Indigenous names of fish and fishing gear in the Cuvelai,Kavango and Caprivi regions of Namibia

This study discusses the local names of the inland fresh water fish species of the Cuvelai, Kavango and Caprivi regions of Namibia, in five indigenous languages: OshiWambo/OshiNdonga, RuKwangali, RuGciriku, SiLosi and SiSubia. It also discusses local names of the indigenous types of fishing gear currently used in the inland water fishing practices in those regions. In the Cuvelai systems 24 fish species have OshiWambo/OshiNdonga names, in the Kavango systems 60 have RuKwangali and RuGciriku names and in the Caprivi systems 68 have SiLosi and SiSubia names. Twenty types of fishing gear are recorded to have indigenous names in the Cuvelai, 25 in Kavango and 22 in Caprivi. Fifteen commonly available indigenous types of gear are exclusively used by women, who therefore play a crucial role in the exploitation and conservation of freshwater fish in Namibia.     

Are species names proper names?

The nature of species names has been a source of controversy, and has played a role in developing ideas about the status of species, such as the species‐as‐individuals hypothesis. Some argue that species names are Millian proper names: names that have no meaning. Others have countered that species names are Millian general names that have stipulative definitions. Here I argue that species names belong to neither category. In particular, unlike Millian proper names, species names have unique referents and are connotative. Further, species names are names of intension that, unlike Millian general names, refer to specific collective entities. Because species names have unique properties not associated with Millian general or proper names, but recognizing the similarity to proper names in most respects, I propose that they be categorized as extra‐proper names.
     

Chronological analysis of the species of Conus described during the 18th century

The 339 species-group names in the gastropod genus Conus proposed between 1758 and 1800 have been analyzed in chronological order, in order to (1) identify each nominal species, and (2) determine the correct name of each valid species. Additions and corrections are given to the author's series of papers on type specimens and identity of the described species of Conus. A table listing the 339 species-group names alphabetically indicates the present locations of the 124 known type specimens and the status of each name. At present, 123 valid species are recognized (118 Recent, 5 Tertiary), 159 names are synonyms of previously or simultaneously described species, 35 are nomina dubia, 19 are assigned to infrasubspecific rank, and 3 have been trandferred to genera in other families. Problems involving homonymy of 44 names have been resolved. The proportion of valid species to described species remained quite constant (about 80%) between 1758 and 1786, but then declined sharply to 40%. By 1800, although only 13% of all known species-group names in Conus had been introduced, they probably account for 25% of the known valid Recent species. Extension of the chronological study to species described through 1840 may establish the correct names of half the valid Recent species of Conus.     

冬虫夏草无性型研究概况*

文献调查结果表明与冬虫夏草有关的无性型菌种已报道有22个学名,涉及13个属。针对这些名称上存在的命名问题本文展开了讨论,并评述了不同名称与冬虫夏草的关系及其有关菌种的研究进展。在已报道的分离菌种中,作为新种正式描述的名称有8个,其中6个为合格发表,其余2个未能满足名称合格发表的条件;还有4个名称在文献中作为新种提到,但没有合格发表的出处,也有一例只提到名称而无其他要素;另有5个名称则只有属名,尚未鉴定到种的水平。中国被毛孢为多个独立的研究证明为冬虫夏草的无性型,还有3个无性型名称已被证明不可能是冬虫夏草的无性型。其他无性型名称与冬虫夏草的关系有待进一步验证。文中对与冬虫夏草有关的菌种定名、无性型分离和验证方法、复无性型现象,以及有关学名问题作了讨论。     

A Provisional List of Common Names for Australian Butterflies

A provisional list of common names for the known species of Australian butterflies is presented, and the advantages of producing such a set of standard common names discussed. the criteria and methodology on which the names are based are detailed and instances in which terms should be avoided itemised. All previously used names are reviewed and current or traditional names considered; where possible, traditional names were given highest priority. Group names have been standardised at the higher taxonomic levels (i.e. genus, tribe, subfamily etc.). Problems faced in compiling the list are discussed and comments on the suitability of the proposed names invited.     

THE ENGLISH NAMES OF THE AFROTROPICAL NIGHTJARS (CAPRIMULGIDAE)

Jackson, H. D. 1993. The English names of the Afrotropical nightjars (Caprimulgidae). Ostrich 64: 148–159.

At least 172 different English names have been used on the nightjars of Africa and its related islands, including Madagascar. A review of the literature chronicles the name changes within each species. Problems created by some duplication and transposition of names between species are discussed. A key to all the names is provided by an alphabetical list cross referenced to the species concerned. The orthography of names is discussed and it is recommended that all animal names be capitalized and freed of unnecessary hyphens. The nightjar names used in The Birds of Africa are accepted as the standard to be followed subject to a few changes.     

中国鳞伞属(广义)已知种类及其分布

对中国鳞伞属 (PholiotaKummer)真菌进行了整理、修订 ,并对有关分类学问题进行了扼要讨论。我国文献记载该属有 74个名称 ,分布于 2 7个省区。其中 ,有效名称 63种 (新拟中文名称 1种 )和 2变种 ,而主张转移到其他属的有 3种 ,错拼名称有 3种 ,另有存疑种 3种。     

中国口蘑属种类名录(英文)

通过系统的文献收集 ,汇总了口蘑属 (Tricholoma)在中国的 91个名称记录 ,并对其研究现状和分布进行了简述。文献调查结果表明 ,口蘑属种类广泛分布于中国的 2 7个省区 ,其中以黑龙江、吉林、辽宁、内蒙古、贵州、四川、云南、西藏 ,青海、甘肃、河北、山西和陕西等地的报道较多 ,其他地区如台湾、香港、安徽、福建、广东、广西、海南、河南、湖南、湖北、江苏、山东、新疆 ,浙江也有一些报道。根据《国际植物命名法规》和《真菌、地衣汉语学名命名法规》 ,作者订正了中文文献中的一些拉丁和汉语学名 ,同时对形态描述和鉴定等方面的问题也进行了简要的讨论。在已报道的口蘑属名称记录中 ,能够得到承认的本属名称有 43个种和 3个变种 ,属内其他种类名称的异名有 8个 ,而已经转移到其他属的有 3 0个 ,在命名法上模糊不清名称有 3个 ,错拼名称有 2个 ,另有未定名种 2个。目前能够承认的名称是酸涩口蘑 (T .acerbum)、白棕口蘑 (T .albobrunneum)、白口蘑(T .album)、银盖口蘑 (T .argyraceum)、黑鳞口蘑 (T .atrosquamosum)、橙柄口蘑 (T.aurantiipes)、金黄褶口蘑 (T .auratum)、傻松口蘑 (T .bakamatsutake)、欧洲口蘑 (T .caligatum)、灰环口蘑 (T.cingulatum)、银白口蘑 (T .colum betta)、油口蘑 (T .     

A novel recursive algorithm for the calculation of the detailed identity coefficients

Background

A recursive algorithm to calculate the fifteen detailed coefficients of identity is introduced. Previous recursive procedures based on the generalized coefficients of kinship provided the detailed coefficients of identity under the assumption that the two individuals were not an ancestor of each other.

Findings

By using gametic relationships to include three, four or two pairs of gametes, we can obtain these coefficients for any pair of individuals. We have developed a novel linear transformation that allows for the calculation of pairwise detailed identity coefficients for any pedigree given the gametic relationships. We illustrate the procedure using the well-known pedigree of Julio and Mencha, which contains 20 Jicaque Indians of Honduras, to calculate their detailed coefficients.

Conclusions

The proposed algorithm can be used to calculate the detailed identity coefficients of two or more individuals with any pedigree relationship.     

English names for a world list of mammals, exemplified by species of Indochina

1. The lack of a globally accepted list of English‐language names for mammal species leads to various problems stemming from the reduced ability to communicate unambiguously. This impacts directly on their conservation. We use the larger mammals of Indochina to exemplify the use of an explicit set of principles designed to provide each species with a unique and non‐misleading (or at least minimally so) English name. 2. For most species, a suitable name is already in use, sometimes generally so. For species for which multiple names are in use, standardization would consist of adopting the most suitable name. Only for a very few species are all extant names so unsuitable that a neologism should be coined. One species, Panthera pardus, presents potentially insoluble problems. 3. Name standardization among the world's birds has generated some controversy, but this has not led to abandonment of the process. Much can be learned by those developing a similar process for mammals, through studying the bird‐naming process. Progress can be advanced by detractors indicating whether they oppose standardization per se, the principles used or the names resulting from application of the principles. Also, proponents of standardization should always emphasize that the purpose of the process is to produce a list available for those who want to use it, not to produce a binding selection that must be used in all circumstances.     

中国虫草属已知种类及其分布

对中国虫草属(Cordyceps(Fr．)Link)真菌进行了整理、修订,对有关分类学问题进行了简要讨论。文献记载我国该属有139个名称,分布于29个省区。其中,有效名称130个(包括125种、3变种和2变型),无效或不合格名称3种,错拼名称2种,存疑种4种,有无性型报道的种类38种,中国特有种46个。     

新世纪中国菌物新名称发表概况(2000-2020)

2000-2020年间,我国菌物学研究取得了丰硕的成果,在新物种发现、重要类群新分类系统、资源保护与开发利用等多方面取得了重要进展.本文通过对世界菌物名称信息库Index Fungorum、Fungal Names和MycoBank进行数据整理,从中国学者的研究产出和中国的菌物新物种发现的角度展开分析,揭示我国菌物分类...     

Internet scientific name frequency as an indicator of cultural salience of biodiversity

Public interest in nature is an important driver of the success of conservation actions, such that increasing public awareness of biodiversity has become a major conservation goal (i.e. Aichi Target 1). Macro-scale monitoring of public interest towards nature has thus far been difficult, but the enormous quantity of information generated by the internet allows for new approaches using culturomic techniques. For example, other things being equal, we would expect that the vernacular (common) names of charismatic species with high levels of public interest (e.g. tiger, elephant) to appear on more web-pages than less ‘cultural’ species. Nevertheless, deriving metrics from such data is challenging because vernacular names often have multiple meanings (e.g. teal, jaguar) that could significantly bias culturomic metrics of cultural visibility. Scientific binomial names of species potentially avoid this problem because Latin is a ‘dead’ language and the scientific name typically applies only to the biological organism. Here, we investigate whether standard scientific names: i) are a robust proxy of web salience of vernacular species names, and; ii) have the same statistical relationship with vernacular species names across different cultural and language groups. Automated internet searches were carried out for scientific and vernacular names from a global bird species list and six national bird species lists (Australia, Brazil, Indonesia, Spain, Tanzania and USA). For national searches the results were restricted to country web domains. We found strong and consistent correlations between vernacular and scientific species names at both global and country level, independent of language and cultural differences. The universality of this relationship suggests that the web salience of scientific species names is a robust, cross-cultural indicator of species ‘culturalness’. Potential applications of this indicator include: i) the development of new indicators to assess public perceptions of biodiversity; ii) systematic identification of species with high cultural visibility; iii) empirical identification of the biogeographic, ecological, morphological and cultural characteristics of species that influence cultural visibility, globally and in different cultural settings, and; iv) near real-time monitoring of changes in species ‘culturalness’. The capture and processing of internet data is technically non-trivial, but can be replicated at low cost and has enormous potential for the creation of new macro-scale metrics of human-nature interactions.     

中国红菇属种类及其分布

通过系统的文献收集,汇总了中国红菇属(Russula Pers.)真菌的179个名称记录,并对其生境、用途及分布或分类进行了简述。文献调查表明,红菇属种类广泛分布于中国30个省区。在已报道的红菇属名称记录中,有效名称有159个,包括148种、9变种和2变型,其中新名称1个、新拟汉名8个,无效或不合格名称10个,错拼名称8个,存疑种3个,中国特有种13种,一些种类具有显著的经济价值。     

Unavailable names in the Myotis nattereri species complex

The discovery of new species of mammals in Europe is a rare event, but owing to recent progress in genetic methods used to survey current biodiversity, such discoveries have been accumulating during the last decades. The naming of these new taxa has important bearings in conservation, as this is the first step needed for them to be recognised by the scientific community but also legally. The naming of new animal species, however, needs to follow the strict rules of the International Code of Zoological Nomenclature in order to be available and to provide a stable basis for further taxonomic research. We report here a case where new names have been improperly proposed to designate distinctive lineages in the Natterer's bat species complex. As these new names do not follow several mandatory rules imposed by the Code, they are declared unavailable and are not to be used for further taxonomy studies.     

Common names for Australian ants (Hymenoptera: Formicidae)

Abstract Most insects do not have common names, and this is a significant barrier to public interest in them, and to their study by non-specialists. This holds for even highly familiar insect groups such as ants. Here, I propose common names for all major native Australian ant genera and species-groups, as well as for many of the most abundant and distinctive species. Sixty-two genera, 142 species-groups and 50 species are given names. The naming system closely follows taxonomic structure; typically a genus is given a general common name, under which species-group and species names are nested.     

Some Lithuanian ethnobotanical taxa: a linguistic view on Thorn Apple and related plants

Background

The perception and use of plants correspond with common plant names. The study of plant names may give insight into historical and recent use of plants.

Methods

Plant names in dictionaries and folklore have been evaluated. A etymological analysis of the names is provided. Onomasiological and semasiological aspects have been considered. Therefore, species named with names related to each other have been selected.

Results

Plant names containing the stem dag- or deg- may belong to either of two categories: incenses or thorny plants. Plants named in durn- have been in use as psychopharmaca. The name rymo points not to Rome but to the use of plants as anodyne or psychopharmaca.     

An investigation of human-animal interactions and empathy as related to pet preference,ownership, attachment,and attitudes in children

ABSTRACT

Osgood's Semantic Differential technique was used with a sample of 12 animal names to see if they elicited responses that were distinctively characteristic, and therefore useful in uncovering connotative meaning. The 100 survey participants responded with unanimity to some species, whereas their responses to others were highly variable. Results disclosed a taxonomy of grouping animal names that differed from the normal zoological taxonomy. This suggests that the technique may be useful for discovering the connotations that animals have, and what various animal species may mean to people.