基因型频率的变化与连锁强度有密切的关系。连锁越紧密,加代对提高其频率的效果就越明显。在两个位点紧密连锁的情况下,在F2代对重组类型直接进行选择很困难。推迟选择世代可以大幅度地提高选择效率。如果把选择世代由F2推迟到F3~F7,当连锁强度为5%时,选择效率可以提高到F2代的20~68倍;当连锁强度为0.5%时,选择效率可以提高到F2代的200~708倍。本文中推导出的数学公式和原理适用于任何连锁基因的选择和群体组成分析。当P=0.5时,也可以用于独立基因的遗传分析和选择。     

长顺绿壳蛋鸡绿壳基因SLCO1B3多态性分析

为了筛选出产绿壳蛋的纯合子基因型鸡群。本试验采用双重PCR方法检测长顺绿壳蛋鸡群体中EAV-HP在SLCO1B3基因中的插入频率,结果显示,该群体中包含3种基因型:N/N、LC/N和LC/LC,其基因型频率分别为5.23%、52.33%和42.44%;LC基因频率为68.60%,绿壳蛋频率达到94.77%。该插入位点在长顺绿壳蛋鸡群体中处于Hardy-Weinberg不平衡状态(p0.01)。表明长顺绿壳蛋鸡群体拥有大量EAV-HP插入整合的个体,其基因纯合度较高,是优良的地方品种资源。     

自交作物群体的遗传组成分析

用数学方法推导出了自交作物群体遗传组成的分析公式。根据所推出的公式,可以计算出任何自交世代群体的基因型频率和同一表现型中各基因型的频率。对自交群体遗传组成的分析可用于质量性状的选择,确定选择时需要的有效群体大小和选出有效群体的大小,亦有助于确定选择的最佳世代。     

杂交群体动物基因聚合

基因聚合是通过优化设计杂交方案,选择利用目标基因或与其紧密连锁的分子标记,通过世代选择实现将来源于多个不同群体的优势目标基因或基因型聚合到同一个理想个体中,进而达到生产出超级经济性状个体的目的。针对聚合不同目标基因个数,设计4类杂交方案——两群体、三群体、四群体级联、四群体对称。在相同的杂交方案中,比较基因型选择和表型选择策略,分析不同杂交组合、性状遗传力、初始基因频率、基础群体规模对聚合设计的影响,并筛选出最佳的聚合方案。研究结果表明,在较大的基础群体规模和较高初始群体基因频率下,获得聚合多个目标基因的理想个体的可能性较大。在四群体杂交方案中,亲本的杂交次序对于级联杂交比对称杂交的影响较大。模拟结果表明,运用基因型选择进行聚合育种优于表型选择。文章所开发设计的聚合模拟育种的统计分析方法和相应软件为指导杂交育种方案和选择策略的设计提供理论参考,同时,为进一步设计开发聚合设计模拟育种平台奠定基础。     

FTH1基因多态性与湖羊和小尾寒羊产羔数的关联分析

为了解FTH1基因在2个绵羊品种中的遗传变异及其与产羔数的关系,本研究以具有详细产羔记录的湖羊(n=424)和小尾寒羊(n=432)为研究对象,采用DNA-pooling结合PCR-RFLP的方法进行单核苷酸多态性(single nucleotide polymorphism, SNP)扫描,同时分析SNP位点与绵羊产羔数的相关性。结果表明,在FTH1基因第一内含子上发现一个g.1635GA的SNP位点,并在小尾寒羊和湖羊群体中均有AA、AG和GG三种基因型,其基因型频率分别为0.08、0.45、0.47和0.10、0.43、0.47,A和G等位基因频率分别为0.305、0.695和0.315、0.685,表明GG为优势基因型,G为优势等位基因;湖羊群体的基因He、Ho、Ne和PIC分别为0.431、0.569、1.759和0.338;在小尾寒羊中则分别为0.424、0.576、1.737和0.334。χ~2适合性检验表明,在此位点湖羊和小尾寒羊群体均不处于Hardy-Weinberg平衡状态(p0.05)。与产羔数的关联分析发现,在湖羊群体中,GG基因型个体的产羔数显著高于AA基因型(p=0.029),而在小尾寒羊群体中各基因型个体的产羔数差异不显著。综上所述,FTH1基因可以作为提高湖羊产羔数的分子辅助标记。     

长顺绿壳蛋鸡绿壳基因的扩增与鉴定

长顺绿壳蛋鸡是贵州特有的一个地方品种,为了更好地保护和利用该品种,有必要对长顺绿壳蛋鸡进行提纯。本试验随机抽取735只长顺绿壳蛋鸡作为研究对象,以绿壳基因(oocyan,O)作为候选基因,设计3条特异性引物,利用多重PCR技术对长顺绿壳蛋鸡进行纯合基因型的筛选。结果显示,在试验群体中,显性纯合基因型个体为172,隐形纯合基因型个体为69,其余的基因型个体为杂合子(494)。对该基因位点进行遗传特性分析,发现该位点属中度多态,且该位点在本群体中未达到Hardy-Weinberg平衡状态,这可能跟本群体经过了一定的选育有关。群体杂合基因型偏高,占67.21%,杂合子会在后代出现性状分离,所以有必要提高群体纯合绿壳基因频率和纯合基因型频率,从而提高群体绿壳蛋率,增加经济效益。     

群体遗传平衡定律的应用

群体遗传平衡定律,即哈迪-魏伯格定律,是群体遗传学一个最基本最重要的定律,这是由英国数学家哈迪(Hardy)和德国医生魏伯格(Weinberg)在1908年先后独立地证明过的：在一个随机交配的大群体,如果没有其他因素(如突变、选择、迁移、漂变)的干扰,总是处于一种平衡状态,即从上一代到下一代基因型     

FGF5基因对内蒙古绒山羊绒毛性状的影响

根据FGF5基因已知DNA序列设计了2对引物, 采用PCR-SSCP和PCR-RFLP技术, 在内蒙古绒山羊群体中进行基因多态性检测, 结果发现FGF5基因外显子1存在限制性内切酶BglⅠ多态位点。对其不同基因型个体PCR回收产物进行测序, 测序结果发现该SNP是由碱基序列C→T的突变而引起的。基因型和基因频率统计, 该实验群体以等位基因A具有明显的优势, χ2检验表明该SNP位点的基因频率处于Hardy-Weinberg平衡状态; 对该SNP与绒毛性状关联分析, 表明该SNP对绒纤维伸直长度(P<0.01)和含绒量(P<0.05)有显著影响, 而对其他各绒毛性状的影响不显著(P>0.05)。AB基因型个体绒纤维伸直长度(P<0.01)和含绒量(P<0.05)显著高于AA基因型个体。     

对高中生物课中群体遗传的应用分析

群体 ,是指一群可以相互交配的生物个体。在一个群体中 ,有许多性状表现 ,但各种性状绝不会在同一个体中同时出现。尤其是相对性状 ,不同表现类型由于在不同个体中出现 ,因而 ,各自具有一定的出现频率。据孟德尔定律 ,控制性状的基因在配子中也有相应的出现频率。因而可以进行有关群体遗传的数量及频率的测定和预算。下面仅就一对相对性状遗传进行分析。例 1　已知兔子的脂肪有白色和淡黄色两种 ,是 1对相对性状 ,属常染色体遗传 ,白色 (B)对淡黄色 (b)为显性。基因型为 BB和 bb的个体杂交 ,预测 F3 及以后的群体中 ,淡黄色脂肪个体占群体…     

Ectogenesis and the case against the right to the death of the foetus

Ectogenesis, or the use of an artificial womb to allow a foetus to develop, will likely become a reality within a few decades, and could significantly affect the abortion debate. We first examine the implications for Judith Jarvis Thomson’s violinist analogy, which argues for a woman’s right to withdraw life support from the foetus and so terminate her pregnancy, even if the foetus is granted full moral status. We show that on Thomson’s reasoning, there is no right to the death of the foetus, and abortion is not permissible if ectogenesis is available, provided it is safe and inexpensive. This raises the question of whether there are persuasive reasons for the right to the death of the foetus that could be exercised in the context of ectogenesis. Eric Mathison and Jeremy Davis have examined several arguments for this right, doubting that it exists, while Joona Räsänen has recently criticized their reasoning. We respond to Räsänen’s analysis, concluding that his arguments are unsuccessful, and that there is no right to the death of the foetus in these circumstances.     

On the diversity of the Cladocera in the tropics

The mythical concept of an impoverished tropical cladoceran fauna is refuted. On a planetary scale, around half of the cladoceran species presently known occur exclusively in the tropics-subtropics, often with considerable restriction to particular geographical subzones. On a regional (political) scale, the situation is often unclear because of the continued fragmentary nature of studies, and because political units are not a good basis for biogeographical comparisons. At the finest level of resolution (lake-perlake comparisons), there appears to be an upper limit of c. 50 cladoceran species per individual lake. No significant difference between lakes in the temperate zone and in the tropics could be established here. Daphnia is largely absent from the tropics, but is replaced by more Sidids, Moinids, and Bosminids, such that the average cladoceran community in the limnetic zone of a tropical lake is not characterized by less species but rather by lower population densities. This, in turn, is considered a consequence of higher prevalent predation levels in the tropics.     

Tubular networks in the terminal endings of the visual receptor cells in the human,the monkey,the cat and the dog

Summary A tubular network was found in the terminal endings of the visual receptor cells in the human, the monkey (Macaca mulatta), the cat and the dog. These tubules are arranged in close groups in the vicinity of the synaptic lamellae and the invaginated dendrites. According to the form, diameter, density of the tubules and to the consistence of the network formed by them one can distinguish at these places an initial type (type I), a transitory (type II) and a vesicular one (type III). In the the type III branching, bizarre forms are frequent. The diameter of all the tubules reaches 500–600 Å, their density and walls being the same as in the synaptic vesicles.Similar networks also occur in the axons of the visual receptor cells of the monkey.

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Zusammenfassung In den Endigungen der Photorezeptorzellen von Mensch, Affe (Macaca mulatta), Katze und Hund kommen aus Tubuli bestehende Komplexe vor. Organellenartig in geschlossenen Gruppen angeordnet, liegen sie in Nähe der synaptischen Lamellen und der invaginierten Dendriten. An diesen Stellen kann man nach Form, Durchmesser, Dichte und Konsistenz der von den Tubuli gebildeten Komplexe drei Typen unterscheiden: 1. einen initialen (Typus I), 2. einen Übergangstypus (Typus II) und 3. einen vesiculären Typus (Typus III). In letzterem kommen häufig verzweigte, bizarre Formen vor. Der Durchmesser sämtlicher Tubuli erreicht 500–600 Å. Ihre Dichte und ihre Wand gleicht denen der synaptischen Vesikel.Ähnliche Komplexe fanden wir auch in den Axonen der Photorezeptorzellen vom Affen.

     

Assessing the Physiological State of the Fucoids from the Barents Sea Littoral by the End of the Polar Night

Methods of amperometry and potentiometric titration were used to follow dark respiration (DR) and apparent photosynthesis (AP) in the fucoids Ascophyllum nodosum (L.) Le Jol, Fucus vesiculosus L., and F. serratus L. from the Barents Sea littoral by the end of the 40-day-long polar night. The macroalgae were shown to manifest species-specific low rates of photosynthesis and respiration. However, in spite of their low photosynthetic status due to the effects of subzero temperature and prolonged low or zero illumination, the macroalgae have been able to restore DR and AP to the initial level already by the day 9; the ability to restore AP depended on the level of illumination. The study of the changes in the carbonate–bicarbonate system in the light and darkness demonstrated that the macroalgae grown in darkness, in contrast to those grown in twilight, could absorb bicarbonate in darkness; however, they lost this capacity after two-day-long illumination at an irradiance of 7 mol/(m² s). Bicarbonate uptake in darkness and the capacity to restore the systems of photosynthesis and respiration in fucoid cells are discussed in the context of algal energy metabolism under the polar night conditions.     

Arranging the elements of the potassium channel: the T1 domain occludes the cytoplasmic face of the channel

The voltage-gated potassium channel is currently one of the few membrane proteins where functional roles have been mapped onto specific segments of sequence. Although high-resolution structures of the transmembrane portions of three bacterial potassium channels, the tetramerization domain and the cytoplasmic ball are available, their relative spatial arrangement in mammalian channels remains a matter of ongoing debate. Cryo-electron microscopic images of the six transmembrane voltage-gated Kv channel have been reconstructed at up to 18 Å resolution, revealing that the T1 domain tetramerizes and is suspended below the transmembrane segments. However, the resolution of these images is insufficient to reveal the location of the third piece of the puzzle, the inactivating ball domain. We have used the aberrant interactions observed in a series of chimæric channels to establish that an assembled T1 domain restricts access to the cytoplasmic face of the channel, suggesting that the N-terminal ball and chain may be confined in the space between the T1 domain and the transmembrane portion of the channel.     

Feeding the vertebrate retina from the Cambrian to the Tertiary

The retina of the vertebrate eye is metabolically active and requires nutritive support. During the last 540 million years it has evolved into forms as complicated and nutritionally demanding as those found in avian or primate eyes. Diffusion from the choroid is generally able to supply the metabolic needs of thin retinae. However, when the thickness exceeds the limits of diffusion, structures are needed to supplement the vascular supply from the choroid. These supplemental nutritive devices include the choroidal gland, the falciform process and preretinal vascular plexus of fish, the conus papillaris of lizards, the pecten oculi of birds, the intraretinal vessels of mammals and a few novel systems that remain difficult to classify. These vascular systems are among the most variable features of the vertebrate eye. Here, we review classical and recent findings regarding such retinal nutrition systems, propose a three category classification for them based on histologic origins and speculate on the evolutionary forces which drove their development.     

Observations on the permeability of the choriocapillaris of the eye

Summary The choriocapillaris is a fenestrated capillary bed located posterior to the retinal pigment epithelium. It serves as the main source of supply to the photoreceptors, retinal pigment epithelium, and other cells of the outer retina. The permeability of these capillaries to intravenously injected ferritin (MW — approx. 480,000; mol. diam. 11 nm) was examined in the mouse, rabbit, and guinea pig, each of which is characterized by a different type of retinal vascularization. In all three species, the bulk of the ferritin remained in the capillary lumina, where it appeared to be blocked at the level of the diaphragmed fenestrae. Some ferritin was present in endothelial cell vacuoles. The results confirm previous work on the rat choriocapillaris and indicate that the barrier function of the choriocapillary endothelium is present even among species in which the retinal circulation differs significantly.Supported by NIH grant EY03418     

Separation of the pineal vesicle from the wall of the third ventricle during the post-hatching development of the chicken

Summary According to light- and electron-microscopic observations the pineal organ of the 3-day-old chicken consists of a prominent end vesicle and a tapering parenchymal stalk. During this stage the pineal lumen is in open communication with the third ventricle. However, in the 40-day-old chicken, which still possesses a well-developed end vesicle, the proximal portion of the pineal stalk displays regressive changes leading to local fragmentation. At this stage the pineal stalk is reduced, and the pineal lumen is missing. In 1-year-old chickens the parenchyma of the proximal portion of the stalk is further diminished, and in 3-year-old domestic fowl is completely displaced by bundles of collagenous fibers, only some nerve fibers being present. This post-hatching pineal development may reflect the sequence of changes leading from pineal sense organs to pineal glands.This work was supported by a grant-in-aid for Scientific Research from the Ministry of Education, Science and Culture of Japan