抗厌氧菌中草药的系列研究：Ⅱ.桂皮醛抗厌氧菌的实验研究

为探索肉桂在防治厌氧菌感染应用于临床的可能性,作者进一步用122株厌氧菌检测肉桂的抗菌活性。肉桂起抗菌作用的主要成分是桂皮醛。本文用商品桂皮醛,加吐温80助溶,配成含桂皮醛512μg/ml、256μg/ml 等一系列培养液,进行试管法测定 MIC、MBC。结果 MIC 在128μg/ml 以下者占所试菌株的76%,在256μg/ml 以下占96.7%。脆弱类杆菌、产黑素类杆菌相对更敏感。MBC 一般显著高于 MIC,因此桂皮醛主要是抑菌作用。从细菌的形态学观察,推论桂皮醛主要是作用细菌的胞壁,鉴于桂皮醛有一定毒性,作者建议可作为局部抗厌氧菌药物。     

中药大黄的生物化学研究——蒽醌衍生物对线粒体NADH氧化酶和琥珀酸氧化酶的抑制作用

 实验结果表明:(1)大黄素对线粒体NADH氧化酶和琥珀酸氧化酶有很强的抑制作用,其作用随药物浓度的增大而增强,并呈双曲线型,50％抑制浓度分别为2.5μg/ml和11.5μg/ml。而其它四种蒽醌衍生物如大黄酸、芦荟大黄素、大黄素甲醚和大黄酚对这两种氧化酶的抑制作用不明显,药物浓度为60μg/ml,抑制率均低于20％。(2)拮抗实验表明:核黄素、牛血清蛋白(BSA)能拮抗大黄素对线粒体NADH氧化酶的抑制作用。核黄素(3.3×10~(-4)mol/L)和BSA(1.6mg/ml)对大黄素抑制NADH氧化酶的恢复率分别为50.3％和44.6％,且恢复率随拮抗剂浓度的增加而增加。     

大黄醇提物对嗜水气单胞菌抑菌活性及其机制

研究大黄醇提物对嗜水气单胞菌的抑菌活性及机制。主要采用牛津杯法和液体倍比稀释法;通过扫描电镜、SDS-PAGE、二维电泳及串联质谱等方法探讨大黄醇提物对嗜水气单胞菌的抑菌机制。结果显示,大黄醇提取物对嗜水气单胞菌有明显的抑制效果,抑菌圈为(24.5±0.2)mm,MIC和MBC均为3.91 mg/m L;在药物作用下,菌体表面变粗糙,细胞膜受损并出现破裂;在经药物处理4 h后,细菌蛋白含量明显下降(P0.05),2-DE电泳发现3个差异性蛋白。结果表明,大黄醇提物对嗜水气单胞菌的抑制作用机制是破坏其细胞膜结构及影响特定蛋白的表达。     

抗厌氧菌中草药的系列研究：Ⅰ,抗厌氧菌中草药的筛选

目前治疗厌氧菌感染的药物不够理想,仍需发掘新药。根据文献选出抗感染中草药389种,用水、乙醇和石油醚三种溶剂,分别提取和制备成含生药1g/ml的药液,对临床常见的脆弱类杆菌等12种厌氧菌进行平板打孔法的抑菌试验。结果显示诃子、茴香根、穿心莲、黄连、肉桂、大黄、五味子、木通等53种中草药的1～3种提取液能对二种以上的厌氧菌有直径20mm以上的抑菌环。反复试验显示肉佳、大黄、五味子、木通能稳定地对4种以上的厌氧菌有20mm以上的抑菌环。作者认为平板打孔法是筛选中草药抗菌作用的简便方法,并准备对选出的中草药作进一步研究。     

大黄蒽醌衍生物对酪氨酸酶的抑制作用

大黄素对酪氨酸酶有显著的竞争性抑制作用,K_i值为1.51×10~(-4)mol,50％抑制的药物浓度为36.6μg/ml;大黄酸的抑制作用较弱,芦荟大黄素几乎无抑制作用。氯化铜(3.3×10~(-7)mol/L)、半胱氨酸(3.3×10~(-7)mol/L)和牛血清白蛋白(1.0mg/ml)对大黄素抑制酪氨酸酶有较强的拮抗作用,恢复率分别为60.0％、45.7％和61.1％。大黄素能与牛血清白蛋白非特异性结合形成复合物,引起吸收光谱红移55毫微米。大黄蒽醌衍生物对酪氨酸酶的抑制作用可能是大黄抗黑色素瘤的作用机制之一。     

毛脉酸模内生真菌蒽醌类次生代谢产物的筛选及含量分析

本文通过对毛脉酸模内生真菌的发酵培养得到其次生代谢产物,采用HPLC法对内生真菌中蒽醌类成分进行筛选。以大黄素、大黄酸、大黄酚、大黄素甲醚、芦荟大黄素五种蒽醌类成分为参照,筛选出3株真菌含大黄素、3株真菌含大黄酸、5株真菌含芦荟大黄素,其中含量最高为683μg/g、最低为8μg/g。将各菌株所含成分与各菌株分离部位的相应成分进行比较,相对宿主植物而言各菌株均有较高的含量。本实验分析方法准确、快捷,适用于毛脉酸模内生真菌的代谢产物研究。     

芦荟对感染根管内厌氧菌抑菌作用的体外研究

目的:研究中药芦荟对根管内感染的5种厌氧菌的体外抑菌作用。方法:取感染根管内的常见优势菌:牙髓卟啉单胞菌(Porphyromonas endodontalis,P.e)、大肠杆菌(Escherichia coli,E.coli)、金黄色葡萄球菌(Staphylococcus aureus,S.a)、链球菌(Streptococcus)及中间普雷沃菌(Pseudomonas,P.i)的菌株,采用试管二倍稀释法,检测不同浓度芦荟制剂对上述菌株的抑菌效果。设空白对照组,阳性对照组为常规使用的根管治疗的封闭材料—氢氧化钙。采用纸片扩散法检测芦荟制剂的抑菌环大小。结果:不同浓度芦荟制剂均能明显抑制5种实验菌株生长,5种菌株的最小抑菌浓度(MIC)与最低杀菌浓度(MBC)不同,芦荟制剂对上述5种细菌在实验浓度范围内与氢氧化钙抑菌效果无显著差异;甲基红染色发现,不同MIC浓度的芦荟制剂使大肠杆菌变为淡红色,而使其他4种菌株均呈黄色;不同MIC浓度的芦荟制剂使5种菌株均产生抑菌环。结论:芦荟制剂抑菌效果较明显,可能作为根管内封药物的候选药物。     

对多烯类药物耐药的1株黄曲霉临床株耐药性的初步研究

目的对1株分离自疑似侵袭性肺曲霉病患者肺泡灌洗液的黄曲霉进行常用抗真菌药物敏感性的测定,判断其药物敏感性。方法以形态学方法对该菌株进行菌种鉴定;然后按照美国临床和实验室标准研究所(CLSI)的丝状真菌抗真菌药物敏感性试验方案M38-A,测定常用抗真菌药物对该菌株的最低抑菌浓度、最低杀菌浓度;同时以E-test法测定该菌对两性霉素B和伊曲康唑的敏感性。结果微量液基稀释法显示,两性霉素B或制霉菌素对该菌的MIC值均为4μg/ml,MFC值均为16μg/ml;伊曲康唑的MIC值为0.5μg/ml,MFC值为2μg/ml;特比萘芬的MIC为0.03μg/ml,MFC为0.03μg/ml。E-test法结果显示,该菌对伊曲康唑敏感,对两性霉素B耐药。结论临床上可以分离到对多烯类抗真菌药物耐药的黄曲霉株,应该引起重视。     

绞股蓝内生真菌抗大肠杆菌抗菌机制的研究

【目的】药用植物内生真菌是一种新型抗生素的微生物资源,研究绞股蓝内生真菌JY25的抗菌机制对内生真菌的研发具有重要意义。【方法】以二倍稀释法测定发酵液的最小抑菌浓度(MIC)和最小杀菌浓度(MBC);以MIC测定发酵液对大肠杆菌生长的抑制作用;扫描电镜观察发酵液作用下的大肠杆菌形态变化;同时,以β-半乳糖酶、碱性磷酸酶和电导率测定发酵液对细胞膜和细胞壁的损伤效果;采用考马斯亮蓝法检测发酵液对蛋白质合成的影响。【结果】JY25发酵液对大肠杆菌MIC为7 g/L、MBC为14 g/L;MIC浓度的发酵液使细菌对数生长期延迟12 h,菌体形态发生严重的畸形和破损;随着抑菌作用时间的延长,β-半乳糖酶含量增加、电导率增加,同时,实验发现大肠杆菌蛋白质合成异常,未检测到碱性磷酸酶。【结论】绞股蓝内生真菌JY25主要以破坏细菌的细胞膜及影响细菌蛋白质合成而抑制细菌生长。     

10种抗生素对厌氧菌体外抗菌活性的研究

本研究采用琼脂平板稀释法测定了6种抗生素对105株临床分离厌氧菌及4种临床常用抗生素对分离的50株类杆菌体外抗菌活性。结果表明:氯林可霉素对所有试验菌株均具极强的抗菌活性,MIC_(90)不超过0.78μg/ml。甲硝唑对类杆菌和梭菌也有很强的抗菌活性,MIC_(90)分别为3.13μg/ml和0.78μg/ml,但对其它种厌氧菌的抗菌活性不强。头孢唑肟、氧哌嗪青霉素对试验菌株的MIC_(50)较小,但对部分菌株的MIC_(90)为25μg/ml,抗厌氧菌的活性有限。头孢噻肟和头孢噻甲羧肟对各类厌氧菌以及头孢噻啶、头孢唑啉、氨苄青霉素和羧苄青霉素对类杆菌的抗菌活性均很弱。     

In vitro Activity of Gatifloxacin Against 238 Strains of Anaerobic Bacteria

The activity of gatifloxacin, a new 8-methoxy-fluoroquinolone, was tested against 208 pulmonary pathogens and against an additional 30 isolates of the Bacteroides fragilis group. Pulmonary isolates were from patients with documented anaerobic pleuropulmonary infections and were obtained by appropriate sampling methods. MICs were determined using the NCCLS-approved Wadsworth brucella laked blood agar method and compared to those of clindamycin, imipenem, metronidazole and trovafloxacin. Breakpoints used to define susceptible and [resistant] categories were (in μg/ml): Clindamycin-2, imipenem-4, metronidazole 8 and trovafloxacin. No breakpoint has been defined for gatifloxacin. Gatifloxacin inhibited 99% of all anaerobes tested at 4 μg/ml and 97% of all strains at 2 μg/ml. One strain of B. fragilis was resistant to gatifloxacin at 4 μg/ml; all strains of other B. fragilis group species were susceptible. One strain of Peptostreptococcus sp. was resistant to both gatifloxacin and trovafloxacin (MIC >4 μg/ml). All other strains were susceptible to all agents at ≤μg/ml. All of the non-sporeforming Gram-positive rods were susceptible to gatifloxacin at ≤μg/ml (three strains had an MIC of 4 μg/ml). Trovafloxacin had MICs of 4 μg/ml for two strains, and an MIC of 8 μg/ml for one strain. Five percent of B. fragilis, 21% of other B. fragilis group species and 20% of Clostridium species (other than C. difficile, C. perfringens or C. ramosum) were resistant to clindamycin. No imipenem resistant isolates were found in this study. Gatifloxacin appears to have excellentin vitro activity against pulmonary isolates of anaerobes and very good activity against strains of the B. fragilis group.     

Comparison of the Activity of Meropenem and Imipenem Against Anaerobic Bacteria in Bulgaria

The in vitro activities of meropenem and imipenem were compared against 154 clinical isolates of anaerobic bacteria representing 23 species of 10 genera. The NCCLS-recommended agar dilution method with Brucella agar from the Wadsworth Anaerobic Laboratory was used. Meropenem proved to be more active than imipenem with an MIC range of ≤0.125–4 μg/mL, MIC₅₀=0.25 μg/mL, MIC₉₀=1 μg/mL with 100% of strains susceptible at the breakpoint=4 μg/mL. Imipenem showed a lower activity with an MIC range of ≤0.125 to 16 μg/mL, MIC₅₀of 2 μg/mL and MIC₉₀of 4 μg/mL with 10% of the strains not inhibited at this concentration. Ninety-six per cent were susceptible at 8 μg/mL and 100% at 16 μg/mL. The MIC of both antibiotics (especially of imipenem) were higher for the Bacteroides fragilis group than for the rest of the Gram-negative organism higher still than the Gram-positive anaerobes.     

In vitro Activity of Moxifloxacin Against 179 Strains of Anaerobic Bacteria Found in Pulmonary Infections

The activity of moxifloxacin (BAY 12-8039), a new 8-methoxyquinolone, was determined using the NCCLS-approved Wadsworth brucella laked blood agar method and compared to the activities of metronidazole, penicillin G, piperacillin/tazobactam and trovafloxacin. Breakpoints used to define susceptible and resistant categories were, respectively: ≤ 8 and ≥ 32 μg/mL for metronidazole, ≤ 2 and ≥ 8 μg/mL for moxifloxacin and trovafloxacin, ≤ 0.5 and ≥ 2 μg/mL for penicillin G and ≤ 32 and ≥128 μg/mL for piperacillin/tazobactam. A total of 179 anaerobic isolates from pulmonary infections were tested. Piperacillin/tazobactam was the most active antimicrobial, inhibiting 99% of strains at the susceptible breakpoint. Ninety-seven percent of these isolates were susceptible to moxifloxacin; 96% to trovafloxacin, 89% to metronidazole and 43% to penicillin G. Geometric mean moxifloxacin MIC values forBacteroides fragilis and the B. fragilis group were 0.5 and 0.8 μg/mL, respectively. Eighty-eight percent of B. fragilis and 100% of other B. fragilis group species were susceptible to both moxifloxacin and trovafloxacin. All of the strains of B. fragilis and most of the other B. fragilis group species were resistant to penicillin G. At least 99% of other Bacteroides species, Prevotella, and Fusobacterium strains were susceptible to moxifloxacin, metronidazole, piperacillin/tazobactam and trovafloxacin (88% were susceptible to trovafloxacin at 2 μg/mL and all were susceptible at 4 μg/mL). The strains of Clostridium difficile andClostridium ramosum found in these specimens were both resistant to penicillin G but susceptible to the other agents. All strains of Peptostreptococcus species were susceptible to all of the agents except penicillin G. Activities of the agents against non-spore-forming Gram-positive rods at the intermediate breakpoint were, respectively, moxifloxacin-100%, metronidazole-49%, penicillin G-86%, piperacillin/tazobactam-100%, and trovafloxacin-97%. The promising in vitro activity of moxifloxacin against anaerobic pulmonary isolates warrants further investigation, including clinical correlation studies.     

厌氧细菌L型的诱导

用苯唑青霉素、羧苄青霉素对脆弱类杆菌、多形类杆菌、核梭杆菌、产气荚膜杆菌和艰难杆菌等5种厌氧菌进行L型菌的诱导。通过诱导,可见到脆弱类杆菌、多形类杆菌和产气荚膜杆菌形成油煎蛋状或颗粒状菌落。革兰氏染色镜检,见到菌体肿胀,并有丝状体、圆球体和巨球体。细胞壁染色法可见到部分细菌因胞壁缺损而被结晶紫透入菌体着色。诱导后的少数细菌可转变成可滤过型而能通过0.4μm孔径的滤膜。核梭杆菌诱导后形态改变极显著而较难识别。艰难杆菌形态改变小。建设在临床标本细菌培养时,有时尚需增加L型厌氧菌培养,以提高检出率。     

Antibiotic Production by Anaerobic Bacteria

Soils from aerobic and anaerobic sources were investigated for the possible presence of bacteria which produce antibiotics under anaerobic conditions of growth. The screening techniques devised for this study yielded 157 soil bacteria which, during anaerobic growth, produced antibiotic activity against aerobic test bacteria.

Studies on choice of media, presence of oxygen, and changes in antibiotic activity during growth indicated that representative strains of these bacteria produced mixtures of antibiotics. The activity was heat labile.