巴氏新小绥螨甲氰菊酯抗性品系生物学特性及其对常用药剂的交互抗性

【目的】明确橘园常用药剂对巴氏新小绥螨Neoseiulus barkeri成螨的致死效应,弄清巴氏新小绥螨甲氰菊酯抗性品系对柑橘园常用药剂的交互抗性水平及生态适合度变化,为巴氏新小绥螨抗性品系的田间应用提供科学理论依据。【方法】在对巴氏新小绥螨进行致死效应和交互抗性测定的基础上,运用生态学方法对其生物学特性进行评价。【结果】不同药剂对巴氏新小绥螨成螨致死效应存在显著差异。高效氯氟氰菊酯和毒死蜱的致死率最高,校正死亡率分别为97.62%和92.57%;巴氏新小绥螨甲氰菊酯抗性品系螺螨酯、噻虫嗪、乙螨唑、毒死蜱和高效氯氟氰菊酯均存在显著交互抗性,其抗性倍数分别为7.56、10.32、11.45、19.10和45.89倍。生物学特性研究结果表明,与敏感品系相比,甲氰菊酯抗性的获得使其发育历期显著延长,但对捕食量和孵化率影响不显著。哒螨灵、丁氟螨酯和高效氯氟氰菊酯对巴氏新小绥螨抗性品系与敏感品系卵的孵化率具有显著影响,其他常用药剂对巴氏新小绥螨抗性品系与敏感品系卵的孵化率不存在显著影响。【结论】甲氰菊酯抗性获得使巴氏新小绥螨对柑橘园常用药剂表现不同水平的交互抗性;甲氰菊酯抗性获得对巴氏新小绥螨生长、繁殖及捕食均无显著影响,可在田间推广应用。     

截形叶螨对哒螨灵、阿维菌素和阿维·哒螨灵的抗性选育和抗性稳定性研究

【目的】明确截形叶螨Tetranychus truncatus Ehara对哒螨灵、阿维菌素和阿维·哒螨灵3种田间常用药剂产生抗性的速率和稳定性,为叶螨的抗性综合治理提供一定的理论依据。【方法】采用室内生测法,对截形叶螨进行药剂的抗性筛选、衰退和再恢复规律研究。【结果】经过连续30代的药剂汰选,截形叶螨对哒螨灵、阿维菌素和阿维·哒螨灵3种药剂产生了不同程度的抗药性,抗性指数分别达到197.50、19.56和12.57;停止喷药后,其抗性都有所下降,其中截形叶螨对哒螨灵的抗性最不稳定,培育至30代后,抗性衰退率达到63.54%,对阿维菌素的抗性较为稳定,抗性衰退率为23.30%;再次恢复用药后,截形叶螨对哒螨灵、阿维菌素和阿维哒螨灵抗性再度回升,以抗哒螨灵品系的抗性恢复最快,药剂汰选30代后,增长率达到了58.47%,阿维·哒螨灵次之(增长率为38.67%),抗阿维菌素的品系抗性恢复最慢,增长率仅为22.86%。【结论】截形叶螨对哒螨灵抗性不稳定,停止用药后,敏感性易恢复,对阿维菌素和阿维·哒螨灵的抗性较稳定,一旦抗性产生不易衰退,故田间应用时应交替轮换用药。     

我国白纹伊蚊对三种拟除虫菊酯类杀虫剂抗性检测诊断剂量的建立

【目的】建立中国白纹伊蚊Aedes albopictus成蚊对溴氰菊酯、氯菊酯和高效氯氟氰菊酯杀虫剂抗性检测的诊断剂量。【方法】应用溴氰菊酯、氯菊酯和高效氯氟氰菊酯原药制作不同浓度的药膜滤纸,接触筒法测定白纹伊蚊实验室敏感品系成蚊对3种拟除虫菊酯类杀虫剂的敏感性,记录1 h的击倒数和24 h的死亡数。应用Excel 2007和SPSS20.0进行数据统计处理,并制作杀虫剂的毒力回归线,计算各自的LC_(50)和LC_(99)值。以2倍LC_(99)值作为区分抗性和敏感种群的诊断剂量,制作药膜滤纸,接触筒法生物测定海口市白纹伊蚊现场种群成蚊对杀虫剂的抗药性。【结果】溴氰菊酯、高效氯氟氰菊酯和氯菊酯杀虫剂对白纹伊蚊实验室敏感品系成蚊的LC_(50)值分别为0.00619%,0.01403%和0.05009%,LC_(99)值分别为0.05175%,0.11859%,和0.53165%,相对应的诊断剂量分别为0.1035%,0.2372%和1.0633%。应用上述溴氰菊酯、氯菊酯和高效氯氟氰菊酯诊断剂量测定的海口市白纹伊蚊现场种群的死亡率分别为22.58%,36.29%和40.83%,表明该种群对这3种菊酯类杀虫剂均已产生了抗性。【结论】本研究建立的白纹伊蚊对3种拟除虫菊酯类杀虫剂的诊断剂量可作为该蚊成蚊抗药性监测的参考。     

螺旋粉虱的田间抗药性监测及其对毒死蜱的抗性风险评估

【背景】螺旋粉虱是新入侵中国海南的一种危险性害虫,化学防治是目前最主要的防治手段和应急措施。【方法】采用POTTER喷雾法监测了海南各地理种群螺旋粉虱对毒死蜱、丙溴磷、高效氯氰菊酯、高效氯氟氰菊酯、吡虫啉、啶虫脒和阿维菌素等7种药剂的抗性水平,并运用Tabashnik域性状分析法估算了螺旋粉虱对毒死蜱的抗性现实遗传力。【结果】螺旋粉虱对各药剂均处于抗性敏感阶段,抗性倍数为1.03~4.29倍。螺旋粉虱对毒死蜱的抗性现实遗传力h2=0.2405;预测结果表明,当田间使用毒死蜱对螺旋粉虱的防治效果达90%时,螺旋粉虱对毒死蜱的抗性提高10倍所需代数为7.09代。田间试验表明,螺旋粉虱对毒死蜱的抗性发展速率要比模型预测缓慢。【结论与意义】本研究可为螺旋粉虱的化学防治及抗药性治理提供参考。     

二斑叶螨田间种群对阿维菌素的抗性及抗性相关基因表达分析

【目的】二斑叶螨Tetranychus urticae Koch是为害多种农作物的世界性重大害螨。本研究旨在明确二斑叶螨不同田间种群对阿维菌素的抗药性、抗性相关基因的突变频率及其表达量变化。【方法】采用药管浸叶法测定了我国二斑叶螨8个地理种群对阿维菌素的抗药性并检测其抗性基因突变频率,结合荧光定量PCR技术分析了高抗种群中抗性相关基因表达量变化。【结果】测试的二斑叶螨8个田间种群均对阿维菌素具有抗药性。北京密云、山东潍坊、海南三亚和湖南长沙种群均对阿维菌素产生了极高水平的抗性,抗性倍数分别为1 526.75,481.00,315.25和160.75倍,而北京通县、北京海淀、山西运城和山东泰安种群对阿维菌素的抗性倍数达54.38~136.38倍,处于高抗性水平。二斑叶螨对阿维菌素抗性相关的谷氨酸氯离子通道基因Glu Cl的突变频率在各个田间种群中存在差异。北京密云种群中Glu Cl的突变频率最高(91.7%),其次是山东潍坊(66.7%)和海南三亚(63.3%)种群;山西运城种群最低(13.3%),且点突变频率与抗性倍数之间呈显著的正相关(P0.05)。与相对敏感种群相比,高抗性二斑叶螨种群中Glu Cl和γ-氨基丁酸受体基因GABAR表达量显著下降。【结论】二斑叶螨田间种群普遍对阿维菌素产生了高水平抗性,抗性相关基因Glu Cl的点突变及其表达量的降低可能与田间抗药性产生相关;田间防治二斑叶螨应避免使用阿维菌素。     

北京地区西花蓟马田间种群的抗药性监测

采用叶管药膜法在室内测定了2009—2010年北京海淀地区和昌平地区西花蓟马Frankliniella occidentalis(Pergande)田间种群对12种杀虫剂敏感性的年度变化。结果表明,北京昌平和海淀地区的西花蓟马对多数的药剂仍处于敏感状态,但对氯氟氰菊酯已产生近40倍的抗性,昌平种群对多杀菌素具有产生低水平抗性的趋势(抗性倍数为4倍)。推荐药剂包括多杀菌素、阿维菌素、甲氨基阿维菌素苯甲酸盐(甲维盐)、毒死蜱和溴虫腈,应注意与其它药剂的轮换使用,灭多威对西花蓟马的毒力水平最低,不推荐使用。     

二斑叶螨对联苯菊酯抗药性的PASA快速检测技术建立与应用

【目的】二斑叶螨Tetranychus urticae Koch是世界性的重要农业害螨,其抗药性发展严重阻碍了对该螨的科学防控。为了实现田间二斑叶螨对菊酯类杀虫剂抗药性的早期快速检测,本研究拟建立二斑叶螨对联苯菊酯的特异性等位基因PCR(PCR amplification of specific alleles,PASA)检测技术。【方法】玻片浸渍法测定了联苯菊酯对二斑叶螨不同种群的毒力,克隆了二斑叶螨钠离子通道结构域IIIS6的DNA片段,基于该片段中包含的抗性和敏感种群中的点突变,建立了PASA检测技术,并应用于二斑叶螨不同种群中抗性基因F1538I点突变频率的检测。【结果】与室内相对敏感种群相比,二斑叶螨北京通县和海南三亚种群均对联苯菊酯产生了抗药性,LC50分别为1 982.6 mg/L和2 767.4 mg/L,抗性倍数分别为6.0倍和8.4倍;PASA检测结果表明二斑叶螨室内相对敏感种群中存在杂合子个体,F1538I点突变频率为10.0%,而北京通县和海南三亚种群中该突变频率则分别达50.0%和53.3%。【结论】建立的PASA技术可以快速检测二斑叶螨田间种群是否存在与击倒抗性相关的基因点突变,从而判断其对菊酯类杀虫剂的抗药性发展。     

海南省香蕉黄胸蓟马田间种群的抗药性监测

【目的】本文全面评估了香蕉黄胸蓟马Thrips hawaiiensis田间种群对杀虫剂的抗性水平,旨在为更科学合理地防治该虫提供依据。【方法】室内采用叶管药膜法(TIBS),分别在2013、2015年监测了昌江、澄迈、临高、东方4个地区香蕉黄胸蓟马田间种群对10种杀虫剂的抗性水平。【结果】从2013—2015年,总体上海南香蕉黄胸蓟马田间种群对大多数杀虫剂的敏感性均有不同程度的下降,但仍处于敏感状态。其中,香蕉黄胸蓟马田间种群对传统药剂甲维盐、毒死蜱和高效氯氰菊酯,及新型杀虫剂乙基多杀菌素、溴氰虫酰胺和螺虫乙酯均保持较敏感状态(抗性倍数<5)。但监测的所有田间种群(昌江、澄迈、临高、东方)均对啶虫脒均已产生了中等水平抗性(抗性倍数分别为15.19、11.19、17.46、13.58倍);对阿维菌素均产生了低水平抗性(抗性倍数分别为9.06、8.95、13.35、6.57倍);另外,东方种群对多杀菌素、吡虫啉,以及临高种群对吡虫啉均产生了低水平抗性(抗性倍数分别为7.11、7.48、8.28倍)。【结论】因此,建议在香蕉同一生长季节应避免重复使用或限用啶虫脒和阿维菌素,应注意与其它药剂的混用、轮用,以延缓香蕉黄胸蓟马抗药性的发展。     

柑橘全爪螨两个田间种群抗性监测及羧酸酯酶生化特性研究

采用叶碟浸渍法测定了重庆北碚和万州地区柑橘全爪螨Panonychus citri(McGregor)田间种群对阿维菌素、毒死蜱、甲氰菊酯和哒螨灵的抗性水平。结果表明,同室内敏感品系相比,北碚种群对毒死蜱、甲氰菊酯和哒螨灵的相对抗性水平分别达到3倍、3倍和22倍;万州种群对阿维菌素、毒死蜱、甲氰菊酯和哒螨灵的相对抗性水平分别达到2倍、35倍、10倍和2倍。柑橘全爪螨2个地理种群的羧酸酯酶CarE的生化特性研究发现,CarE酶活的增高和毒死蜱的抗性存在一定的相关性。毒死蜱对不同地理种群柑橘全爪螨CarE的抑制效果不同,对抗性倍数较高的万州种群抑制效果最差。     

我国韭菜主产区韭菜迟眼蕈蚊田间种群的抗药性监测

【目的】建立韭菜迟眼蕈蚊Bradysia odoriphaga Yang et Zhang对10种常用药剂的敏感基线,并对4省7个主要韭菜产区的田间种群进行6种常用杀虫剂的抗药性水平监测。【方法】采用胃毒触杀联合毒力法对韭菜迟眼蕈蚊3龄幼虫进行室内生物测定。【结果】建立了敏感品系对新烟碱类、有机磷类、菊酯类、昆虫生长调节剂类、吡咯类药剂的敏感基线。对7个地区的田间韭菜迟眼蕈蚊种群监测结果表明:其对有机磷类药剂均产生了抗药性,其中河南郑州种群对毒死蜱和辛硫磷产生了极高水平抗性;河南郑州种群对高效氯氰菊酯产生了中等水平抗性,其他各地区均处于敏感状态;大部分种群对新烟碱类药剂处于低等或中等水平抗性,但山东李坡种群对噻虫嗪产生了高水平抗性。【结论】本文建立的韭菜迟眼蕈蚊对10种杀虫剂的敏感基线及抗药性监测数据为抗性治理提供一定参考。     

Role for dopamine in malonate-induced damage in vivo in striatum and in vitro in mesencephalic cultures

Defects in mitochondrial energy metabolism have been implicated in the pathology of several neurodegenerative disorders. In addition, the reactive metabolites generated from the metabolism and oxidation of the neurotransmitter dopamine (DA) are thought to contribute to the damage to neurons of the basal ganglia. We have previously demonstrated that infusions of the metabolic inhibitor malonate into the striata of mice or rats produce degeneration of DA nerve terminals. In the present studies, we demonstrate that an intrastriatal infusion of malonate induces a substantial increase in DA efflux in awake, behaving mice as measured by in vivo microdialysis. Furthermore, pretreatment of mice with tetrabenazine (TBZ) or the TBZ analogue Ro 4-1284 (Ro-4), compounds that reversibly inhibit the vesicular storage of DA, attenuates the malonate-induced DA efflux as well as the damage to DA nerve terminals. Consistent with these findings, the damage to both DA and GABA neurons in mesencephalic cultures by malonate exposure was attenuated by pretreatment with TBZ or Ro-4. Treatment with these compounds did not affect the formation of free radicals or the inhibition of oxidative phosphorylation resulting from malonate exposure alone. Our data suggest that DA plays an important role in the neurotoxicity produced by malonate. These findings provide direct evidence that inhibition of succinate dehydrogenase causes an increase in extracellular DA levels and indicate that bioenergetic defects may contribute to the pathogenesis of chronic neurodegenerative diseases through a mechanism involving DA.     

Changes in lactate dehydrogenase activity in chicken tissues in hyperthyreosis in ontogenesis

The lactate dehydrogenase activity in reactions of lactate oxidation and synthesis was studied in subfractions of the chicken brain, heart and liver at the embryonal, early postembryonal and adult stages of development after thyroxine administration. It has been shown that during embryogenesis thyroxine predominantly enhanced the rate of lactate oxidation in the mitochondrial tissues. A marked increase in the lactate synthesis was found in cytoplasm of the adult chicken tissues. Specificity of enzyme activity alterations was detected in the chicken brain during ontogenesis after thyroxine administration.     

Scurvy in capybaras bred in captivity in Argentine

In order to determine if the absence of vitamin C in the diet of capybaras (Hydrochoerus hydrochaeris) causes scurvy, a group of seven young individuals were fed food pellets without ascorbic acid, while another group of eight individuals received the same food with 1 g of ascorbic acid per animal per day. Animals in the first group developed signs of scurvy-like gingivitis, breaking of the incisors and death of one animal. Clinical signs appeared between 25 and 104 days from the beginning of the trial in all individuals. Growth rates of individuals deprived of vitamin C was considerably less than those observed in the control group. Deficiency of ascorbic acid had a severe effect on reproduction of another population of captive capybaras. We found that the decrease in ascorbic acid content in the diet affected pregnancy, especially during the first stages. The results obtained suggest that it is necessary to supply a suitable quantity of vitamin C in the diet of this species in captivity.     

SSTR5 ablation in islet results in alterations in glucose homeostasis in mice

Somatostatin (SST) peptide is a potent inhibitor of insulin secretion and its effect is mediated via somatostatin receptor 5 (SSTR5) in the endocrine pancreas. To investigate the consequences of gene ablation of SSTR5 in the mouse pancreas, we have generated a mouse model in which the SSTR5 gene was specifically knocked down in the pancreatic beta cells (betaSSTR5Kd) using the Cre-lox system. Immunohistochemistry analysis showed that SSTR5 gene expression was absent in beta cells at three months of age. At the time of gene ablation, betaSSTR5Kd mice demonstrated glucose intolerance with lack of insulin response and significantly reduced serum insulin levels. Insulin tolerance test demonstrated a significant increase of insulin clearance in vivo at the same age. In vitro studies demonstrated an absence of response to SST-28 stimulation in the betaSSTR5Kd mouse islet, which was associated with a significantly reduced SST expression level in betaSSTR5Kd mice pancreata. In addition, betaSSTR5Kd mice had significantly reduced serum glucose levels and increased serum insulin levels at 12 months of age. Glucose tolerance test at an older age also indicated a persistently higher insulin level in betaSSTR5Kd mice. Further studies of betaSSTR5Kd mice had revealed elevated serum C-peptide levels at both 3 and 12 months of age, suggesting that these mice are capable of producing and releasing insulin to the periphery. These results support the hypothesis that SSTR5 plays a pivotal role in the regulation of insulin secretion in the mouse pancreas.