黑广肩步甲形态特征及其生物学特性

记述了黑广肩步甲CalosomamaximocicziMorawitz各虫态的形态特征、生物学特性。在山东栖霞地区,该虫1年发生1代,以成虫在土壤中越冬。成虫在5月中旬至9月末发生,8月产卵。卵期平均为5d;幼虫共3龄,历期分别为5～6d,4～5d,5～6d;预蛹期约为25d;蛹期为24～27d。成、幼虫以多种鳞翅目幼虫为食。     

黄杨绒蚧的生物学特性及卵期预测预报

黄杨绒蚧Eriococcus abeliceae Kuwana是危害园林树木的重要害虫之一。该蚧在西宁地区1年发生1代,以2龄若虫在树干裂皮缝中越冬。翌年3月下旬2龄若虫蜕皮变为3龄若虫,开始为害,雌虫5月上旬开始产卵,卵期18~23d,每雌虫产卵量134~424粒,平均287粒。6月上旬卵开始孵化,孵化率100%。雌虫3龄,雄虫2龄。在室内自然变温条件下,对黄杨绒蚧卵的发育起点温度和有效积温进行测定。结果表明:卵发育起点温度12.98℃,有效积温39.03日.度;预测式为N=(39.03±2.66)/T-(12.98±0.18)。     

甜菜夜蛾生物学特性的研究

甜菜夜娥在我市每年发生5～6代,世代重叠。以7～10月间第2～5代为害最重。幼虫3龄前食量小,4～5龄食量占91．55％。恒温条件下,各虫态发育起点温度和有效积温分别为：卵10．9852℃、42．5193日度;幼虫10．9306℃、243．3155日度;蛹12.1873℃、105．7263日度。各虫态对高温的抵抗力均较强。5％卡死克、定虫隆防治效果在90％以上,敌百虫与灭扫利混用效果达81％,在幼虫盛孵期施药效果良好。     

大袋蛾的发育起点温度及有效积温

大袋峨Cryptotheleavariegata（Snellen）是目前我国主要的森林害虫之一,近年在河南、安徽、山东、江苏等省的泡桐基地泛滥成灾,严重影响了林木的生长。现将其变温下的有效积温的研究结果整理如下。（一）经观察测定,大袋蛾的卵期、幼虫期、蛹期及其历期温度列于表l～羊（雄蛹数据略）。（二）各虫态的发育起点温度与有效积温自然变温条件下为：幼虫蛹蛹恒温条件下为：蛹（三）发生期检验在林间,1990年大袋蛾产卵高峰期为5月25日,1991年雄幼虫化蛹高峰期为5月1日,产卵高峰期为6月7日。我们利用获得的大经峨冬虫态的C、K值,根据1990…     

跗凹拟步甲生物学特性的研究

<正> 咐凹拟步甲 Platyscelis hypolithos Pall属鞘翅目、拟步甲科。近年来在新疆为害药用植物贝母严重。我们于1986～1988年进行研究,现将结果整理如下。     

麦长管蚜发育起点温度及有效积温的研究

<正> 麦长管蚜Macrosiphum avenae(Fab.)是我国小麦上的重要害虫之一,它不仅直接吸食小麦植株,还能传播大麦黄矮病毒,(BYDV),引起小麦黄矮病的流行,其损失更大。因此,已引起人们的高度重视。不少人对该种蚜虫的发生规律、危害损失及防治都进行了研究,但对麦长管蚜的发育起点温度及有效积温的研究尚未见到正式报道。为此,我们于1987年冬季在西     

豆蚜发育起点温度和有效积温的研究

本文研究了豆蚜孤雌胎生蚜在实验室条件下的发育起点温度和有效积温。结果表明,长沙地区豆蚜孤雌胎生蚜全世代发育起点温度和有效积温分别为2.6±0.81℃和175.3±15.7日度。相对湿度在50％以下对豆蚜发育有抑制作用,而在50～90％之间对发育无多大影响。自然光周期对豆蚜发育几乎无影响(冬季可能的滞育型个体除外)。豆蚜在湖南每年发生的理论代数为29～32±4.3代。     

美洲斑潜蝇发育起点温度及有效积温研究

设置6个温度12个湿度对美洲斑潜蝇卵、幼虫、蛹的发育速率进行了测定,结果表明：温度是影响孩虫发育的最重要因素;分别运用直线回归法和优选法计算发育起点温度和有效积温,结果是优选法的精确度较高;用优选法所得卵、幼虫、蛹和全世代的发育起点温度分别为9．2、6．4、10．8、11．0℃,有效积温分别为4O．2、78．0、129．0、218．9日度。     

紫薇毡蚧种群生物学特性研究

该文报道紫薇毡蚧EriococcusLagerostroemiae Kuwana的种群生物学特性。该虫80年末传入贵州,在贵阳地区每年发生3-4代,世代重叠极重,越冬代是第3、4两代的混合群体,越冬虫态有卵、若虫和蛹。分别估测了卵、雄若虫、蛹、雌若虫和雌成虫的发育起点温度(T₀)和有效积温(K)。周年虫口变动有两个高峰：6月中旬至7月上旬和8月上旬至9月上旬。11月至翌年4月,因寄主休眠和低温导致虫口缓慢下降。雌成虫产卵量与寄主生长势好坏有关。控制紫薇毡蚧虫口最有效的天敌是红点唇瓢虫Chilocoruskuwanae Silverstri。药液涂干并辅之具内吸作用的杀虫药液灌根是目前较好的药剂防治方法。     

家蝇发育起点温度和有效积温

在5种温度下,对家蝇的发育起点温度和有效积温进行了研究。结果表明,家蝇在不同发育阶段发育起点温度和有效积温不同,且不同发育阶段对两者的要求也不一致。世代的发育起点温度和有效积温分别为13.6℃和196.4日.度,控制发育进度的理论为T=196.4/N+(13.6±0.5)。     

椰心叶甲啮小蜂发育起点温度和有效积温研究

椰心叶甲啮小蜂Tetrastichus brontispae Ferriere在实验室内,相对湿度75±5%,光周期L:D=12:12,温度16℃,20℃,24℃,28℃条件下,世代平均历期分别为53.7天,28.0天,21.2天,16.2天.其卯、幼虫、蛹及整个世代的发育起始点温度分别为13.15±0.49℃,10.25±0.44℃,12.41±0.57℃,10.50±0.89℃;有效积温分别为15.35±0.76日度,107.21±3.76日度,113.60±6.22日度,281.50±7.05日度.椰心叶甲啮小蜂生长发育历期随温度的升高而缩短,与温度的关系符合指数函数:y=226.19667e-0.096991x.     

天麻阶段性生物学积温的确定及意义

天麻ＧａｓｔｒｏｄｉａｅｌａｔａＢｌ．有４个变型〔１〕：原变型（红天麻）Ｇ．ｅｌａｔａｆ．ｅｌａｔａ、绿天麻Ｇ．ｅｌａｔａｆ．ｖｉｒｉｄｉｓ、乌天麻Ｇ．ｅｌａｔａｆ．ｇｌａｕｃａ和黄天麻Ｇ．ｅｌａｔａｆ．ｆｌａｖｉｄａ。目前我国的商品天麻大部分是红天...     

DEVELOPMENTAL BIOLOGY AND THE STUDY OF MALFORMATIONS

1. The scientific approach to malformations began with experimental work on abnormal conditions of incubation in the chick. 2. More precise experiments on causing abnormalities had a common origin with experimental embryology. 3. Progress in experimental teratology during the last fifty years is reviewed in a commentary on the four principles formulated by Stockard in 1921. 4. Some relationships are traced between the results of cytogenetical studies in man and in other organisms. 5. An account is given of present knowledge concerning malformations of the neural tube originating either experimentally, spontaneously, or phenotypically. 6. The teratological implications of some recent theories on the expression of the genotype are discussed, particularly in relation to problems of hormones as teratogens. 7. Some account is given of the implication of carbohydrate metabolism and terato-genesis. 8. Teratogenesis is possibly related to cationic balance in early development. 9. It is suggested that one factor retarding progress in the understanding of malformations is the tendency towards the development of teratology in an insufficiently close relationship with other branches of cell biology.     

叶色草蛉的生物学研究1:热常数和发育速率(英文)

利用优选法和快速估计法对叶色草岭在７个温度处理下的个体发育的过程进行了测算,确定了它的卵期、幼虫期、蛹期及幼虫期的一龄、二龄和三龄的发育起始温度（Ｔ_０）和有效积温（Ｋ）,前一方法的结果Ｔ_０分别为１４．２０、１１．５５、８．２７、１０．８４、１０．０３和１２．７９℃;Ｋ分别为５３．８２、１５１．５８、２４３．８５、５２．１４、４５．８６和５５．２０日／度。后一方法的结果Ｔ_０分别为１４．３３、１２．１８、８．３８、 １１．６２、１０．６６和１３．２８℃;Ｋ分别为５４．４１、１５７．６２、２４５．２１、５４．６１、４７．５２和５７．０４日／度。同时根据Ｌｏｇｉｓｔｉｃ曲线方程确定了不同温度条件下叶色草蛉的发育速率计算式。     

BIOLOGY OF THE GREEN LACEWING (CHRYSOPA PHYLLOCHROMA). 1: EFFECTIVE ACCUMULATED HEAT AND DEVELOPMENT RATE*

Abstract Two methods were used to estimate the effective accumulated heat (K) and threshold development temperature (To) of the green lacewing, Chrysopa phyllochroma Wesmael, under 7 constant temperatures. The results were as follows: 1) by means of Li Chao's ‘optimum seeking method’, T₀ of eggs, larvae, and pupae are 14. 20, 11. 55 and 8. 27°C respectively, K of them are 53. 82, 151. 58 and 243. 85 day-degrees respectively; 2) by means of Li Dianmo's ‘rapid estimation method’, T₀ of eggs, larvae, and pupae are 14. 33, 12.18 and 8. 38°C respectively, K of them are 54. 41. 157. 62 and 245. 21 day-degrees respectively; 3) based on linear regression equation and the logistic curve equation, the formula for estimating development rates of different development stages at certain temperatures has been established.     

棉花伏蚜发育起点有效积温及生殖频率的年龄分布的研究

关于棉花伏蚜发育起点温度,有效积温及生殖频率的年龄分布的研究,到目前为止国内外未见报道。实验是在恒温10、15、20、25及30℃条件下进行的。除乙代10℃处理外,5个不同温度处理表现为随龄期增加而历期逐渐变短的趋势。面适宜温度为15℃及20℃。在恒温25℃及30℃条件下死亡率明显增高。发育起点温度及有效积温因不同龄期均有差异。     

杨始叶螨生物学和有效积温研究

杨始叶螨Eotetranychus populi(Koch)是危害杨柳科植物的重要害螨。本文研究了该螨的主要生物学特性和有效积温。结果表明：在16℃一28℃范围内,该螨的发育历期随温度升高而缩短,反之则延长。经测定,卵的发育起点为(8.77±0.83)℃,有效积温为(100.0±5.96)日度; 幼螨至成螨的发育起点为(9.64±1.60)℃,有效积温为113.3±13.88)日度;全世代的发育起点为(8.67±0.92)℃,有效积温为(2182±14.37)日度。同时还观察了该螨在不同温度下的产卵进度、单雌产卵量、寿命和交配活动等。     

XENOPUS LAEVIS AND DEVELOPMENTAL BIOLOGY

1. Because of the present popularity of Xenopus laevis for research in developmental biology, a review of the literature on this animal has been undertaken which emphasizes the anatomical, physiological and developmental features in which it differs from other anuran Amphibia. The need for caution in generalizing from observations on Xenopus to other vertebrates is stressed. 2. Earlier literature and the use of Xenopus for pregnancy testing have been surveyed briefly. Some of the peculiarities of this genus are: the prevalence of pulmonary rather than cutaneous or branchial respiration in the larva, with concomitant modifications of the vascular system; the larval filter-feeding mechanism; the unusual development of the forelimbs, outside the gill chamber; and a number of features of musculature and skeleton in the adult which may be regarded either as primitive or as neotenous, or as specializations for aquatic life. Urodele-like features of the morphology of the pituitary and pineal glands are also mentioned. 3. Recent work on the germ cells and their origin in Xenopus is reviewed in Section III. The germ plasm has been traced from early cleavage stages into germ cells whose identity and genetic characteristics may be traced by reciprocal transplants between anucleolate and normal Xenopus. This plasm is thought to contain redundant copies of DNA from the maternal oocyte, which may thus get passed on to the next generation. During oogenesis, yolk proteins originate from maternal liver protein, and both yolk platelets and pigment granules appear to form in association with mitochondria. The yolk platelets evidently contain both DNA and RNA, and the mitochondria also contain both DNA, of a circular form, and ribosomal RNA. In the oocyte nucleus, special interest has been focused recently on the extrachromo-somal DNA which arises from the nucleolar organizer regions of chromosomes. This DNA later forms the cores of the nucleoli. A number of synthetic processes can take place in the oocyte cytoplasm in the absence of the nucleus, and in the presence of foreign messenger-RNA. Ribosomal RNA synthesis shows at first an excess of 5 s over 18 s and 28 s forms. 4. Spermatogenesis has been studied little in Xenopus. Two unusual features are the absence of seminal vesicles for sperm storage and the spiral shape of the sperm head. By techniques involving destruction of the female pronucleus with ultraviolet light, or suppression of polar-body formation, androgenetic haploids, as well as triploids and tetraploids, have been produced in this species. Paternal genes begin to act at the onset of gastrulation, when nucleoli appear and major rRNA synthesis begins. This situation is sometimes presumed to typify events in all Amphibia -perhaps all vertebrates - but the assumption is unjustified, since in mammals there is much variation in the time of onset of rRNA synthesis, from the evidence so far available. 5. During cleavage in Xenopus, which appears to follow the same pattern as in other Amphibia, septate junctions may serve as channels of communication between the cells. Cytoplasmic DNA is a source for the nuclear DNA synthesis, and the total DNA per cell decreases. As shown by nuclear transplantation experiments, cleavage nuclei, like those of later embryonic stages, remain capable of initiating development in an enucleated egg. Egg cytoplasm can also initiate DNA and RNA synthesis in adult nuclei. 6. Gastrulation in Xenopus is unusual in that the mesoderm migrates forward below the surface and the dorsal lip is lined superficially by endoderm. Neural inductors have been extracted from the dorsal lip of Xenopus, but have not been analysed biochemically. By the end of gastrulation the induced ectoderm is synthesizing high-molecular-weight RNA and also shows increased quantities of three antigenic proteins. 7. In the early processes of differentiation of tissue primordia, regional differences in rates of yolk breakdown, proteolysis, amino-acid activation, tRNA characteristics and rates of incorporation of individual amino acids into protein may be demonstrated. There are also differences in antigens and in isoenzyme patterns. One peculiar morphological feature of early tissue development is the rotatory mode of somite-formation, not so far seem in any other vertebrate. 8. Among several organs whose development has been studied in some detail in Xenopus are: the granular skin glands, which arise from clones of cells; the lateral-line organs, which persist in the adult and are controlled by sensory and motor nerves; and the epidermal cells, which transmit electrical discharges, probably through their zonulae occludentes. In connexion with the filter feeding, the gut is ciliated in the larva: so also are the pronephric ducts. The growth of the pronephros appears to be controlled by a tissue-specific ‘chalone’. 9. The development of the eye in Xenopus normally entails induction of the lens by the eye-cup, as in other vertebrates, but independent ‘free lenses’ may form, by aggregation of epidermal cells instead of invagination from a placode, when the eye-cup rudiment is removed. In the development of the retina there is little evidence of the large-scale cell death described in other vertebrates. Topographical relations between retina and tectum appear to be established long before the full complement of cells is present in either organ. This and other recent experimental evidence suggests that there are no specific point-to-point retinotectal connexions. 10. Studies of the development of motor and sensory elements in the spinal cord of Xenopus showed that there were some early sensory cells lying dorsomedially, and also that the proximal regions of the motor roots were orientated longitudinally: both features are unique to Xenopus. As in Urodela, ablation of the limb causes reduction in size of the lumbar motor horns: in Xenopus it has been shown that there is also increased cell death in the sensory ganglia. 11. Like other Amphibia, Xenopus can regenerate central nervous system, limbs and the lens of the eye. Limb regeneration is somewhat better than in other Anura but gradually declines with increasing age after metamorphosis and also with increasingly proximal levels of amputation. The lens may regenerate from the cornea, the neural retina or the iris, and the regenerates soon acquire lens antigens. 12. Events at metamorphosis in Xenopus are controlled by interactions between the anterior pituitary and the thyroid, as in other Amphibia: cells secreting thyroid-stimulating hormone and thyroid-releasing factor have been identified in the anterior lobe. In response to thyroxine, the isolated tail regresses in organ culture, and this regression is accompanied by increases in the activities of lytic enzymes. 13. Some physiological features of metamorphosis peculiar to Xenopus are: the continued increase in serum proteins for some time afterwards; the more gradual changes in haemoglobin than in other Anura; and the continued excretion of more ammonia than urea. Under conditions of dehydration, however, carbamyl phosphatase activity in the liver increases and a higher proportion of urea is produced. 14. It is concluded that the preferential use of Xenopus for research in developmental biology since the 1950s has led to some important advances in knowledge, but that there is now a need to use other species in order to find out to what extent the same mechanisms operate in them as in Xenopus.     

温度对坏鳃指环虫产卵、孵化和发育的影响

实验研究了离体条件下温度对坏鳃指环虫(Dactylogyrus vastator)产卵和孵化的影响,以及在20℃、在体条件下坏鳃指环虫的产卵和发育过程。在离体条件下,坏鳃指环虫的平均产卵量随着温度的升高而增加,在4、10、20、30和35℃时,其平均产卵量分别为0.25、5.9、9.1、9.2和13.4枚/虫;除4℃外,绝大多数虫卵是在离体后的前5h内产出;然而,在体条件下虫体的产卵是连续且稳定的,在20℃条件下平均产卵量为6.5枚/(虫d)。虫卵的孵化时间和孵化持续的时间随着温度的升高而减少,在10、20、30和35℃条件下,孵化时间和孵化持续时间分别为19d、3d、2d、36h和24d、5d、5d、3d,而最高的孵化率(65.5%)却出现在30℃。在20℃条件下,纤毛幼虫在感染7d后90%的虫体都已成熟,因此,在此温度条件下坏鳃指环虫由虫卵发育到成虫大约需要8-10d。为了有效控制指环虫病的暴发,在第一次用药1周后要进行第二次用药。