青阳参小孢子发生和雄配子体发育

利用常规石蜡制片技术、荧光显微技术、光镜细胞化学技术、电子显微镜技术对青阳参小孢子发生和雄配子体发育进行了详细观察。结果显示,小孢子孢原细胞起源于皮下组织并在两个地方分化;孢原细胞平周分裂形成初生壁层和初生造孢层,初生壁层细胞再经过平周分裂形成2层细胞,其中最内一层即为绒毡层,绒毡层为分泌型绒毡层,既为小孢子发育提供营养来源,又分泌分泌物形成包围花粉粒的膜;初生造孢层细胞直接行使小孢子母细胞的功能;成熟花粉粒中含有大量淀粉粒、蛋白质、内质网、叶绿体、脂体和大液泡;包围花粉粒的膜和花粉粒之间的膜含有蛋白质成分和脂类成分;小孢子细胞核分裂形成营养细胞和生殖细胞,营养细胞和生殖细胞间没有细胞板形成,生殖细胞呈透镜型、比营养细胞小。     

吸鱼粘体虫在异育银鲫心脏中的孢子发生

吸鱼粘体虫主要寄生在异育银鲫的心肌纤维间。随着营养体的长大,营养体内的两型生殖细胞相聚,小生殖细胞包围大生殖细胞,形成泛孢子母细胞。大生殖细胞进行连续的核分裂,成为产孢体。核分裂达12核时,产孢体内分化为10个细胞:4个成极囊细胞,4个成壳片细胞和2个双核的孢子质细胞。这些细胞均分为两组,从而形成双生孢子型的泛孢子母细胞。     

小麦雄配子体的超微结构 Ⅱ.精细胞的形成和发育

1.通过小孢子有丝分裂而形成的生殖细胞,在发育过程中有一系列的包括位移和变形的变化。最后生殖细胞变为纺锤体,准备另一次有丝分裂。在此时期,生殖细胞是裸露的,它只有自己的质膜和被营养细胞的质膜包围。生殖细胞的大部分为明显的椭圆形的核所占据,具高度凝集的染色质。在生殖细胞薄层的细胞质中,除核糖体外,所有的细胞器比营养细胞质中的明显的少,而且小。微管也能在纺锤形的生殖细胞的细胞质中看到,它们的排列方向是和细胞的长轴平行的。在生殖细胞中没有造粉质体。2.当生殖细胞已移位并和营养细胞再次紧密靠近后,它开始分裂。由生殖细胞分裂所形成的精细胞及其发育包括下列主要的变化:精细胞的形状由圆球形变为椭圆形,最后变为具尾延长的细胞。与此同时,细胞质的分布逐渐集中到精细胞的一端,形成细胞质的延伸,构成所谓的精细胞的尾部。有更多的细胞器,特别是线粒体集中在尾部。从生殖细胞分裂刚形成的精细胞是裸露的,所包围的质膜是不连续的。除精细胞的质膜之外,为营养细胞的质膜所包围,在后来的发育时期此双质膜变为连续的,并在一个极短的时期有壁物质——胼胝质沉积在质膜之间的空间。但在此时期之后细胞壁变为不连续的,壁物质明显降低。对生殖细胞分裂前的位置及精细胞发育中形态变化的意义进行了讨论。     

小麦雄配子体的超微结构 Ⅰ.营养细胞和生殖细胞的形成

小孢子分裂的末期产生的成膜体,经离心的扩展后形成一个与内壁连结的细胞板,而后形成分隔营养细胞和生殖细胞的壁。由于胞质分裂高度的不均等性,形成大小悬殊的营养细胞和生殖细胞。在初期的生殖细胞和营养细胞的细胞质中,细胞器是没有差异的,包括线粒体、质体、内质网、高尔基体和核糖体。只有在胞质分裂初期看到微管。生殖细胞形成后,进一步的发育是逐渐脱离花粉粒的壁而成为游离的细胞,浸没在营养细胞的细胞质中。与此同时壁物质消失,变为一个被二层质膜所包围的裸细胞。当生殖细胞发育至游离的裸细胞时期,与营养细胞比较,显示明显的异质性,表现为生殖细胞中的质体不发育或退化,其它细胞器没有什么变化。相反,营养细胞中的质体和线粒体在数量上和大小上显著增长,在质体中迅速积累淀粉。对小麦生殖细胞暂时出现细胞壁的意义以及和营养细胞的异质性进行了讨论。     

玉竹雄配子的发育——着重阐明质体在生殖细胞和营养细胞中的分布和变化

玉竹(Polygonatum simizui Kitag)小孢子在分裂前,质体极性分布导致分裂后形成的生殖细胞不含质体,而营养细胞包含了小孢子中全部的质体。生殖细胞发育至成熟花粉时期,及在花粉管中分裂形成的两个精细胞中始终不含质体。虽然生殖细胞和精细胞中都存在线粒体,但细胞质中无DNA类核。玉竹雄性质体的遗传为单亲母本型。在雄配子体发育过程中,营养细胞中的质体发生明显的变化。在早期的营养细胞质中,造粉质体增殖和活跃地合成淀粉。后期,脂体增加而造粉质体消失。接近成熟时花粉富含油滴。对百合科的不同属植物质体被排除的机理及花粉中贮藏的淀粉与脂体的转变进行了讨论。     

糜子的小孢子发育和雄配子体形成

1.小孢子四分体的排列方式为左右对称形、直列式和T形。2.花粉第一次右丝分裂前夕,部分细胞质定向集中并形成细胞质索。3.有丝分裂末期出现成膜体,而后形成分开营养细胞和生殖细胞的拱形壁。4.营养核移至萌发孔,拱形壁开始消失,生殖细胞经过变形变化并进入营养细胞的细胞质。当生殖细胞完成位移并和营养核紧密贴近后,它开始分裂。5.在生殖细胞的有丝分裂过程中,其纺锤体轴的方向不止一个;细胞质分裂是产生缢缩沟。6.由     

芍药雄配子体发育的超微结构研究

用透射电镜对芍药（Paeonia lactiflora Pall)雄配子体发育进行了研究。结果表明,芍药的小孢子母细胞在减数分裂末期Ⅰ时不形成细胞板,在减数分裂前期Ⅱ形成细胞器带,胞质分裂为同时型,生殖细胞刚形成时有呈PAS正反应的拱形壁,当生殖细胞还未完全脱离花粉内壁时,质膜间的壁物质消失,营养细胞中的脂体沿双质膜规律分布形成一单行的脂体带,在二胞花粉晚期,脂体带包围生殖细胞,形成脂体冠,花粉成熟时,包围生殖细胞的脂体消失,生殖细胞与营养核贴近,构成雄性生殖单位,成熟花粉为二细胞型。     

杜仲胚胎学的研究——Ⅱ.雄配子体的发育

杜仲(Eucommia ulmoides Oliv)小孢子母细胞减数分裂属同时型。小孢子阶段短暂,当细胞体积略增大,未形成液泡时,细胞核由中部移向边缘即进行第一次分裂。在分裂中期,多数纺锤体轴垂直于花粉壁,呈不对称形;少数平行于壁,其两极相似。分裂过程中细胞质内逐渐形成几个大液泡,并消耗贮藏淀粉。生殖细胞位于边缘时,与营养细胞间的拱形壁呈PAS正反应。随后当生殖细胞内移到营养细胞质内的过程中,液泡逐渐解体,贮藏物质重新累积,花粉体积增大。成熟花粉具三沟孔,二细胞型。花粉管单一无分枝,当生殖细胞在花粉管中分裂时,营养核由椭圆形变长,结构松散,并处于其近侧。二个精子一前一后相接近,营养核紧邻其前端,未见有在其后面的现象。     

杜仲花粉不对称分裂的超微结构观察

运用透射电镜对杜仲花粉发育进程进行了观察研究。结果显示,杜仲小孢子的第一次分裂为不等分裂,形成小的生殖细胞和大的营养细胞。分裂开始前小孢子的营养极形成许多小液泡,建立细胞极性;然后随着核膜的解体核周围的细胞器逐渐向纺锤体区靠近,围绕在纺锤体周围。花粉第一次有丝分裂完成后,生殖细胞所获得的细胞器开始分布在细胞的两侧,后来移向生殖细胞的营养极,而紧贴花粉壁的生殖极无细胞器分布。这种生殖细胞早期的细胞极性,可能为进一步分裂形成精细胞奠定基础。     

侧柏小孢子的发生和雄配子体的形成

侧柏[Platycladusorientalis（L．）Franco]初生造孢细胞在8月下旬（1992年）形成,11月上旬形成小孢子母细胞,1993年2月中旬形成四分体,2月下旬小孢子从四分体内释放出来,3月中旬形成成熟花粉粒并开始传粉,4月上旬花粉粒在珠心上萌发,5月上旬生殖细胞分裂,6月上旬精原细胞分裂。小孢子母细胞在休眠以前开始减数分裂,解除休眠以后形成成熟的花粒粒。减数分裂从11月上旬开始至次年2月17日结束。小孢子母细胞减数分裂存在扩散双线期。小孢子母细胞以双线期渡过休眠。精原细胞接近颈卵器时开始分裂,形成两个大小相同的精细胞。精细胞独立存在的时间很短。精细胞的细胞质分为三个区域。小孢子母细胞在发育过程中,发现有部分小孢子母细胞退化,在小孢子囊内形成一大的空腔的现象。     

Ultrastructural and Cytochemical Observations on Sporogenesis of Myxobolus sp. (Myxosporida: Myxobolidae) from the Common Shiner Notropis cornutus*

SYNOPSIS. The structure and cytochemistry of spores of Myxobolus sp. from plasmodia which occur in the gill filaments of the common shiner Notropis cornutus were studied by light microscopy and by scanning and transmission electron microscopy. The thin-walled valves of the pyriform spores are thickened in the lateral sutural and apical regions. Mucous material is associated predominantly with the posterior end of many spores. The plasmodium is surrounded by a syncytial wall bounded by 2 membranes. Pinocytotic channels are formed by the inner membrane and numerous dense vesicles are pinched off at the distal ends of the channels. Sporogenesis is initiated by the envelopment of one vegetative cell by another. The larger, enveloped cell divides to form a disporous pansporoblast, which contains 2 pairs of capsulogenic and valvogenic cells and 2 binucleate sporoplasm cells. Each capsular primordium and connecting external tubule gives rise to a polar capsule which houses a helically coiled polar tubule. The apical end of each polar capsule is plugged by a stopper. The valvogenic cells surround the capsulogenic and posteriorly situated sporoplasm cells to form the spore valves. Iodinophilic (glycogen) inclusions were not seen in spores stained with iodine or Best's carmine. A darkly stained band was observed around the posterior region of most spores stained with Best's carmine. In the electron microscope large aggregates of β glycogen particles were seen in the cytoplasm of sporoplasm cells in mature spores.     

Henneguya adiposa Minchew (Myxosporida) in the channel catfish: ultrastructure of the plasmodium wall and sporogenesis.

Wall ultrastructure and sporogenesis were studied in plasmodia of Henneguya adiposa Minchew which infects the channel catfish, Ictalurus punctatus (Rafinesque). Plasmodia were located among connective tissue bands of the adipose fin and were always separated from host fibrocytes by collagen fibers. The plasmodium wall consisted of a single unit membrane which was continuous with numerous pinocytic canals extending into the parasite's ectoplasm. The membrane was highly convoluted, producing an irregular parasite surface, and was covered by a fine granular coat of almost uniform thickness. Early sporogenic stages were located in a zone of cytoplasm rich in mitochondria, just interior to the zone of pinocytic canals. Later sporogenic stages, including mature spores, were concentrated in the center of the plasmodia. Sporogenesis began with the envelopment of one generative cell, the sporont, by a 2nd, nondividing, cell--the enveloping cell. The sporont and its progeny proceeded through a series of divisions until 10 cells were present within the enveloping cell. Once divisions were completed, the 10 cells became arranged into 2 indentical spore-producing units, each consisting of one binucleate sporoplasm and 2 capsulogenic cells, all surrounded by 2 valvogenic cells. Later stages of spore development indicated that capsulogenesis, valvogenesis and sporoplasm maturation occurred concimitantly.     

Henneguya adiposa Minchew (Myxosporida) in the Channel Catfish: Ultrastructure of the Plasmodium Wall and Sporogenesis*

Wall ultrastructure and sporogenesis were studied in plasmodia of Henneguya adiposa Minchew which infects the channel catfish, Ictalurus punctatus (Rafinesque). Plasmodia were located among connective tissue bands of the adipose fin and were always separated from host fibrocytes by collagen fibers. The plasmodium wall consisted of a single unit membrane which was continuous with numerous pinocytic canals extending into the parasite's ectoplasm. The membrane was highly convoluted, producing an irregular parasite surface, and was covered by a fine granular coat of almost uniform thickness. Early sporogenic stages were located in a zone of cytoplasm rich in mitochondria, just interior to the zone of pinocytic canals. Later sporogenic stages, including mature spores, were concentrated in the center of the plasmodia. Sporogenesis began with the envelopment of one generative cell, the sporont, by a 2nd, nondividing, cell—the enveloping cell. The sporont and its progeny proceeded through a series of divisions until 10 cells were present within the enveloping cell. Once divisions were completed, the 10 cells became arranged into 2 identical spore-producing units, each consisting of one binucleate sporoplasm and 2 capsulogenic cells, all surrounded by 2 valvogenic cells. Later stages of spore development indicated that capsulogenesis, valvogenesis and sporoplasm maturation occurred concomitantly.     

Ultrastructural aspects of Ellipsomyxa mugilis (Myxozoa: Ceratomyxidae) spores and developmental stages in Nereis diversicolor (Polychaeta: Nereidae)

The ultrastructure of the spores and developmental stages of Ellipsomyxa mugilis in Nereis diversicolor were studied by transmission electron microscopy. The ultrastructure features and the developmental stages show many similarities with the general pattern described for other actinospores. However, several new features are definitely worth noting. For example, tetranucleated cells precede the formation of the initial pansporocyst, which preserves the 2 original enveloping cells until the end of sporogony. In the initial stages of sporogony, the future sporoplasm cell acquires the first secondary cell by an engulfment process. In the final stage of sporogony, spores are formed by a sporoplasm with 2 secondary cells and 1 somatic nucleus, and the polar capsule has a polar filament with a helicoidal arrangement possessing 7-8 coils.     

STUDIES ON THE ULTRASTRUCTURE OF THE GUARD CELLS OF OPUNTIA

The guard cells of Opuntia contain numerous mitochondria, elements of endoplasmic reticulum, dictyosomes, and microbodies. A complex array of small to large vacuoles which contain small, membrane-bounded vesicles occur in each guard cell. The variety of cytoplasmic constituents and vacuoles suggest that the guard cells are complex in function. A highly reduced grana-fretwork system within the plastids indicates that the photosynthetic capacity of the guard cells is probably rather low. No plasmodesmata occur in the walls between the guard cells and the subsidiary cells while there are numerous invaginations of the guard cell plasmalemmas. Many of the variations in the plasmalemma probably indicate that the plasmalemma is a highly active interface.     

Myxosoma funduli Kudo (Myxosporida) in Fundulus kansae: Ultrastructure of the Plasmodium Wall and of Sporogenesis*

SYNOPSIS Ultrastructure of the plasmodium wall and of sporogenesis were studied in Myxosoma funduli Kudo infecting the gills of Fundulus kansae (Garman). Plasmodia were located within the lamellar tissues adjacent to sinuses and capillaries. The plasmodium wall consisted of a single unit membrane which was continuous with numerous pinocytic canals extending into the parasite ectoplasm. The plasmodium membrane was covered by a surface coat of almost uniform thickness which prevented direct parasite-host cell contact. Numerous generative cells and cell aggregates, representing early stages of spore development, were seen in immature plasmodia. Later stages of spore development, including mature spores, were observed in older plasmodia. Sporogenesis was initiated by envelopment of one generative cell, the sporont, by a 2nd, nondividing cell, the envelope cell. The sporont and its progeny proceeded through a series of divisions until there were 10 cells, all compartmentalized within the envelope cell. Subsequently, the 10 cells became structurally differentiated and arranged into two 5-celled spore-producing units, each consisting of 1 binucleate sporoplasm and 2 capsulogenic cells, all surrounded by 2 valvogenic cells. Observations of later developmental stages revealed the major events of capsulogenesis, valvogenesis, and sporoplasm maturation, which occurred concomitantly during spore construction.     

圆形碘泡虫免疫原性的研究

间接红细胞血凝试验结果表明,自然感染圆形泡虫的鲫鱼血清中存在循环抗体,并且感染强度与抗体水平不相关。以圆形碘泡虫孢子的可溶性蛋白为抗原,制备多抗。ＥＬＩＳＡ和ＩＦＡＴ试验表明,不同发育时期的圆形碘泡虫存在共同抗原,并且粘孢子虫具有属特异性抗原。圆形碘泡虫的抗原成分主要集中在早体后部的一特异位点及四周的早壁上,两个极囊无抗原成分;而 营养体的抗原成分存在于整个虫体。关碘泡虫与兔抗圆形碘泡虫抗体的结合     

Structure and Development of a Marine Actinosporean, Sphaeractinomyxon ersei n. sp. (Myxozoa)

ABSTRACT This is the first ultrastructural study of the development of a marine actinosporean and of a species belonging to the genus Sphaeractinomyxon Caullery & Mesnil, 1904. S. ersei n. sp. is described from a limnodriloidine oligochaete, Doliodrilus diverticulatus Erséus, 1985, from Moreton Bay. Queensland, Australia. Development is asynchronous, there being all stages from two-celled pansporoblasts through to mature spores present simultaneously within a host. Spores develop in groups of eight within pansporoblasts in the coelom and when mature are located also in the intestinal lumen. The primordial spore envelope and sporoplasm develop separately in the pansporoblast until the polar filament is formed within the polar capsule and the capsulogenic cell cytoplasm has begun to degrade. The sporoplasm then enters the spore through a separated valve junction. Mature spores are triradially symmetrical with three centrally located polar capsules and a single binucleate sporoplasm with about 46 germ cells. Swellings or projections of the epispore do not occur when spores exit the host and contact sea water.