菜用大豆感官品质性状遗传变异及品质育种目标性状分析

以全国菜用大豆主产区154个品种为试验材料,考察感官品质性状综合位、6个一级、5个二级感官性状及7个有关理化性状的遗传变异,分析它们间的相关,从而概括出品质育种目标的主要性状。结果表明：感官性状综合品质位、6个一级、5个三级感官性状均存在牟它的遗传变异,其中二级感官性状的遗传变异度均大于一级感官性状。有关理化性状中,百英鲜直、百粗鲜直、可容性糖的遗传变异系数较大,遗传力较高,选择潜力较大;英长、英厚、英宽的遗传变异系数、遗传力中等,单英粒数的遗传变异系数、遗传力偏低。相关、偏相关和通径分材结果,粒英外观、熟食口味、生食口感对感官品质综合评定值直接效应显并较大;其中英厚、英长、百英鲜直对粒英外观的直接效应显,甜味及可溶性糖为影响蒸食品味的主要图素,硬度对生食口感直接负效应显。菜用大豆品质育种中,感官品质鉴定应在蒸食口味、生食口感、粒英外观、粒色、生样可剥性、熟食香味六个一级性状基础上综合评价,注重前三项性状的选择,它们可以结合用百英鲜重、英长、英厚、可溶性糖含量、鲜味、豆醒味、粘性、硬度等性状进行辅助选择。     

大豆豆腐产量的遗传研究

以六合小叶青×新沂小黑豆、上饶干不死×淮阴秋黑豆、六合小叶青×南农７３－９３５ ３个杂交组合植株世代的Ｐ１、Ｐ２、Ｆ１、Ｆ２、Ｆ２：３为材料,分析了干豆腐产量的遗传规律。结果表明,３个杂交组合干豆腐产量的遗传均是１对加显性主基因和多基因混合遗传模型,干豆腐产量的遗传率较高,３个杂交组合植株世代Ｆ２：３家系干豆腐产量的主基因遗传率分别为５１．８０％、５９．８０％、６１．８５％,多基因遗传率分别为４８．０３％、３９．１８％、３６．１２％。进行高豆腐产量选育时应以主基因选择为主,兼顾多基因的选择。     

大豆蛋白质含量的遗传变异及其与主要农艺性状的相关性分析

摘要：以综合性状优良的黄淮海区主栽大豆品种中黄13为轮回亲本,从大豆微核心种质中选择蛋白质含量显著低于或高于轮回亲本的中黄20、东山69、迟黄豆-1和泰兴牛毛黄乙等4个品种作为供体亲本,比较分析了4个组合的RP、DP、F2、BC1F2和BC2F2蛋白质含量的遗传变异及其与主要农艺性状的相关性,结果表明,双亲蛋白质含量高有利于提高其杂交、回交后代的蛋白质平均含量及超轮回亲本个体比例;F2、BC1F2和BC2F2群体蛋白质含量的变异系数依次降低,BC2F2的蛋白质平均含量及其变异系数接近于轮回亲本;蛋白质含量在F2群体内呈正态分布,在双亲蛋白质含量高的组合中,其BC1F2群体呈偏态分布,但在BC2F2群体恢复了正态分布,稳定较快;供体亲本与其杂交2代、回交1代和回交2代在蛋白质含量、脂肪含量、株高、单株荚数、单株粒数、百粒重等性状上呈显著或极显著相关。     

苦瓜主要品质性状的遗传变异、相关和通径分析

对23份苦瓜材料的10个品质性状进行了研究。结果表明,苦瓜维生素C、还原糖、有机酸、果瘤、果色、果刺和苦味遗传变异系数大,遗传力高;水分含量遗传变异系数很小;风味遗传变异系数较小,遗传力低。苦瓜4个内在营养品质之间相关性小,而4个外观品质性状之间关系密切。两个味觉品质与4个内在营养品质之间相关性小,但与4个外观品质之间关系密切。内在营养品质与外观品质之间有一定关系。通径分析提出通过降低果实的苦味和有机酸含量来提高风味品质;通过水分含量和果瘤两性状的直接选择来实现对维生素C的间接选择。     

大豆微核心种质蛋白质及脂肪含量的遗传变异

大豆是人类最重要的植物蛋白和油脂来源。提高大豆蛋白质及脂肪含量一直是大豆品质育种的重要研究方向。采用NIR检测方法,对77份大豆微核心种质进行蛋白质及脂肪含量分析,探讨微核心种质蛋白质及脂肪含量的遗传变异特性及其与主要农艺性状的相关性,为种质利用及品质育种提供依据。结果表明,蛋白质含量和脂肪含量在品种间和生态区间均存在极显著的差异,变异丰富;蛋白质含量和脂肪含量的变异幅度为40.68%~50.03%和13.81%~21.51%,平均含量为45.95%和17.42%,变异系数为4.42%和7.96%;不同生态区品种蛋白质含量为南方品种>黄淮海品种>北方品种>国外品种,脂肪含量则相反。蛋白质含量与脂肪含量呈极显著负相关(r=-0.825**),与单株粒数和单株荚数呈极显著和显著负相关(r=-0.205**,r=-0.156*),与底荚高度呈极显著正相关(r=0.240**)。主成分分析显示,4个主成分可解释82.25%信息,分别为产量构成因子、品质因子、株型因子和粒重因子。     

小麦种子活力性状的遗传变异和相关研究

本研究利用12个普通小麦品种对10个种子活力性状的遗传变异和相关研究,表明除正常幼苗百分率外,其余种子活力性状在品种间均存在显著的差异。种子贮藏物质转换效率、电导率两个性状问及与其它性状均无显著的遗传相关,因此对他们的选择不会影响到其它性状。通径分析表明幼苗干重主要取决于种子贮藏物质转换效率、种子贮藏物质利用速率;发芽指数主要由平均发芽时间决定。电导率、发芽势、幼苗于重、种子干重、发芽指数、种子贮藏物质消耗比率6个性状表现中到高的遗传力、遗传变异系数和相对遗传进展,指明通过遗传育种手段改良这些性状是可能的。     

基于大豆胞囊线虫病抗性候选基因的SNP位点遗传变异分析

以我国363份栽培和野生大豆资源为材料, 对大豆胞囊线虫抗性候选基因(rhg1和Rhg4)的SNP位点(8个)进行遗传变异分析, 以期阐明野生和栽培大豆间遗传多样性及连锁不平衡水平差异。结果表明, 与野生大豆相比, 代表我国栽培大豆总体资源多样性的微核心种质及其补充材料的连锁不平衡水平较高(R²值为0.216)。在栽培大豆群体内, 基因内和基因间分别有100％和16.6％的SNP位点对连锁不平衡显著, 形成两个基因特异的连锁不平衡区间(Block)。在所有供试材料中共检测到单倍型46个, 野生大豆的单倍型数目(27)少于栽培大豆(31), 但单倍型多样性(0.916)稍高于栽培大豆(0.816)。单倍型大多数(67.4％)为群体所特有(31个), 其中15个为野生大豆特有单倍型。野生大豆的两个主要优势单倍型(Hap_10和Hap_11)在栽培大豆中的发生频率也明显下降, 推测野生大豆向栽培大豆进化过程中, 一方面形成了新的单倍型, 另一方面因为瓶颈效应部分单倍型的频率降低甚至消失。     

360度群体遗传变异扫描——大豆泛基因组研究

大豆(Glycine max)是重要的油料和蛋白作物, 其丰富的遗传变异为生物学性状挖掘和育种改良提供了重要的资源基础。然而, 单个基因组信息无法全面揭示种质资源的遗传变异, 泛基因组研究为解决这一不足提供了新方案。近日, 中国科学院遗传与发育生物学研究所田志喜和梁承志研究团队从2 898份大豆种质中选取26份代表性材料, 并整合已有的3个基因组, 构建了包含野生和栽培大豆的泛基因组和图基因组(graph-based genome), 鉴定了整个群体的绝大多数结构变异数据集, 确定了大豆种质的核心、非必需和个体特异的基因集。利用这些数据系统地揭示了生育期位点E3的等位基因变异和基因融合事件、种皮颜色基因I的单体型和演化关系以及结构变异对铁离子转运基因表达和地区适应性选择的影响。该研究为作物基因组学研究提供了一个新的模式, 同时将加速推动大豆遗传变异的鉴定、性状解析和种质创新。     

光皮桦优树子代性状遗传变异及选择

在福建省选择101株光皮桦(Betula luminifera H. Winkl.)优树,利用其中55株优树的种子在福建省邵武卫闽林场开展子代测定分析. 结果表明, 光皮桦种内存在丰富的遗传变异, 优树子代间差异显著, 这些差异主要由遗传因素控制; 3 a生树高家系遗传力、单株遗传力分别为0.446和0.327, 胸径的家系遗传力和单株遗传力分别为 0.431和0.291;各生长性状与冠幅间存在紧密的相关性;以3a生树高为主要指标,从参试的家系中初步选出12个优良家系和31株优良个体,优良家系的树高和胸径的平均遗传增益分别为7.95%和11.87%;优良个体的树高和胸径的平均遗传增益分别高达26.60%和40.37%,选择效果非常明显.这些优良家系和个体可用作种子园建园材料或无性繁殖材料.     

花生粕脂肪含量对豆腐品质的影响

为了确定适用于制备花生豆腐的原料的脂肪含量,以低温花生粕为原料,采用谷氨酰胺转氨酶(transglutaminase,TG)和高温微压煮浆(high-temperature pressure cooking,HTPC)工艺制备花生豆腐,研究不同花生粕脂肪含量(6.89%、10.12%、15.43%、20.28%和25.54%)对豆腐质构的影响,对比花生豆腐与市售大豆豆腐的耐煮性和色泽,并分析加工过程中花生蛋白的结构变化。结果表明,花生粕脂肪含量对豆腐质构有显著影响(P<0.05),除脂肪含量为25.54%的花生粕外,其他脂肪含量的花生粕均可用于制备花生豆腐。当花生粕脂肪含量为6.89%时,可制得与市售大豆石膏豆腐的质构、耐煮性相当的花生豆腐产品,且其黄度值b(8.38)显著小于大豆石膏(15.86)和卤水(16.56)豆腐(P<0.05),具有色泽优势。而对于花生蛋白结构变化的分析表明,当花生粕脂肪含量相对较低(6.89%~20.28%)时,TG对花生蛋白的作用效果较好,进一步施加HTPC处理可使花生蛋白完全变性,并且通过形成疏水相互作用和二硫键以维持豆腐凝胶结构。研究结果为花生豆腐的加工提供了技术指导和理论支撑。     

大豆体细胞胚系培养及其微卫星DNA稳定性研究(简报)

植物离体培养是植物基因操作中的重要一环,也是植物个体发育研究中基因表达研究的有益参考体系。在继代培养过程中发生的遗传变异有时会使再生植株丧失优良的性状而需加以控制和避免。为此,首先需要了解培养过程中的遗传变异情况。     

Genetic diversity and structure of the noxious alien grass Praxelis clematidea in southern China

Praxelis clematidea (Asteraceae), a plant species native to South America, is a noxious weed in southern China. We examined the genetic variation and population structure of 12 populations (76 individuals) of P. clematidea from Fujian, Guangdong, and Hainan Provinces in China using inter-simple sequence repeat (ISSR) analysis. From an initial set of 69 ISSR primers, 10 were selected which yielded 80 reproducible bands. Polymorphic bands (P) were 100%, Shannon's information index (I) was 0.4226, and Nei's gene diversity (H) was 0.2791. We infer that the high levels of genetic diversity exhibited by P. clematidea may have contributed to its invasiveness. Gene flow among populations was 2.4930, which has led to homogenization. The coefficient of population differentiation (Gst = 0.1671) indicated low levels of genetic variation among populations and high levels of genetic polymorphism within populations. There was a negative correlation between population elevation and genetic diversity, while there was a significant positive correlation between genetic distance and geographic distance based on a Mantel test (r = 0.5820, P < 0.01). Some populations from different provinces clustered together in principal coordinate and UPGMA analyses indicating that human-mediated events may have contributed to the dispersal of the species.     

Role of roots in differences in seed cadmium concentration among soybean cultivars—proof by grafting experiment

Soybean cultivars show significant differences in cadmium (Cd) concentrations in seeds, due primarily to genetics, not environmental factors. We previously suggested that low-Cd cultivars accumulate Cd in their roots and thus prevent its translocation to the rest of the plant. Through grafting experiments, we drew the following conclusions about Cd absorption and translocation: (1) The amount of Cd accumulated in shoots is determined by the Cd accumulation capacity of roots: cultivars with a small capacity to accumulate Cd in roots translocate more Cd and accumulate it in shoots; (2) The Cd concentration in shoots is determined by the Cd accumulation capacity of roots and the shoot productive ability of the scion cultivar; (3) The Cd tolerance of shoots differs among cultivars. Enrei, with a high-Cd accumulation capacity of roots, had a low Cd tolerance of shoots compared with Suzuyutaka and Hatayutaka, with a low Cd accumulation capacity of roots; (4) Cultivars differ in their distribution of Cd to seed; (5) These results show that seed Cd concentration is influenced by the differences among cultivars in ease of translocation of Cd to seed and in Cd accumulation capacity of roots.     

A genetic map of soybean (Glycine max L.) using an intraspecific cross of two cultivars: ‘Minosy’ and ‘Noir 1’

Genetic markers were mapped in segregating progeny from a cross between two soybean (Glycine max (L.) Merr.) cultivars: Minsoy (PI 27.890) and Noir 1 (PI 290.136). A genetic linkage map was constructed (LOD 3), consisting of 132 RFLP, isozyme, morphological, and biochemical markers. The map defined 1550cM of the soybean genome comprising 31 linkage groups. An additional 24 polymorphic markers remained unlinked. A family of RFLP markers, identified by a single probe (hybridizing to an interspersed repeated DNA sequence), extended the map, linking other markers and defining regions for which other markers were not available.     

A major satellite DNA of soybean is a 92-base pairs tandem repeat

We report the cloning, sequencing and analysis of the major repetitive DNA of soybean (Glycine max). The repeat, SB92, was cloned as several monomers and trimers produced by digestion with XhoI. The deduced consensus sequence of the repeat is 92 base pairs long. Genomic sequences do not fluctuate in length. Their average homology to the consensus sequence is 92%. The consensus of SB92 contains slightly degenerated homologies for several 6-cutters. Therefore, many of them generate a ladder of 92-bp oligomers. The distribution of bands seems to be random, but the occurrence of sites for different 6-cutters varies widely. There is no obvious correlation between the sequences of the neighboring units of SB92 in cloned trimers. Also, there are none of the internal repetitive blocks reported for many satellite DNAs from other species. The SB92 repeat makes up 0.7% of total soybean DNA. This is equivalent to 8×10⁴ copies, or 7 megabases. The repeat is organized in giant tandem blocks over 1 Mb in length, and there are fewer blocks than chromosomes. The polymorphism of these blocks is extremely high. The SB92 repeat is present in identical arrangement and number of copies in the ancestral subspecies Glycine soja. There are 10 times fewer copies of the repeat in a related species Vigna unguiculata (cowpea), and no homologies in several other more distant leguminous plants studied.     

真菌豆乳凝固酶的筛选及其凝固豆乳的工艺条件研究

筛选获得ＳＣＥ２豆乳凝固酶,在固态发酵时的产酶量为１２８ｕ／ｇ干麸皮。采用正交试验法对ＳＣＥ２凝固豆乳的工艺条件进行优化,结果表明,控制凝固温度６９℃、自然ｐＨ（６．１）、加酶终浓度３ｕ／ｍｌ豆乳时,蛋白质凝固率和固形物收率分别高达８８４％和８１０％。微生物酶凝固豆乳应用于传统豆腐乳制作使生产周期相对缩短了２０４％。