天津市彩色红外相片在研究植被与大气污染关系中的应用

利用彩色红外相片来研究城市植被与大气污染的关系,这是遥感技术应用于环境动态研究中的一个重要课题。在研究过程中,使用了中国科学院遥感所提供的天津市1／5000和1／10000比例尺彩色红外相片。我们首先将显示在相片上的植被与大气污染的遥感信息进行了解译,然后取样分析该地植物体中污染物质的含量,最后再到实地验证。结果表明,彩色红外相片记录了当时植被与大气污染的真实状况,具有丰富的信息,植被信息特征能够反映大气污染的基本情况。同时还可发现一些抗性强、吸毒能力大的绿化效应好的树种和绿化结构,可为城市建设、城市环境质量评价提供科学依据。     

A Nonspecific Response of the Photosynthetic Apparatus of Pine Needles to Industrial Air Pollution and Shading

The pigment composition and light-response curves of the indices of prompt chlorophyll fluorescence were investigated in needles sampled from various parts of the tree crown in pine trees growing under natural conditions at various distances from a source of industrial air pollution (a copper-melting works). Shading and pollution decreased the threshold light level of the state corresponding to the second phase of the light-response curve of nonphotochemical chlorophyll fluorescence quenching, increased a nonradiating dissipation of the absorbed light energy, and decreased the rate of electron transfer between PSII and PSI. The patterns thus established demonstrate the existence of nonspecific chloroplast responses to pollution and shading similar in their mechanism, which decrease the efficiency of light energy utilization.     

Spatial dynamics of forest decline: the role of neighbouring trees

Abstract. Changes in horizontal structure and the influence of neighbours on tree vitality were studied in a spruce forest under air pollution stress. Five permanent plots along an altitudinal gradient in the Krkono?e Mts., Czech Republic, were monitored for 18 years. Digitized maps of each plot were used for the analysis: the health of each tree, expressed by the defoliation degree was recorded each year, the biometrical characteristics were measured at five-year intervals. Various indices of neighbourhood competition were used to evaluate the interference with neighbours. The results show that the suppressed trees are most susceptible to other environmental stresses, particularly to the air pollution stress. Similarly, tree damage is more severe in plots near the natural timberline, where the trees are close to their natural environmental limits. The spatial pattern of surviving trees changes towards regularity at a scale of 2–5 m (K-function analysis) when the suppressed trees, usually those with close neighbours, die.     

东北主要绿化树种对大气中砷吸收能力的研究

采用原子荧光光度法测定了30种东北主要绿化树种对大气中砷的吸收量.结果表明:这些树种均对砷具有一定的吸收能力,并且不同绿化树种的吸砷量有明显的差异,对砷吸收量高的树种有杏、榆树、垂枝榆和黄菠萝,可以作为砷污染较严重地区的绿化树种.另外在污染源和污染程度相似的地区,不同树种吸砷量也有很大的差异.     

Significant decrease in epiphytic lichen diversity in a remote area in the European Alps,Austria

We present long-term (1993–2010) monitoring results of lichens from a remote site in Austria. Whereas gaseous pollution is negligible in this area, levels of long-range air pollution of S and N via rain and fog are high. Lichen cover on tree trunks have decreased significantly. Accordingly, we found that the population of all species had declined. The analyses demonstrated significant changes in lichen community composition. The lichen flora suffered a significant decrease in diversity. Our hypothesis is that the breakdown of epiphytic lichens is mainly due to eutrophication through long-term N deposition, and more particularly to ammonia in precipitation and in fog. Since many areas in the European Alps receive high wet deposition loads, a decrease in the abundance and diversity of epiphytic lichens is most probably a widespread phenomenon.     

中国主要城市森林对大气PM2.5的削减量及其占大气PM2.5总量比例

空气中的细颗粒物(PM_2.5)是我国城市空气污染的主要污染物之一,严重威胁着城市居民的健康,限制城市发展的可持续性。PM_2.5去除的自然途径有两种,分别是干沉降和湿沉降,其中干沉降占据主导作用,且干沉降的过程和效率与城市森林紧密关联。目前针对城市森林对干沉降作用的研究主要是在小尺度中从不同树种、不同群落结构、不同景观类型等角度来估算并比较其滞尘量,较少关注其占空气污染总量的比率,从而可能影响对城市森林滞尘服务能力的判断。因此,利用城市森林效益(Urban Forest Effect, UFORE)模型中的大气污染干沉降模块的核心算法,以2015年为例,估算了我国主要城市辖区的城市森林一年内对大气中的PM_2.5削减量以及其占空气中PM_2.5污染总量的比重。结果显示：(1)2015年全国主要城市单位绿地面积日均滞尘量较高地区主要集中在华北地区、华东地区、以及东北地区。其中北京30.47mg/m²,苏州24.63mg/m²,沈阳28.55mg/m²     

Disentangling the effects of acidic air pollution,atmospheric CO2, and climate change on recent growth of red spruce trees in the Central Appalachian Mountains

In the 45 years after legislation of the Clean Air Act, there has been tremendous progress in reducing acidic air pollutants in the eastern United States, yet limited evidence exists that cleaner air has improved forest health. Here, we investigate the influence of recent environmental changes on the growth and physiology of red spruce (Picea rubens Sarg.) trees, a key indicator species of forest health, spanning three locations along a 100 km transect in the Central Appalachian Mountains. We incorporated a multiproxy approach using 75‐year tree ring chronologies of basal tree growth, carbon isotope discrimination (?¹³C, a proxy for leaf gas exchange), and δ¹⁵N (a proxy for ecosystem N status) to examine tree and ecosystem level responses to environmental change. Results reveal the two most important factors driving increased tree growth since ca. 1989 are reductions in acidic sulfur pollution and increases in atmospheric CO₂, while reductions in pollutant emissions of NO_x and warmer springs played smaller, but significant roles. Tree ring ?¹³C signatures increased significantly since 1989, concurrently with significant declines in tree ring δ¹⁵N signatures. These isotope chronologies provide strong evidence that simultaneous changes in C and N cycling, including greater photosynthesis and stomatal conductance of trees and increases in ecosystem N retention, were related to recent increases in red spruce tree growth and are consequential to ecosystem recovery from acidic pollution. Intrinsic water use efficiency (iWUE) of the red spruce trees increased by ~51% across the 75‐year chronology, and was driven by changes in atmospheric CO₂ and acid pollution, but iWUE was not linked to recent increases in tree growth. This study documents the complex environmental interactions that have contributed to the recovery of red spruce forest ecosystems from pervasive acidic air pollution beginning in 1989, about 15 years after acidic pollutants started to decline in the United States.     

Pollen abortion rates, nitrogen dioxide by passive diffusive tubes and bioaccumulation in tree barks are effective in the characterization of air pollution

This study aims to evaluate the feasibility of using simple techniques - pollen abortion rates, passive diffusive tubes (NO₂) and trace element accumulation in tree barks - when determining the area of influence of pollution emissions produced in a traffic corridor. Measurements were performed at 0, 60 and 120 meters from a major road with high vehicular traffic, taking advantage of a sharp gradient that exists between the road and a cemetery. NO₂ values and trace elements measured at 0 meters were significantly higher than those measured at more distant points. Al, S, Cl, V, Fe, Cu, and Zn exhibited a higher concentration in tree barks at the vicinity of the traffic corridor. The same pattern was observed for the pollen abortion rates measured at the three different sites. Our data suggests that simple techniques may be applied either to validate dispersion land-based models in an urban settings or, alternatively, to provide better spatial resolution to air pollution exposure when high-resolution pollution monitoring data are not available.     

Evaluation of Anticipated Performance Index,biochemical, and physiological parameters of Cupressus arizonica Greene and Juniperus excelsa Bieb for greenbelt development and biomonitoring of air pollution

Abstract

Plants can be used naturally to mitigate environmental pollution, such as air pollution; however, it is important to evaluate plant susceptibility to air pollution when considering green space creation in urban areas. In this study, we investigated the biochemical and physiological parameters, including pH, and ascorbic acid, relative water, total chlorophyl, proline, soluble sugar, protein, and free amino acid contents of two gymnosperm tree species, Cupressus arizonica Greene and Juniperus excelsa Bieb. Using these data, we computed the Air Pollution Tolerance Index (APTI) and Anticipated Performance Index (API) of the trees at five sites in Isfahan, Iran, to determine their applicability for greenbelt establishment. Our results indicated that these evergreen species are good indicators of air pollution and can be used as an early warning tool for air pollution level that is harmful to human health.     

The Roles of the Moss Layer in Mediating Tree Seedling Environmental Stress,Mercury Exposure,and Regeneration in High-Elevation Conifer Forests

Ecosystems - The persistence of future forests depends on the success of tree seedlings which are experiencing increasing physiological stress from changing climate and air pollution. Although the...     

An assessment of the sampling procedure for estimating air pollution using epiphytic lichens as indicators

Abstract: Using the response of epiphytic lichens in and around the city of Thessaloniki (Greece) to an air pollution source, the value of sampling lichens at breast height and the base of trees was compared. The data obtained were processed with detrended correspondence analysis and polythetic divisive two-way indicator species analysis, and IAP (index of atmospheric purity) values were estimated for each experimental site. The tree base IAP values were higher than those at breast height, reflecting the higher number of species present, the generally increased cover and frequency of occurrence. IAP values at the two sampling heights suggest a linear relationship and the same holds for the tree base IAP values and the first axis ordination scores. Sampling at the base resulted in better discrimination of sites, and may, therefore, offer more accurate monitoring of changes induced by air pollution.     

Poor stomatal control of water balance and the abscission of green needles from a declining stand of spruce trees [Picea abies (L.) Karst.] from the northern Alps

On a site on the west slope of the Wank in the northern Alps changes in water potential, osmotic potential and transpiration rate were measured in spruce trees during the dry summer months of 1991. The pattern of decrease in water potential and osmotic potential on days of varying evaporative demand from trees of widely different decline conditions was used to describe the relative ability of the trees to withstand drought stress. Stress diagrams served as a tool for interpreting the state of health of each tree. The criterion is independent of the water situation of the tree and the other external conditions of the respective experiment. These diagrams clearly show that the foliage of spruces with high needle losses reaches the limit of endurance relatively early. For equal evaporative demand much lower turgor levels were observed in spruces with high needle loss compared to undamaged trees. Associated with the occurrence of low turgor values was the shedding of green needles. The abscission zone was shown in sections. The accumulation of highly fluorescent substances in the bundle sheath cells of the same material was described. Incomplete to non-existent stomatal control over water loss was attributed to modifications in the cell walls of the stomata which appear to alter the ability of the guard cells to sense changes in either atmospheric or cellular hydration. Our studies point to the following situation: air pollution directly affects stomatal control, the loss of stomatal control changes the drought avoidance abilities of the foliage and, as a consequence, low turgor levels occur and premature needle abscission is induced. As site water balance decreases, either due to a dry year or to poor moisture holding abilities of the soil, these conditions become apparent.     

Influence of air pollution on the mountain forests along the Tateyama–Kurobe Alpine route

The effects of air pollution on the growth of mountain trees were investigated at Buna-daira (1,180 m a.s.l.), about half the way up Mt. Tateyama, located in Japan. Every year, about 1 million tourists are transported by highland buses through the Tateyama–Kurobe Alpine route. Since the route opened in 1971, some tree species along the road have declined and have been blighted, suggesting that bus exhaust was the cause. However, the level of regional and long-range transboundary air pollution has also increased significantly over the last few decades. The atmospheric NO₂ concentration at the roadside in the forest was highly correlated with the traffic density of buses and penetration of the exhaust into the forest was detected. However, the maximum average NO₂ concentration was lower than 3.5 ppbv during the peak traffic period in the year. At Buna-daira, the total stem cross-sectional area at breast height (BA) of the forest was nearly unchanged from 1999 to 2006, but the BA of Fagus crenata decreased 10% and that of Cryptomeria japonica increased 6%. Neither tree growth nor tree death was significantly correlated with distance from the road. The cause of the decline of F. crenata could not be attributed to the effects of road, i.e., air pollution emitted from the buses or edge effects of the road. This area was more affected by regional, long-range transport of air pollution (O₃, SO₂, etc.). The average atmospheric O₃ concentration in autumn was higher than 40 ppbv and the recent increase in the O₃ concentration may be an important factor of F. crenata decline through the changes in the interspecific relationships between F. crenata and C. japonica, O₃ sensitive and tolerant species, respectively.     

Factors of influence on microbial pollution in the atmosphere over Beijing area

Summary The atmospheric microbial pollutants are potentially correlated to population density and activity as well as to human health. The higher the population density is, the heavier the air microbial pollution will become. Some meteorological factors exert great influence on air microbial pollution. Generally, wind, solar radiation and rainfalls purify air and, consequently cause a decrease in atmospheric microbial pollution. On the other hand, prevailing strong winds may favour this pollution, especially in dry conditions and in absence of vegetation. Obviously, relatively high temperatures associated with high RH enhance the growing of microbes. However, the higher the temperature is, the lower the viability of airborne microbes will be; nonetheless, with high RH a decrease in suspended particles may be recorded.     

软质与硬质地表对树木花粉日飘散变化的影响

以油松(Pinus tabulaeformis)、白玉兰(Magnolia denudata)、白皮松(Pinus bungeana)、臭椿(Ailanthus altissima)为被试树种,对比研究了春季静风晴朗天气中软质与硬质两种地表条件下不同树种在距树10m高度1.5m处花粉浓度的日变化特征。研究结果表明:(1)4个树种在相同地表环境的花粉浓度日变化趋势基本一致,但同一树种花粉浓度的日变化特征在软、硬两种地表条件下的差异明显。软质地面一天内空气中花粉浓度最大值出现14:00时前后,04:00时花粉浓度最低,这与全天内空气温度的变化正好一致,而与空气相对湿度的变化恰好相反。硬质地表近地空间空气中的花粉浓度则呈现"双峰型"日变化特征,两次峰值分别出现在14:00时和20:00时,硬质地面花粉浓度20:00时晚高峰的出现时间与硬质地面温度日峰值一致。(2)分析硬质地表20:00时花粉浓度高峰出现的原因可能与硬质地面的散热特性有关,硬质地面夜间释放积蓄热量的过程会在一定程度上增强近地面空气的对流运动,并辅助空气中的花粉粒子不断飘散,形成花粉浓度晚高峰。(3)相对于软质地面来讲,硬质地表对空气中花粉飘散的影响作用持续时间更长,这也在一定程度上延长了致敏花粉的危害时间,加剧了致敏花粉的污染程度。研究还进一步在花粉致敏树种栽植、地表覆盖方式等方面进行了讨论;同时建议花粉症患者根据花粉污染发生规律合理规避花粉浓度聚集高峰期出行,从而有效缓解致敏花粉对易感人群的健康威胁。     

Bayesian modeling of air pollution extremes using nested multivariate max‐stable processes

Capturing the potentially strong dependence among the peak concentrations of multiple air pollutants across a spatial region is crucial for assessing the related public health risks. In order to investigate the multivariate spatial dependence properties of air pollution extremes, we introduce a new class of multivariate max‐stable processes. Our proposed model admits a hierarchical tree‐based formulation, in which the data are conditionally independent given some latent nested positive stable random factors. The hierarchical structure facilitates Bayesian inference and offers a convenient and interpretable characterization. We fit this nested multivariate max‐stable model to the maxima of air pollution concentrations and temperatures recorded at a number of sites in the Los Angeles area, showing that the proposed model succeeds in capturing their complex tail dependence structure.     

运用油松年轮提示承德市硫及重金属污染的历史

本文利用油松年轮研究了承德市自1800年以来大气污染的历史过程,结果表明：避暑山庄油松年轮内S含量自本世纪初开始升高,比19世纪初增加1—2倍,至70—80年代达3—5倍,而在最近8—10年则达到10倍以上。 其中碧峰门古松木质部年轮内S含量由40—50μg·g-1达到目前的572.9μg·g-1,从而指示出承德市大气SO2浓度由城市化初期的<0.1 mg·m-3增加到目前的30mg·m-3,这一历史过程主要与城市化过程尤其是近50年来工业化的出现并加剧有密切的关系。随着1927—1945年大庙铁矿的开采,年轮内Fe明显增高。Mn在整个历史时期表现为增加趋势,由1840—1850年的4.1μg·g-1增加到1980—1990年的10.4μg·g-1。Pb在1980年前的含量增加不明显,但在最近10年内形成的木质部中,Pb含量明显增加,超过1920—1930年的560%。Cu、Zn、Ni含量的变化不表现线性增加,除个别点的某些时期变化较大外,基本上很平缓。19世纪初油松年轮内S及重金属含量最低,可视为油松内元素自然背景值,与该值比较,1980—1990年这10年内年轮S含量增加了10倍,Fe,2.4倍;Pb,1.8倍;Mn,1.5倍;Ni,1.0倍;Zn,0.8倍。 日益加剧的大气污染尤其是SO2的污染,造成承德市大气质量严重下降,同时危及古松的生存,造成古松大量死亡,必须引起高度重视。     

Acute effects of air pollution changes in schoolchildren: the Gardanne coal basin study

In the literature, studies devoted to shortterm effects of air pollution episodes in children have provided controversial results. To evaluate if acute air pollution changes in the Gardanne coal basin (France) could have deleterious effects on children's pulmonary function, we studied 160 children on two different days. Each in-school examination consisted of a short questionnaire and a spirometric assessment. The area included districts of high and low pollution levels. In the former, the two examinations took place at different air pollution levels whereas, in the latter, the air pollution levels were comparable. We obtained higher spirometric values during the second examination, regardless of air pollution changes and suggesting a learning effect, which vanished when we used FEV₁/FVC ratio. The difference in FEV₁/FVC between days of low and high pollution was significant but merely equal to 2%. There was no change of clinical symptom score.     

Analysis of genetic variants of the poly(ADP-ribose) polymerase-1 gene in breast cancer in French patients

Previous studies have provided evidence for an association between exposure to high levels of air pollution and increased DNA damage in human sperm. In these studies DNA damage was measured using the sperm chromatin structure assay (SCSA) wherein the percentage of sperm with abnormal chromatin/fragmented DNA is determined and expressed as % DNA fragmentation index (%DFI). Here we extend these observations to address the following hypothesis: men who are homozygous null for glutathione-S-transferase M1 (GSTM1−) are less able to detoxify reactive metabolites of carcinogenic polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (c-PAHs) found in air pollution. Consequently they are more susceptible to the effects of air pollution on sperm chromatin. Using a longitudinal study design in which men provided semen samples during periods of both low (baseline) and episodically high air pollution, this study revealed a statistically significant association between GSTM1 null genotype and increased SCSA-defined %DFI (beta = 0.309; 95% CI: 0.129, 0.489). Furthermore, GSTM1 null men also showed higher %DFI in response to exposure to intermittent air pollution (beta = 0.487; 95% CI: 0.243, 0.731). This study thus provides novel evidence for a gene–environment interaction between GSTM1 and air pollution (presumably c-PAHs). The significance of the findings in this study with respect to fertility status is unknown. However, it is biologically plausible that increases in %DFI induced by such exposures could impact the risk of male sub/infertility, especially in men who naturally exhibit high levels of %DFI.     

Cytological changes of the respiratory tract in young adults related to high levels of air pollution exposure

djuričić s. and plamenac p. (1998) Cytopathology 9, 23–28
Cytological changes of the respiratory tract in young adults related to high levels of air pollution exposure
Several histopathological and cytological studies have shown that lesions of the respiratory tract epithelium become increasingly severe with duration of exposure to high levels of urban air pollution as well as with ageing of studied population groups. In this study we investigated and compared findings of cytological abnormalities in sputa of young adults (21–25 years of age) exposed to high levels of air pollution since birth with those who were exposed in the last 2–3 years only. All subjects were non-smokers and were clinically healthy at the time of sampling. No significant differences in the incidence or severity of any of the cytological findings were found. The fact that even 10 times longer exposure to air pollution resulted in no major respiratory tract epithelial changes is, in our opinion, a result of the extremely efficient defence mechanisms and enormous regenerative potential of the respiratory tract of younger people.