网箱暂养石斑鱼体表微生物的研究

石斑鱼(Epinephelus)是福建沿海地区重要的经济鱼类之一,主要用于出口。出口之前需在网箱中暂养一段时间。在网箱暂养阶段,石斑鱼易患烂皮病,尤其是在4～6月份。病鱼的主要病症为烂鳍、脱鳞、皮肤红肿、溃烂直至死亡。迄今尚未看到有关石斑鱼体表正常菌群及烂皮病防治的研究报道。因此,在石斑鱼发病季节,我们进行了网箱暂     

石斑鱼细菌性病害及其防治研究

石斑鱼(Epinephelus)主要产于广东、广西和福建沿海一带,为珍贵的出口水产资源。近年来,由于钓捕过度,资源已日渐枯竭,供不应求。因此,有必要大力开展人工繁殖和人工养殖石斑鱼。但在人工养殖条件下,石斑鱼易患鱼病,即使在出口前的网箱暂养阶段,鱼病也相当严重,因鱼病死亡的一般占总鱼数的10～20％,最高可达90％以上,造成严重的经济损失。本文目的就是研究石斑鱼的细菌性病害及其防治方法。     

军曹鱼淋巴囊肿病毒主衣壳蛋白基因全序列分析

军曹鱼(Rachycentron canadum)亦称海鲡,是我国南方沿海一带的重要海水网箱养殖对象。2005年8月,广东省海水网箱养殖的军曹鱼首次暴发类似的淋巴囊肿病,病鱼的口唇、鳃、鳍、尾及体表等处,可看到大小不一的单个或成群的肿瘤,个别网箱的感染率在80%以上,死亡率近30%。病鱼形象丑陋,严重影响其市场价值,造成了较大的经济损失。淋巴囊肿病(Lymphocystis disease)发现于1874年,1965年正式确认该病病原为淋巴囊肿病毒[1],现已知可感染9目34科140种以上鱼类。我国在20世纪90年代陆续在养殖石斑鱼、鲈鱼、牙鲆中发现淋巴囊肿病[2-5],随后对其病原…     

白皮病病原的研究

在白皮病鱼的患部组织,镜检观察到了堆聚群集的粘细菌。用从愚部组织分离到的B76-7-1等8株粘细菌的菌悬液分剐浸养或浸洗夏花鱼种,试验鱼表现出与自然发病鱼相同的病症。这些菌株的人工感染是成功的。我们认为B76-7-1等8株粘细菌强株是自皮病的致病菌。B76-7-1菌株在分类上属于鱼害粘球菌(Myxococcus piscicola)。防冶鱼害粘球菌引起的烂鳃病的药物及方法原则上可用于白皮病的防冶。     

开放流水养殖模式下暂养时间对黄颡鱼肌肉品质和营养价值的影响

文章旨在探索开放流水养殖模式下,暂养对黄颡鱼(Pelteobagrus fulvidraco)肌肉品质和营养价值的影响。试验选用处于快速生长期的大规格鱼种(15.69±2.28) g黄颡鱼为试验对象,随机分为4组,分别暂养0(对照组)、20d、30d和40d,每组3个重复。试验期间投喂黄颡鱼配合饲料,在养殖过程中定期测量水质。在试验结束后对其生长性能、血清生化指标、肌肉氨基酸、脂肪酸组成及质构特性进行比较。结果显示:(1)暂养期间试验池的水质氨态氮含量在0.03—0.05 mg/L,亚硝态氮含量均在0.01 mg/L,溶氧水平均超过9.0 mg/L。(2)暂养时间延长,黄颡鱼末体重和增重率呈上升趋势,特定生长率呈下降趋势,各组间差异显著(P<0.05);暂养20d、30d和40d组的成活率、肥满度、肝体比及脏体比组间无显著性差异(P>0.05)。(3)暂养30d和40d组血清中的白蛋白和总蛋白含量显著高于对照组和暂养20d组(P<0.05),但其γ-谷氨酰基转移酶和碱性磷酸酶活性、总胆固醇和总胆汁酸含量显著低于对照组和暂养20d组(P<0.05);对照组、暂养2...     

棘胸蛙致病性蜡样芽孢杆菌的分离鉴定及病理组织观察

试验从患烂皮病棘胸蛙(Quasipaa spinosa)中筛选出3种致病性菌株BS₁、BS₂和BS₃, 对其进行革兰氏染色、形态观察、生理生化鉴定和16S rDNA序列分析, 鉴定上述3株菌均为蜡样芽孢杆菌。同时观察人工感染棘胸蛙的组织病理切片, 发现经病原菌感染的棘胸蛙肝、肺、舌和肌肉的损伤较严重, 表现出明显变性、坏死和炎症细胞浸润, 且在肺部组织内发现嗜碱性包涵体。药敏试验表明, 在所试的7种抗生素中, 致病性蜡样芽孢杆菌对庆大霉素和链霉素高度敏感, 对妥布霉素、卡那霉素和四环素中度敏感, 对氨苄西林和头孢他啶产生抗药性。实验初步探究了棘胸蛙烂皮病的发病机理, 为棘胸蛙烂皮病的防治提供理论依据。     

肠道气泡堆积对银鲳肠道菌群结构的影响

为研究肠道气泡堆积对银鲳(Pampus argenteus)肠道菌群的影响,2019年3月于东海水产研究所福鼎研究中心采集了15尾肠道气泡堆积的银鲳为病鱼组,15尾健康银鲳为健康鱼组,并通过16S r DNA基因DNA高通量测序技术结合LEfSe分析方法,对两组样品间菌群结构和多样性进行对比分析。结果显示,病鱼组肠道菌群多样性与健康鱼组无显著差异(P> 0.05),但病鱼组肠道菌群的均匀度和相对丰度都显著低于健康鱼组(P <0.05)。两组样品的优势菌群均为变形菌门(Proteobacteria),且相对丰度都较大(超过97%)。此外,利用LEfSe分析两组样品发现,病鱼组中如根瘤菌(Rhizobium)、栖热菌(Thermus)等好氧菌丰度显著高于健康鱼组,而不动肝菌(Acinetobacter)、微酸菌(Ilumatobacter)等显著低于健康鱼组,蓝细菌(Cyanobacteria)相对丰度显著高于健康鱼组。由此可以表明,肠道气泡堆积很可能会引发肠道菌群紊乱。     

粘细菌的血清学研究

从患烂鳃病、白头白咀病、白皮病和烂鳍病的青、草、鲢、鳙和鳗鲡等鱼的病灶组织中分离到11株鱼害粘球菌(Myxococcus piscicola),从健康草鱼鳃上分离到非致病粘球菌Cg27菌株(Myxococcus sp.),将它们与已知种鱼害粘球菌G4菌株进行了血清学特性比较。发现鱼害粘球菌菌株之间存在共同的“A”抗原,对其中6株菌的深入研究证明,它们还存在特异抗原“B”和“C”,据此将它们分为二个血清型。Cg27菌株与鱼害粘球菌各菌株间不存在共同的抗原物质。用血清学方法可以较快地鉴别致病与非致病的粘细菌。     

草鱼细菌性烂鳃病和白头白嘴病的药物治疗

1972—1974年,我们先后对草鱼细菌性烂鳃病和白头白嘴病的病原进行了分离,确定了烂鳃病的病原体为鱼害粘球菌(Myxococcus pisclcola),白头白嘴病的病原亦为粘球菌之一,但尚未定种(Myxococcus sp．)。为了寻找治疗这两种病的有效药物,我们进行了以中草药为主的治疗试验。     

草鱼细菌性烂鳃病和白头白嘴病的药物治疗

1972—1974年,我们先后对草鱼细菌性烂鳃病和白头白嘴病的病原进行了分离,确定了烂鳃病的病原体为鱼害粘球菌(Myxococcus piscicola),白头白嘴病的病原亦为粘球菌之一,但尚未定种(Myxococcus sp.)。       

Isolation of a lethal rhabdovirus from the cultured Chinese sucker Myxocyprinus asiaticus

A rhabdovirus was found to be associated with a lethal hemorrhagic disease in the cultured Chinese sucker Myxocyprinus asiaticus Bleeker. The rhabdovirus was amplified and isolated from the infected GCO (grass carp ovary) cells. In ultrathin sections of liver cells from the diseased fish, the virus particles exhibited the characteristic bacilliform morphology, and budded through vesicle membranes of the infected cells. The isolated rhabdovirus particles were found to have a bacilliform morphology with 2 rounded ends rather than a typical flat base. The virus particles were measured and ranged in size from 150 to 200 nm in length and 50 to 60 nm in diameter. Most other characteristics, including their size, extensive virus infectivity to fish cell lines, strong cytopathogenic effects, stability at high temperatures, vesicle formation in infected cells, structure protein electrophoretic patterns and the presence of an RNA genome, very closely resembled those of other fish rhabdoviruses. At present it is not known if this is a novel virus species or if it is an isolate of a known fish rhabdovirus. Until a confirmed identification can be made, we will temporarily refer to this virus as Chinese sucker rhabdovirus (CSRV).     

Pathogenesis of acute ulceration response (AUR) in hybrid striped bass

In a previous study, we discovered that acute confinement stress causes rapid ulceration of the fins of hybrid striped bass Morone saxatilis female x M. chrysops male (Noga et al. 1998. Vet Pathol 35:102-107). In this paper, we report the development of a reproducible model for studying this phenomenon in juvenile hybrid striped bass. We also determined how quickly ulceration could develop in acutely stressed fish and documented the sequential light microscopic and ultrastructural changes associated with this response. When hybrid striped bass were subjected to a standardized confinement protocol, the pathological response was extremely rapid (fin ulceration began to develop within 15 min of confinement). Grossly, the distal edges of the fins became blanched, and melanophores aggregated near the basement membrane and dermis after 15 min of confinement. Microscopically, the earliest detectable change in the fins, which occurred within 15 min of confinement, was swelling and loss of microridges of the outermost epidermal cells; this was followed by epidermal erosion. After 30 min of stress, epidermal ulceration developed at the distal edges of the fins. At this time, both necrotic and apoptotic epidermal cells were present. The middle and basal epidermal layers were severely spongiotic and the dermis and hypodermis were edematous. Over longer periods (up to 2 h), lesions were similar but increasingly more severe, progressing from the distal edge of the fin towards the base. The response to acute stress showed a significant correlation between confinement period and severity of the pathological changes (epidermal degeneration, epidermal ulceration and leukocyte infiltration). Also, we demonstrated that epidermal damage was not restricted to the fins but also affected the body skin and eyes. The ventral area of the body and the corneal epithelium of stressed fish were ulcerated; however, skin on the head and operculum was not affected, suggesting a site-specific mode of damage. In stressed fish, epidermal ulceration was found in 67 to 97% of all fins, 88% of skin on the ventrum, and 67% of corneas, while control fish had only very mild epidermal ulceration in the few fish in which it was present (on 5 to 10% of the fins, but not on the ventral skin or corneas). Due to the widespread damage to epidermal tissues of the body surface, we have named this the acute ulceration response (AUR). Our study indicates that acute confinement can rapidly cause significant damage to epidermal and ocular epithelium. AUR might be a primary cause of morbidity in acutely stressed fish.     

菱湖鱼病工作站: 现代科学改造中国传统养鱼业的序曲

1953年, 为帮助菱湖鱼农解决鱼病问题, 中国科学院水生生物研究所在浙江省吴兴县菱湖镇建立了中国第一个鱼病工作站。自1953年5月成立至1956年3月撤离菱湖的近3年间, 以倪达书为站长的菱湖鱼病工作站科研人员以四大家鱼为主要对象, 在菱湖及周边养鱼区开展了鱼病病原调查、防治试验和门诊, 在病原的分类鉴定和有效杀灭药物的筛选等方面取得了较大进展, 对十几种流行广、危害大的主要鱼病, 结合群众养鱼经验并通过试验研究, 找到了有一定疗效的药物和治疗方法, 总结出一套比较完整的防病养鱼措施并向全国推广, 改变了当地鱼农“鱼病不能治”的保守观念, 同时还为浙江省和全国各地鱼区培养了大批鱼病防治干部。菱湖鱼病工作站确立了中国鱼病防治的良好传统, 开创了中国的鱼病学科, 奠定了中国鱼病学基础, 并为国内培养了众多鱼病防治人才, 可谓现代科学改造中国传统养鱼业的序曲。     

Diseases in North Sea fishes

Prior to the studies reviewed here, only lymphocystis and skeletal deformities of a variety of fish species and certain diseases of eel were known to occur in the German Bight (North Sea). From 1977 until now, 9 externally visible lesions on North Sea fishes were observed; in addition to those mentioned before, they comprise: fin rot, ulcerations, epidermal papilloma, hyperplasia, pseudobranchial tumour, eye diseases and gill swellings. With the exception of information on changes in frequencies of vertebral deformities of herring from the 1950's to the 1970's, there are no long-term data characterizing changes in frequencies of the diseases under study. For pseudobranchial tumours of cod and epidermal papilloma of dab, information is provided on occurrence and abundance. The distribution pattern of cod afflicted with pseudobranchial tumours is strongly influenced by the migratory behaviour of the fish. Epidermal papillomas of dab were more frequently found at stations within the inner German Bight than in neighbouring areas. The Bight is used for dumping of wastes from titaniumdioxide production. Further disease hot spots are areas off the Humber estuary and the British coast. Analysis of chromium in dab from the German Bight revealed elevated concentrations in epidermal tissues of specimens from the dumping area compared with that found in dab from neighbouring localities. Particulate iron was demonstrated to occur in mucous cells of dab from the dumping area. From increased levels of heavy metals with cancerogenic potential in sensitive target tissues and from increased prevalences of diseased fish in the dumping area it is concluded that these phenomena are possibly causally linked. In the vicinity of the Humber estuary high disease rates were encountered and areas with high prevalences of dab afflicted with epidermal papilloma extended over regions shown to be transport routes for persistent pollutants such as radioactive materials. It is therefore suggested that the long-range distribution of fish diseases in the southern North Sea might reflect the long-range transport of persistent pollutants.     

Association between environmental stress and epidermal papillomatosis of roach Rutilus rutilus

We studied the association between environmental stress and epidermal papillomatosis of roach Rutilus rutilus L. in Finnish waters using a 'matched pairs' design. Populations impacted by industrial and/or sewage effluents were compared to reference populations from pristine sites. We examined both the prevalence (proportion of diseased fish) and intensity (number of scales covered by tumors) of the disease. Results of Generalized Linear Mixed Models (GLMM) indicated that the risk of papillomatosis was 7.5 times higher in males than females, and increased 1.3 times for every 10 mm increment in fish length. We controlled for the possible effects of fish size, sex and temporal variation through sampling procedures and statistical analyses. Mean prevalence of epidermal papillomatosis was 16.6 and 5.8% in impact and reference populations, respectively (10 population pairs; nfish = 1714). Results of GLMM suggested that the risk of being diseased was 2.7 times higher in the impact than reference populations. Thus, the prevalence of epidermal papillomatosis in roach can be used as an indicator of environmental stress. Results of Linear Mixed Models indicated no difference in the intensity of the disease between impact and reference populations (5 population pairs; nfish = 73; mean+/-SE 10.7+/-1.8 and 11.7+/- 2.9 scales, respectively), although prevalence was higher in impact populations in those 5 population pairs. The possible relationship between environmental stress and intensity of epidermal papillomatosis in natural roach populations remains to be demonstrated.     

The contribution of long‐term isolated water bodies to floodplain fish diversity

1. Floodplains and their water bodies are typical ecotopes of large lowland rivers. The lowland Oder River, Germany, provided a rare opportunity to study fish assemblages of comparable floodplain water bodies differing by >50 years of isolation history. We hypothesised that true floodplain specialists peak in rarely connected water bodies, while frequently flooded waters support tolerant generalists. 2. Three macrohabitats, main channel (MC), temporarily connected and isolated floodplain water bodies, were sampled by electro‐fishing and their fish assemblage characters recorded. 3. Long‐term isolation of floodplain water bodies had a significant effect on the fish assemblage by promoting species preferring still water. Limnophilic and floodplain specialist species significantly increased with isolation. 4. Fish densities, species richness and diversity clearly differed between MC sites and floodplain water bodies. Shannon’s species diversity index peaked in both the MC and isolated waters and was lowest in the temporarily flooded waters where eurytopic fish dominated. 5. The significant gain in abundance and numbers of limnophilic species in the isolated compared to the temporarily flooded water bodies underpinned the significant contribution of long‐term isolated waters to the gamma‐diversity of large floodplain rivers, which should be considered in floodplain rehabilitation.     

L'Ichthyofaune des marnes messiniennes des environs de senigallia (Marche,Italie): Signification paleoecologique et paleogeographique

The revision of the fish fauna from the Messinian marls of Senigallia (Marche, Italy) leads to the reduction of the faunal list of the fossil Fishes found in this locality to only four species. One new genus is created: Cryptolebias new. gen.. This fish fauna characterizes an environment with a variable salt content: it may have been more or less temporarily connected with the sea, although it was also exposed to noticeable continental influences, as demonstrated by the occurrence of Amphibians and Reptiles (Ophidians).     

Prevalence of skin neoplastic lesions in bream (Abramis brama L.) from the Curonian Lagoon of the Baltic Sea

Skin neoplastic lesions have been studied in bream inhabiting the Curonian Lagoon of the Baltic Sea in 1999–2010. A total of 12163 fish specimens have been examined. Two types of lesions have been revealed: epidermal hyperplasia and skin papilloma, considered to be the successive stages of the epizootic cutaneous papillomatosis in fish. This disease has been registered in 18.5% of fish older than 5 years. The share of diseased specimens increases with age and reaches 62.5% in 15-year-old fish. The prevalence of lesions in males is significantly higher (12%) than in females (5.3%). The number of diseased fish in winter (30.2%) is higher than in summer (15.6%). The maximum share of fish with neoplasms has been recorded in 2006 (40%). Since 2007, there has been a trend towards a decrease in the prevalence of skin neoplastic lesions, and the average occurrence of diseased fish has reached 7.3%. The high prevalence of skin neoplasms (SNs) in bream is evidence of the unfavorable ecological situation in the Curonian Lagoon.     

野生与养殖黄鳍鲷消化道形态组织结构

采用常规石蜡组织切片的方法对野生和养殖黄鳍鲷(Sparus latus)消化道的形态组织结构进行了比较观察。结果表明,野生和养殖黄鳍鲷的消化道存在一定差异。(1)形态学研究表明,食道粗而短,胃呈V形,分为贲门部、胃体部和幽门部,胃与肠的连接处有4条幽门盲囊,肠道在体腔内迂回两个回折。野生黄鳍鲷牙齿更为坚硬锋利,体腔中脂肪较少,消化道更为粗短。野生和养殖黄鳍鲷的肠道系数分别为0.71±0.03和0.94±0.12。(2)组织学研究表明,食道黏膜上皮由扁平细胞层和杯状细胞层组成,杯状细胞发达。胃黏膜由单层柱状上皮组成,无杯状细胞,贲门部和胃体部胃腺发达。幽门盲囊组织学特征与肠相似,上皮为柱状上皮,其中的杯状细胞少于肠。肠中,前肠杯状细胞最多,中肠次之,后肠最少。直肠杯状细胞多于肠。野生与养殖黄鳍鲷组织学的区别在于,消化道相同部位养殖鱼的杯状细胞多于野生鱼,野生鱼的肌层厚度大于养殖鱼。黄鳍鲷消化道的形态组织结构与其生活环境和食物是相关的。     

Glochidia of the freshwater mussel,Anodonta anatina, affecting the anadromous European smelt (Osmerus eperlanus) from the Eider estuary, Germany

During a 2-year survey on external disease conditions of fish between January 1988 and December 1989, 0.2% of 40011 smelt, Osmerus eperlanus , from 30 stations in the German Wadden Sea and estuaries of tributary rivers, were infected with glochidia of the freshwater mussel Anodonta anatina . Seasonality was marked, with glochidia only being observed in March and April 1989, when prevalences were 37% and 15% respectively, in fish 10–20cm long at the most heavily infected site. A marked increase in prevalence in fish 15cm in length and longer, suggested that only temporarily resident spawning fish (as opposed to resident juveniles) were infected. Infection was almost exclusively restricted to the Eider estuary, where prevalence decreased with increasing salinity. It is concluded that the glochidia carried by smelt returning from their freshwater spawning sites in the Eider River to the sea would have died, thus representing a loss to the 1989 cohort of A. anatina from the Eider. The potential importance of the smelt– A. anatina relationship as indicator for the detection of (a) spawning mussel populations and of (b) possible ecological effects of climate changes is noted.