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1.
Reynaldo Linares-Palomino Victor Cardona Ernest I. Hennig Isabell Hensen Doreen Hoffmann Jasmin Lendzion Daniel Soto Sebastian K. Herzog Michael Kessler 《Plant Ecology》2009,201(1):87-99
We provide total vascular plant species counts for three 1-ha plots in deciduous, semi-deciduous and evergreen forests in
central Bolivia. Species richness ranged from 297 species and 22,360 individuals/ha in the dry deciduous forest to 382 species
and 31,670 individuals/ha in the evergreen forest. Orchidaceae, Pteridophyta and Leguminosae were among the most species-rich
major plant groups in each plot, and Peperomia (Piperaceae), Pleurothallis (Orchidaceae) and Tillandsia (Bromeliaceae), all epiphytes, were the most species-rich genera. This dominance of a few but very diverse and/or widespread
taxa contrasted with the low compositional similarity between plots. In a neotropical context, these Central Bolivian forest
plots are similar in total species richness to other dry deciduous and humid montane forests, but less rich than most Amazonian
forests. Nevertheless, lianas, terrestrial herbs and especially epiphytes proved to be of equal or higher species richness
than most other neotropical forest inventories from which data are available. We therefore highlight the importance of non-woody
life-forms (especially epiphytes and terrestrial herbs) in Andean foothill forest ecosystems in terms of species richness
and numbers of individuals, representing in some cases nearly 50% of the species and more than 75% of the individuals. These
figures stress the need for an increased inventory effort on non-woody plant groups in order to accurately direct conservation
actions.
Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (doi:) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users. 相似文献
2.
Odonate diversity in the Coalcomán Mountain Range (CMR), Michoacán State, Mexico, was surveyed, and samplings were made during
2 years in eight streams along an altitudinal gradient. Presence–absence data were analyzed using non-parametric and parametric
methods. Beta and gamma diversities were estimated using Whittaker’s and Lande’s formulae, respectively. A total of 2,526
adults and 489 larvae were captured, yielding 116 species (γ diversity), 44 genera and 9 families. Five new species were discovered. The genus Argia was the most important contributor to Zygoptera diversity and total richness (γ diversity), yielding 40.4 and 14.7%, respectively. The non-parametric estimator Chao2 provided the closest theoretical estimate
of species richness, and Clench’s model fit the data well (R
2 ranged from 99.44 to 99.99) to explain a high proportion of the variance (98.8). We conclude that beta diversity is important
at the landscape scale, supporting the hypothesis that Mexico is a beta diverse country. Our results triple the number of
known species of Odonata for Michoacán. Given the considerable richness of odonates at local and landscape scales, our results
support the proposal of the Coalcomán Mountain Range as a priority area for conservation and related research. 相似文献
3.
Patterns of ectoparasite species richness in mammals have been investigated in various terrestrial mammalian taxa such as
primates, ungulates and carnivores. Several ecological or life traits of hosts are expected to explain much of the variability
in species richness of parasites. In the present comparative analysis we investigate some determinants of parasite richness
in bats, a large and understudied group of flying mammals, and their obligate blood-sucking ectoparasite, streblid bat flies
(Diptera). We investigate the effects of host body size, geographical range, group size and roosting ecology on the species
richness of bat flies in tropical areas of Venezuela and Peru, where both host and parasite diversities are high. We use the
data from a major sampling effort on 138 bat species from nine families. We also investigate potential correlation between
bat fly species richness and brain size (corrected for body size) in these tropical bats. We expect a relationship if there
is a potential energetic trade-off between costly large brains and parasite-mediated impacts. We show that body size and roosting
in cavities are positively correlated with bat fly species richness. No effects of bat range size and group size were observed.
Our results also suggest an association between body mass-independent brain size and bat fly species richness.
Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (doi:) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users. 相似文献
4.
Cape ground squirrels as ecosystem engineers: modifying habitat for plants,small mammals and beetles in Namib Desert grasslands
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Michelle V. A. Ewacha Corris Kaapehi Jane M. Waterman James D. Roth 《African Journal of Ecology》2016,54(1):68-75
Burrowing and foraging of semi‐fossorial rodents can affect species distribution and composition. Ground squirrels dig large burrow systems for refuge from predators and temperature extremes. Burrowing and foraging around burrows by squirrels may affect habitat and resource distributions for other organisms. We examined the impact of Cape ground squirrels (Xerus inauris) on vegetation, small mammals and beetles during winter and summer in grasslands on the edge of the Namib Desert. At each burrow system and paired control site without burrows, we estimated plant cover and height using quadrats (N = 8 paired sites), small mammal abundance and species richness using mark‐recapture techniques (N = 8 paired sites) and beetle abundance and species richness using pitfall traps (N = 6 paired sites, winter only). Squirrel burrowing and foraging activities resulted in lower plant cover and height, higher small mammal abundance and lower beetle abundance and species richness. Squirrels also reduced more plant cover in winter compared to summer, but had no effect on small mammal species richness. Furthermore, plant cover and height were higher in summer, whereas small mammal abundance and species richness were higher in winter. Our results suggest that Cape ground squirrels are important ecosystem engineers that influence plant and animal communities in the Namib Desert grasslands. 相似文献
5.
Idrissa Adama Camara Dramane Diomande Yves Kotchi Bony Allassane Ouattara Evelyne Franquet Germain Gourene 《African Journal of Ecology》2012,50(2):205-217
In the present study, a first inventory of benthic macroinvertebrates in the Banco Stream, Côte d'Ivoire, and the correlations between environmental variables and taxonomic richness were analysed. Seven stations were sampled monthly over a 1‐year period, using a hand net (10 × 10 cm, 250 μm mesh, 50 cm length). One hundred and thirty‐two macroinvertebrate taxa were recorded. These taxa were distributed among 74 families and 15 orders belonging to Insecta (118 taxa; 89% of total richness), Oligochaeta (seven taxa), Crustacea (five taxa) and Mollusca (two taxa). Kruskal–Wallis test revealed significant difference (at least P < 0.05) in macroinvertebrate richness between upstream stations (S1 and S2) and stations S4, S5 and S6. Chironominae and Tanypodinae (Insecta) were the two very frequent taxa in all the stations. Lumbriculidae (Oligochaeta), Desmocaris trispinosa (Crustacea) and Eurymetra sp. (Insecta) were frequently found in the samples. Hierarchical cluster analysis revealed three groups of sampling stations according to taxonomic similarity. Taxonomic richness was significantly and negatively correlated with conductivity, while it was significantly and positively correlated with substrate types (woody debris and gravel). Due to the fact that Banco stream is the locality type of an endemic shrimp species (Macrobrachium thysi), this basin is of high conservation priority. 相似文献
6.
C. Dang X. de Montaudouin J. Bald F. Jude N. Raymond L. Lanceleur I. Paul-Pont N. Caill-Milly 《Hydrobiologia》2009,630(1):139-148
Knowledge of temporal variation in nearshore Laurentian Great Lakes fish assemblages is important for understanding species–habitat
associations, how abiotic and biotic influences vary temporally, and when sampling should occur. Using spring and fall seining
data from Lake Erie beaches, we compared day and night fish assemblages and tested for differences among sampling periods.
Beaches were utilized by a diverse collection of Lake Erie basin fishes (one-third of known species). During all sampling
periods, catches were dominated by cyprinid species (53–91%), and by invertivores and planktivorous fishes. Diel differences
were detected in abundance, species richness and assemblage structure. Multivariate analyses (canonical analysis of principal
coordinates) indicated that season had a larger influence on fish assemblage structure than diel period. Given observed temporal
variation in assemblage structure, studies of Laurentian Great Lakes beach fishes should be restricted to a single time period
(e.g. day-time spring sampling), or adopt sampling designs that permit diel period and season to be included as factors in
analyses. Second, the large seasonal variation in assemblage composition combined with higher night species richness indicates
that night sampling during both spring and fall would be the most efficient and comprehensive approach for beach fish inventory.
Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (doi:) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
Handling editor: J. Trexler 相似文献
7.
Lepidopteran assemblages in Temnosmrečinská dolina valley (High Tatra Mts, Western Carpathians, Slovakia) were investigated.
Recent data about the occurrence of lepidopteran species are compared with those which were obtained 55 years ago. Lepidoptera
were monitored at seven sites comprising the subalpine to alpine zone of the valley. Fifteen of the originally recorded species
were not found, however, the occurrence of six new species was recorded. In total, 61 summer lepidopteran species are known
from the Temnosmrečinská dolina valley. The comparison of the recent lepidopteran assemblages shows a decline in species richness,
abundance and frequency at individual monitoring sites. It seems that the changes are caused by plant community succession
in the valley — overgrowth of dwarf pine, transformation of meadow communities to Calamagrostigetum and overgrowth of peat-bogs, resulting in loss of food resources for adult Lepidoptera. 相似文献
8.
Large‐scale biodiversity studies can be more informative if observed diversity in a study site is accompanied by dark diversity, the set of absent although ecologically suitable species. Dark diversity methodology is still being developed and a comparison of different approaches is needed. We used plant data at two different scales (European and seven large regions) and compared dark diversity estimates from two mathematical methods: species co‐occurrence (SCO) and species distribution modeling (SDM). We used plant distribution data from the Atlas Florae Europaeae (50 × 50 km grid cells) and seven different European regions (10 × 10 km grid cells). Dark diversity was estimated by SCO and SDM for both datasets. We examined the relationship between the dark diversity sizes (type II regression) and the overlap in species composition (overlap coefficient). We tested the overlap probability according to the hypergeometric distribution. We combined the estimates of the two methods to determine consensus dark diversity and composite dark diversity. We tested whether dark diversity and completeness of site diversity (log ratio of observed and dark diversity) are related to various natural and anthropogenic factors differently than simple observed diversity. Both methods provided similar dark diversity sizes and distribution patterns; dark diversity is greater in southern Europe. The regression line, however, deviated from a 1:1 relationship. The species composition overlap of two methods was about 75%, which is much greater than expected by chance. Both consensus and composite dark diversity estimates showed similar distribution patterns. Both dark diversity and completeness measures exhibit relationships to natural and anthropogenic factors different than those exhibited by observed richness. In summary, dark diversity revealed new biodiversity patterns which were not evident when only observed diversity was examined. A new perspective in dark diversity studies can incorporate a combination of methods. 相似文献
9.
Isidro Méndez-Larios Rafael Lira Héctor Godìnez-Alvarez Patricia Dávila Enrique Ortiz 《Biodiversity and Conservation》2006,15(5):1627-1659
This work proposes the establishment of core zones in the Biosphere Reserve of Tehuacán-Cuicatlán (BRTC), based on plant species
richness and endemism. A total of 561 species of the four most important plant families in the region (Asteraceae, Cactaceae,
Leguminosae and Poaceae) as well as 174 endemic species of these and other families were used in the analyses. Distribution
of these taxa was analyzed using two different iterative complementarity methods. Significant correlations were found between
patterns of species richness and endemic plants distribution in the study area. These results were combined with other analysis
where two different indices (species richness index and human population index) were used. The results suggest the delimitation
of four core zones within the Biosphere Reserve, covering a total area of 105,300 ha. The core zones represent 21.8% of the
area, and would protect 72.54% of the species from the selected plant families and 67.8% of endemic species. 相似文献
10.
Diversity of terrestrial isopods across habitats and altitude was studied in the National Park of Chambi (central Tunisia). Samples were collected over five years in seven sites (S1–S7), within an altitudinal range from 750 to 1,500 m a.s.l. Twelve species belonging to five families were identified, with one endemic species (Porcellio djahizi) to this area, and three species were present in all sites (P. djahizi, Leptotrichus panzerii and Armadillidium tunisiense). Agnaridae represented by Hemilepistus reaumurii species was the most abundant family (58.77%) and found in only one site. Our results showed differences in species richness between sites. Indeed, S2 and S3 (900 and 1,050 m) showed the highest species richness with 11 species each. This result validates the hypothesis of mid‐elevational richness peak and contradicts the theory of large sampling regimes in determining the relationship between species richness and elevation. Terrestrial isopod species richness in the Chambi Mountain tends to decrease with altitude: 11 species in S2 and S3 to four species in S7. The highest Shannon–Wiener diversity index value was observed in S2 (H′ = 3.21 bits). Canonical correspondence analysis revealed that H. reaumurii was positively correlated with temperature whereas A. tunisiense and P. djahizi were the only species positively correlated with altitude. 相似文献
11.
71 heteropteran species belonging to 57 genera of 17 families are recorded for the first time for Sverdlovsk Province (the Middle Urals). Among them, the flower bug Temnostethus longirostris (Horváth, {dy1907}) is new to the Russian fauna; the families Microphysidae, Plataspidae, and Thyreocoridae are recorded for the first time from the Middle Urals. 相似文献
12.
Long Van Nguyen 《Environmental Biology of Fishes》2012,93(2):277-293
To improve understanding of reef fish communities of Vietnam’s first dedicated marine protected area, visual censuses were
conducted seasonally from 2003–05 in Nha Trang Bay, south-central Vietnam using SCUBA. Results from this study show that species
richness were usually higher in summer than winter and that decreased from summer to winter in both shallow and deep areas
in this MPA, but this apparent decrease was not significant. There were significant variations in density of reef fish communities
between seasons with higher densities in summer (from April to September) and lower densities in winter (from October to March).
The families contributing most to the higher density during summer in the 3 years were acanthurids, chaetodontids, labrids,
pomacentrids, scarids, siganids, pomacanthids and caesionids. The increased density of these families in summer was mostly
due to increases of juveniles. Recruitment of acanthurids, chaetodontids, labrids, pomacentrids, scarids and siganids occurred
primarily in shallow waters whereas caesionids and pomacanthids were mainly recruiting in deeper areas. There were no differences
in spatial variations in both species richness and density within the same time periods over several years. 相似文献
13.
Theoretical studies claim that if co-occurring species have very different mobilities this will result in greater small-scale
species richness, but empirical evidence is still lacking. We measured horizontal vegetative mobility (VM) of 48 herbaceous
understory species and estimated small-scale species richness in early and late successional boreonemoral herb-rich coniferous
forests in central Estonia. VM of erosulate growth forms was significantly higher than that of hemi-rosette and rosette growth
forms. Erosulate species exhibited higher mobility in young stands, but their relative and total cover was considerably higher
in old stands. Local plant richness (in 1 × 1 m plots) correlated positively with the variability of VM of species in a plot—larger
differences in VM resulted in a higher number of coexisting species. Our results thus suggest that species differences in
VM can contribute to small-scale coexistence by providing different ways to colonise empty space.
Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (doi:) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users. 相似文献
14.
During the vegetation periods of 2001–2003 Heteroptera associated with the invasive alien tall goldenrods Solidago canadensis and S. gigantea were studied in seven model habitats in the north-eastern part of the Czech Republic. Heteropterans associated with adjacent
growths were also studied in 2002–2003. A set of 3,042 specimens of 127 samples was analyzed with the aim of estimating average
species richness, abundance and trophic structure of the heteropteran assemblages of the studied plant stand. On alien Solidago, 68 heteropteran species were recorded and 71 species were collected in the stands adjacent to the tall goldenrods with 48
shared species. Despite the nearly indentical species richness and similar abundances in Solidago and adjacent stands, there are differences in the trophic structure. The majority of the shared species and species found
on Solidago canadensis only are polyphagous contrary to the majority of stenophagous species found on Solidago free stands only. Only a small proportion of heteropteran species that were recorded on alien Solidago stands are specialized to Asteraceae and their abundance was mostly low. Only the lygaeid Nysius senecionis, an Asteraceae specialist, occured in masses on S. canadensis in sunny and warm habitats. Similarly, predatory Orius minutus and O. niger reached high abundance values in Solidago stands compared to adjacent stands. 相似文献
15.
Fernando Diez Marcela Cornelis JosÉ Luis Pall MarÍa Del Carmen CoscarÓn 《分类学与生物多样性》2018,16(6):565-575
The first step to understanding the species present in a particular area is to perform inventory and assemblage studies. To obtain a species inventory, it is important to determine parameters such as species richness and relative abundance. This information can be useful for future studies and decision-making purposes in the conservation area. Despite the fundamental role of the terrestrial Heteroptera in ecosystems, they remain poorly known. We expected that the terrestrial Heteroptera species assemblage would be strongly associated with plant communities. Presently, 840 samples were collected in northern Argentine Patagonia during two years, 2013 and 2014. A total of 1950 adults of terrestrial Heteroptera belonging to 12 families, 32 species, and 8 morphospecies were found. Various statistical techniques were applied to correct the observed data for undersampling bias. These suggested that the lower boundary of the summer Heteroptera species richness in northern Patagonia was about 44–54 species. We concluded that the high regional habitat heterogeneity along the west-to-east and south-to-north gradients was paralleled by the turnover of Heteroptera. However, the Patagonian steppe shared a high number of species with the Monte and Subantarctic provinces. The suction sampling technique is an efficient technique to collect Heteroptera in environments with different plant structure and should thus be used in a complementary way with the sweeping technique. 相似文献
16.
Elevational patterns of species richness and endemism for some important taxa in the Hengduan Mountains, southwestern China 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
Da-Cai Zhang Yong-Hong Zhang David E. Boufford Hang Sun 《Biodiversity and Conservation》2009,18(3):699-716
We describe the elevational patterns of species richness and endemism of some important taxa in the Hengduan Mountains, southwest
China. Species richness data came from publications, an online database, herbaria and field work. Species richness was estimated
by rarefaction and interpolation. The Hengduan Mountains region was divided into a southern and northern subregion, and all
species were assigned to four groups based on their distributional range within this region. The conditional autoregressive
model (CAR) was used to relate species richness and explanatory variables. The elevational patterns of total, endemic and
non-endemic species richness, at subregion and entire region scales, presented to be unimodal and peaked at similar elevations.
Area size was strongly related with species richness, and was more powerful in explaining variation in species richness in
the northern subregion than in the southern subregion. A single climatic variable (mean annual rainfall, potential evapotranspiration
or moisture index) showed a weak relationship with the elevational pattern of species richness. Area and climatic variables
together explained more than 67% of the variation in non-endemic richness, 53% in total richness, and 50% in endemic richness.
There were three patterns of endemism at the generic level with increasing elevation: namely endemism increased, decreased,
or peaked at middle elevations. All selected taxa have experienced rapid speciation and evolution within this region, which
plays an important role in the uniform elevational patterns of total, endemic and non-endemic richness, and in the multiform
elevational patterns of endemism.
Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (doi:) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users. 相似文献
17.
Comparative mapping of DNA sequences in rye (Secale
cereale L.) in relation to the rice genome 总被引:1,自引:1,他引:0
Hackauf B Rudd S van der Voort JR Miedaner T Wehling P 《TAG. Theoretical and applied genetics. Theoretische und angewandte Genetik》2009,118(2):371-384
The rice genome has proven a valuable resource for comparative approaches to address individual genomic regions in Triticeae
species at the molecular level. To exploit this resource for rye genetics and breeding, an inventory was made of EST-derived
markers with known genomic positions in rye, which were related with those in rice. As a first inventory set, 92 EST-SSR markers
were mapped which had been drawn from a non-redundant rye EST collection representing 5,423 unigenes and 2.2 Mb of DNA. Using
a BC1 mapping population which involved an exotic rye accession as donor parent, these EST-SSR markers were arranged in a
linkage map together with 25 genomic SSR markers as well as 131 AFLP and four STS markers. This map comprises seven linkage
groups corresponding to the seven rye chromosomes and covers 724 cM of the rye genome. For comparative studies, additional
inventory sets of EST-based markers were included which originated from the rye-mapping data published by other authors. Altogether,
502 EST-based markers with known chromosomal localizations in rye were used for BlastN search and 334 of them could be in
silico mapped in the rice genome. Additionally, 14 markers were included which lacked sequence information but had been genetically
mapped in rice. Based on the 348 markers, each of the seven rye chromosomes could be aligned with distinct portions of the
rice genome, providing improved insight into the status of the rye–rice genome relationships. Furthermore, the aligned markers
provide genomic anchor points between rye and rice, enabling the identification of conserved ortholog set markers for rye.
Perspectives of rice as a model for genome analysis in rye are discussed.
Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (doi:) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
Dedicated to Prof. em. Dr. Dr. h.c. Günter Wricke on occasion of his 80th birthday. 相似文献
18.
Frédéric Archaux Sylvaine Camaret Jean-Luc Dupouey Erwin Ulrich Emmanuel Corcket Laurence Bourjot Alain Brêthes Richard Chevalier Jean-Francois Dobremez Yann Dumas Gérard Dumé Marie Forêt Françoise Forgeard Myriam Lebret Gallet Jean-François Picard Franck Richard Jean-Marie Savoie Laurent Seytre Jean Timbal Jean Touffet 《Plant Ecology》2009,203(2):303-315
19.
Inventory, differentiation, and proportional diversity: a consistent terminology for quantifying species diversity 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
Almost half a century after Whittaker (Ecol Monogr 30:279–338, 1960) proposed his influential diversity concept, it is time
for a critical reappraisal. Although the terms alpha, beta and gamma diversity introduced by Whittaker have become general textbook knowledge, the concept suffers from several drawbacks. First, alpha
and gamma diversity share the same characteristics and are differentiated only by the scale at which they are applied. However,
as scale is relative––depending on the organism(s) or ecosystems investigated––this is not a meaningful ecological criterion.
Alpha and gamma diversity can instead be grouped together under the term “inventory diversity.” Out of the three levels proposed
by Whittaker, beta diversity is the one which receives the most contradictory comments regarding its usefulness (“key concept”
vs. “abstruse concept”). Obviously beta diversity means different things to different people. Apart from the large variety
of methods used to investigate it, the main reason for this may be different underlying data characteristics. A literature
review reveals that the multitude of measures used to assess beta diversity can be sorted into two conceptually different
groups. The first group directly takes species distinction into account and compares the similarity of sites (similarity indices,
slope of the distance decay relationship, length of the ordination axis, and sum of squares of a species matrix). The second
group relates species richness (or other summary diversity measures) of two (or more) different scales to each other (additive
and multiplicative partitioning). Due to that important distinction, we suggest that beta diversity should be split into two
levels, “differentiation diversity” (first group) and “proportional diversity” (second group). Thus, we propose to use the
terms “inventory diversity” for within-sample diversity, “differentiation diversity” for compositional similarity between
samples, and “proportional diversity” for the comparison of inventory diversity across spatial and temporal scales.
Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (doi:) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users. 相似文献
20.
The present study evaluated the usefulness of collection of location specific data for assessing patterns of species diversity
and endemism based on a dataset for the 10 temperate flowering plant families from the Indian Himalaya Region. Analysis was
based on 818 grid cells (15 × 15′) representing throughout the Indian Himalayan Region (IHR). Based on the existing information
on diverse aspects of the selected plant families four indices, i.e., species richness, weighted endemism, 1–4 cell endemism
and corrected weighted endemism were developed and mapped for selected plant families. Analysis revealed that endemism is
significantly (P < 0.001) correlated with species richness (1–4 cell endemic index: r = 0.85; weighted endemism; r = 0.58). On the basis of four different indices, potential areas have been identified for conservation. Data of each indices
have been overlaid to each other for identification and prioritization of endemic rich areas in the Indian Himalayan Region. 相似文献