兔双歧杆菌超微结构的观察

本文观察了兔双歧杆菌（Ｂｉｆｉｄｏｂａｃｔｅｒｉｕｍｃｕｎｉｃｕｌｉ）的超微结构,发现青壮龄免双歧杆菌的菌体结构完整,从外向里为糖被、细胞壁、细胞膜和细胞质。细胞壁为双层结构即外界膜和内界膜。胞质中有糖原颗粒、核蛋白体、中介体、液胞或空泡。未见有分叉杆菌。老龄菌无糖被,细胞壁不完整,呈碎片状,可见到许多分叉杆菌。提示兔双歧杆菌分叉的形成与营养不良、环境不利及老龄有关。     

细菌的超微结构

细菌是原核细胞,通常认为它无细胞的复杂分化。用电子显微镜观察,已报道的细菌超微结构有细胞壁、胞浆膜、鞭毛、纤毛、荚膜、核糖核蛋白颗粒、中膜小体、核区、芽胞等。可是最近我们通过电子显微镜在细菌细胞中还观察到一些真核细胞才有的细胞器,如微管、微丝、板层样结构等,现分述如下: 1.细胞壁是一个围绕菌体的致密结构,与保持细菌的固有形态及通透性有关。用电子显微镜观察发现,不同类型的细菌其细胞壁有明显差别。革兰氏阳性菌的细胞壁层次不清,厚150A左右。革兰氏阴性菌的细胞壁通常由2—3个电子致密层组成,厚100A左右。而我们在牛型布鲁氏菌A_4菌株、鼠伤寒沙门氏菌TA100株、酵米面黄杆菌Co33株观察到细胞壁有3—4个电子致密层组成。(图6)(本文图均见封三)     

高温菌的细胞壁和细胞被膜

众所周知,细胞壁是生物从非细胞进化到细胞形态之后最早的生化进化指标之一,也是生命三域（ＴｈｒｅｅＤｅｍａｉｎｓ）相互区分的重要特征之一。那么高温菌（Ｔｈｅｒｍｏｐｈｉｌｅｓ）的细胞壁和细胞被膜有什么特征呢？本文对此试作评述。回细菌界高温菌的细胞壁ｌ’－。１１．ｌ＄兰氏阳性高温菌的细胞壁现在资料表明,绝大多数革兰氏阳性高温菌的细胞壁是由ｈ卜乙酸氨基葡萄糖和Ｎ．乙酞胞壁酸通过［６,－ｌ,４］糖昔链联接成的聚糖链、Ｌ一丙氨酸一Ｄ一谷氨酸一Ｄ～Ｌ丙氨酸一（Ｄ一两氨酸）组成的肽链和间肽桥（不同长度、不同种…     

测定放线菌菌体中氨基酸和单糖的快速方法——薄层层析法

Becker报道可根据细胞壁氨基酸组成和全细胞糖组份对放线菌进行分类与鉴定,他把细胞壁分为四型。Lechevalier又把细胞壁分为九型。根据形态与细胞壁类型对放线菌进行分类的方法现已被广泛用于放线菌的分类与鉴     

沙眼衣原体被膜和细胞壁分离纯化及其结构的初步研究

通过强超声处理,酶水解和差速离心等步骤分离了纯化过的沙眼衣原体TE-55细胞的被膜和细胞壁,井以5—50％泛影葡胺密度梯度离心加以纯化,区带界面清楚、稳定,重复性较好。对完整细胞和分离成份的超薄切片、冰冻断裂及蚀刻和负染标本进行的电镜观寮表明：被膜一般分为三层,负染的细胞壁中见到规则的、排列紧密的直径约28毫微米的亚单位,完整细胞经冰冻蚀刻后也有类似的六角形突起。初步对被膜和细胞壁的多肽组份进行了sDs一聚丙烯酰胺凝胶电泳分折。对比并讨论了该种膜与革兰氏阴性细菌膜的异同。     

不同方法生产的短棒状杆菌生物学活性比较

提高短棒状杆菌疫苗临床疗效,解决接种后局部硬结,发烧等不良副反应。在菌体菌苗的基础上,采用超声、破碎、离心、胰酶消化脱脂的方法提取细胞壁做脾激活抑瘤试验生物学检定。结果显示,纯化的短棒状杆菌细胞壁可使小鼠脾激活指数达到4.06。能抑制艾氏腹水瘤的生长,而菌体脾指数3.18。实验证实,纯化的短棒杆菌细胞壁菌苗的活性好于菌体菌苗。     

细胞壁在植物重金属耐性中的作用

植物细胞壁主要是由多糖、蛋白质和木质素等组成的一个复合体,广泛参与植物生长发育及对各种逆境胁迫的响应,是重金属离子进入细胞质的第一道屏障。本文主要综述了植物细胞壁主要成分,包括细胞壁多糖、细胞壁蛋白质和木质素,在响应重金属胁迫反应中的作用及其参与重金属耐性的机制,以期能对植物细胞壁在重金属耐性中的作用有更深入的了解。     

APNP对白念珠菌杀菌效果研究

目的 研究常压低温等离子体(APNP)喷流对白念珠菌的杀灭作用,并初步探讨其杀菌机制.方法 观察白念珠菌标准株经不同放电气体流量、作用时间及作用距离的APNP喷流处理后的菌落生长情况,并利用扫描电镜与透射电镜观察处理后念珠菌细胞内外超微结构的变化.结果 经APNP处理后的菌株生长明显被抑制,通入的放电气体He/O2以2/0.06 L/min的抑制作用比2/0.02 L/min明显,处理时间10 min明显优于2 min,作用距离1 cm优于2 cm.扫描电镜观察APNP处理后的菌体细胞壁有不同程度的破裂,菌体干瘪,透射电镜下可见菌体细胞壁、细胞膜破裂,胞内物质外漏,细胞内物质稀疏.结论 APNP喷流对白念珠菌有明显的杀灭效果,且放电气体中氧气含量相对越大,处理时间越长,作用距离越短,杀菌效果也越明显.其主要杀菌机制可能与APNP中活性粒子导致微生物细胞壁、细胞膜的破裂有关.     

鲎素的抗菌靶点初探

采用体外抑菌法测定鲎素的抑菌动力学特点,钼酸铵比色法和紫外吸收法分别检测细菌与鲎素共同孵育前后无机磷和大分子泄漏情况,扫描电镜和透射电镜观察细菌与鲎素共同孵育前后细菌形态和结构的变化,紫外吸收法和凝胶电泳法分别观察鲎素对细菌基因组DNA和质粒DNA结构的影响,质粒转化实验检测鲎素对质粒DNA复制和转录功能的影响.结果表明,鲎素对革兰氏阳性菌和阴性菌具有不同的抑菌动力学特点,经鲎素处理的细菌,胞内无机磷和大分子泄漏显著,细胞壁膜和菌体遭到不同程度的破坏,鲎素可与细菌基因组DNA和质粒DNA结合,高浓度鲎素有可能使DNA发生断裂,进而使质粒DNA复制和转录功能受到抑制.上述结果提示,鲎素的抗菌靶点至少包括细胞壁膜和菌体DNA.     

拟菌体包囊膜的动态变化和宿主细胞与细菌的相互关系

本文初次报道紫云英根瘤的超微结构。用根瘤中段的中心组织作实验材料,以显示受根瘤菌侵染的宿主细胞的一般结构。细菌借助于侵入线进入宿主细胞,发育成拟菌体,为包囊膜所裹。一个包囊膜内一般只有一个拟菌体。包囊膜可以与细胞质内的囊泡和小液泡融合而扩增,导致膜对拟菌体的包裹由紧密到疏松的变化。包囊膜和拟菌体表面都有突起,两者的突起相对接触和融合。对拟菌体包囊膜的动态变化与衰老的关系以及宿主细胞和拟菌体之间物质交换的关系进行了讨论。作者指出包囊膜的扩增和电子透明区域的存在,是拟菌体发育成熟的一个阶段,包囊膜和拟菌体通过互相突起、融合沟通的结构,可能是宿主细胞和细菌之间物质交换功能的一种表现。     

局灶性脑缺血大鼠皮层神经元超微结构及线粒体呼吸功能变化的研究

目的:研究局灶性脑缺血大鼠脑细胞超微结构及脑组织线粒体呼吸链功能的变化。方法:采用改良Zea Longa方法复制大鼠大脑中动脉缺血(MCAO)模型,透射电镜观察缺血后脑组织神经元超微结构的改变;检测呼吸链R3、R4、RCR、OPR等评价呼吸功能的指标。结果:局灶性脑缺血大鼠脑组织神经元细胞结构严重破坏;与对照组相比,脑缺血时大鼠脑线粒体ST3、RCR和OPR降低,ST4升高。结论:脑缺血急性期线粒体结构破坏,功能受损严重,随着时间延长均有所恢复;保护线粒体呼吸链可能对脑缺血损伤有保护作用。     

Studies on the mucilaginous cells in the leaf ofSpartocytisus filipes W.B.

The structure and ultrastructure of epidermal cells with thick mucilaginous inner walls were investigated in leaves ofSpartocytisus filipes. Identification of the main constituents of the wall was attempted by means of histochemistry and polarized light and compared with the ultrastructure of the wall, which showed a mosaic structure alternating with electron dense bands.     

Age-related alterations of mitochondria from muscle tissue

The ultrastructure of mitochondria of cross-striated muscles during aging was studied by electron microscopy. Mitochondrial ultrastructure was analyzed in the flight muscle of D. melanogaster (1- and 36-day-old) and in the cardiomyocytes and skeletal muscle of young and senile Wistar and OXYS rats (3- and 25-month-old). The mitochondria in the flight muscle samples of senile D. melanogaster flies were shown to have several types of peculiar age-related mitochondrial abnormalities corresponding to those described previously. Previously unknown changes were revealed in the ultrastructure of cardiomyocyte mitochondria in senile rats (both Wistar and OXYS). Substantial changes in the ultrastructure of subsarcolemmal mitochondria were found in the fibers of red skeletal muscle of senile OXYS rats. It has been shown that the subsarcolemmal mitochondria of red muscle fibers are a peculiar population of mitochondria with atypical ultrastructure. Initial changes in the ultrastructure of subsarcolemmal mitochondria were revealed even in 3-month-old OXYS rats. At the same time, the skeletal muscle mitochondria of senile Wistar rats maintain their morphological characteristics, and their ultrastructure corresponds to that of skeletal muscle mitochondria in 3-month-old Wistar rats.     

双歧杆菌与乳杆菌原生质体的融合及筛选

目的：通过双歧杆菌与乳杆菌的原生质体融合构建耐氧双岐杆菌,以解决双岐杆菌制剂开发中始终存在的“活菌数低”和存活时间短等问题。方法：采用不同浓度的Mutanolysin分别制备长岐杆菌和保加利亚乳杆菌的原生质体,在电场作用下诱导长双岐杆菌原生质体和经56℃热灭活30min的保加利亚乳杆菌原生质体融合,并在双层再生培养基上筛选融合菌株。结果：成功地构建出几种较为稳定的兼具长双岐杆菌和保加利亚乳杆菌生物学特性的融合菌株;其中融合株F2具有良好的耐氧性;且能在有氧、CO2条件下良好生长。结论：通过原生质体融合技术能改良双歧杆菌的严格厌氧特性,有利于对双岐杆菌的开发和应用。     

Bifidobacterium microbiota and parameters of immune function in elderly subjects

Faecal and serum samples were collected over a period of 6 months from 55 institutionalized elderly subjects, who were enrolled in a double-blind placebo-controlled study. Participants were randomized in one of the three treatment groups: intervention (two probiotic Bifidobacterium longum strains: 2C and 46), placebo and commercial control (Bifidobacterium lactis Bb-12). The faecal Bifidobacterium microbiota was characterized by genus and species-specific PCR. Serum levels of the cytokines IL-10, tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-alpha and transforming growth factor (TGF)-beta1 were determined by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. Each participant harboured on average approximately three different bifidobacterial species. The most frequently detected species were B. longum, Bifidobacterium adolescentis and Bifidobacterium bifidum. Depending on the treatment, the intervention resulted in specific changes in the levels of certain Bifidobacterium species, and positive correlations were found between the different species. Negative correlations were observed between the levels of Bifidobacterium species and the pro-inflammatory cytokine TNF-alpha and the regulatory cytokine IL-10. The presence of faecal B. longum and Bifidobacterium animalis correlated with reduced serum IL-10. The anti-inflammatory TGF-beta1 levels were increased over time in all three groups, and the presence of Bifidobacterium breve correlated with higher serum TGF-beta1 levels. This indicates that modulation of the faecal Bifidobacterium microbiota may provide a means of influencing inflammatory responses.     

The effect of the physiological state of Escherichia coli on the nucleoid ultrastructure under stress exposures]

The energetic state and activity of polyamine-synthesizing system of E. coli were studied under conditions of aerobic-anaerobic and pH transitions, nutrition shifts, osmotic and heat shocks. The electron microscopy of cells showed a correlation between cell physiological state and nucleoid ultrastructure. The role of energetic status and polyamines in the regulation of DNA supercoiling is discussed which is a putative cause for the changes observed in the nucleoid ultrastructure.     

Electron Microscopy of Small Cells: Mycoplasma hominis

The size, ultrastructure, and reproduction of Mycoplasma hominis species H39 were studied by electron microscopy. These are the smallest known cells.     

Scanning electron microscopy of spherules of Physarum polycephalum

The ultrastructure of starvation-induced sclerotic and mannitol-induced spherules was studied by a scanning electron microscope (SEM). Each spherule in the berry-like sclerotium is not rounded and has lobe-like forms, whereas the separate spherules are significantly bigger and rounded. Bead-like granules were observed inside and on the spherules. Broken spherules observed in the SEM show ultrastructure of cell wall, cytoplasm, vacuoles and granules, nuclei and nucleoli.     

黄芩甙对肝癌细胞BEL-7402形态学的影响

目的观察黄芩甙对肝癌细胞BEL-7402凋亡的影响,同时观察对肝癌细胞形态及超微结构、线粒体超微结构、线粒体膜电位和细胞内Ca^2＋的影响,探讨线粒体损伤在黄芩甙诱导肝癌细胞凋亡中的作用及可能的机制。方法应用细胞培养技术培养肝癌细胞BEL-7402,光镜、倒置显微镜、扫描电镜、透射电镜观察细胞形态及超微结构的变化尤其是线粒体的变化,应用流式细胞仪检测细胞凋亡百分率及线粒体膜电位、细胞内Ca^2＋的改变,免疫组化法检测细胞Bcl-2、Pax蛋白表达。结果黄芩甙诱导肝癌细胞BEL-7402凋亡呈剂量依赖关系,细胞形态、超微结构及线粒体超微结构出现明显改变,降低肝癌细胞线粒体膜电位,使细胞内Ca^2＋增加,细胞Pax表达增加,广泛分布于胞核和胞质中,Bcl-2表达减少。结论黄芩甙诱导肝癌细胞BEL-7402凋亡,线粒体损伤在黄芩甙诱导肝癌细胞凋亡中起重要作用,其机制可能为抑制肝癌细胞Bcl-2蛋白表达,促进Pax蛋白表达及细胞内Ca^2＋增加,激发线粒体膜通透性转运孔开放,线粒体跨膜电位降低,使肝癌细胞凋亡。