网湖乌鳢年龄和生长的研究

网湖乌鳢的鳞径与体长关系为:L=0.2423 13.6935S,体长和体重的关系为:W=0.01387L~(3.1694)。Von Bertalanffy生长方程的主要参数为:L_∞=72.8cm,W_∞=11064.1g,k=0.2263,t_0=-0.8014,拐点年龄t_i=4.30a,拐点体重W_i=3331.9kg。综合分析结果表明现行捕捞应作适当调整。     

卡特拉鱼形态,食性和生长的研究

观测卡特拉鱼的形态特征和1—3龄鱼主要可量性状及其比例的变动。1—3龄鱼除主食商品饲料外,同时也食较大比例的浮游生物。着重对浮游生物的种类和比例进行了分析。肠长与体长呈直线相关。Y=6.38X-89.95。1—4龄鱼体长和体重相对生长率和生长指标都随年龄增加而逐渐下降。体长与体重呈曲线相关。W=0.00002261L~(3.0569)。采用 Von.Bertalanffy 生长方程分析其生长特性。方程参数 L_∞=821.2mm,W_∞=19616.6g,t_0=0.6年,K=0.3。体长生长不具拐点,生长速度随年龄增加而递减;体重生长具拐点,其值4.3年。此时体重生长速度达最大值。4、3龄前是生长旺盛期,此后进入生长缓慢期。     

怒江东方墨头鱼的年龄结构与生长特性

2006年10月至2008年10月于怒江采集东方墨头鱼(Garra orientalis)136尾,体长54～167mm,体重3.0～114.6g。研究了其年龄、生长等生物学特性,通过耳石轮纹估算东方墨头鱼的年龄,显示怒江东方墨头鱼由10个年龄组组成。耳石半径与体长关系为:L=0.061R1.131(n=125,R2=0.907),体长与体重关系为:W=0.1×10-4L3.160。von Bertalanffy生长参数由退算体长估算:雄性L∞=224.79mm,k=0.094/年,t0=0.51年;雌性L∞=228.91mm,k=0.091/年,t0=0.639年;总体L∞=227.78mm,k=0.091/年,t0=0.588年。体重生长拐点雄性12.15龄、雌性13.75龄。     

基于Ecopath模型的莱州湾中国对虾增殖生态容量

通过增殖放流,增加优质渔业资源、改善种群结构是渔业资源养护的重要手段,而增殖生态容量的研究是科学实施增殖放流的前提.本文根据2009-2010年的渔业资源与生态环境数据,构建了由26个功能群组成的莱州湾生态系统Ecopath模型,利用该模型分析了生态系统的总体特征、营养相互关系与关键种,计算了放流品种中国对虾的增殖生态容量.结果表明：系统的总初级生产量/总呼吸(TPP/TR)为1.53,总初级生产量/总生物量(TPP/B)为24.54,同时具有较低的循环指数(FCI=0.07)、较高的剩余生产量（434.41 t·km^-2·a^-1）和较低的系统连接指数(CI=0.29),该系统目前处于发育的早期阶段.中国对虾目前不是莱州湾生态系统的关键种,当前中国对虾的生物量为0.1143 t·km^-2,有较大的增殖潜力;当生物量增长25.8倍时,仍不会超过增殖生态容量2.9489 t·km^-2.     

渤海莱州湾渔业资源增殖的敌害生物及其对增殖种类的危害

根据近岸捕食鱼类胃含物分析及渤海生物资源大面积定点拖网调查 ,研究了渤海莱州湾渔业资源增殖的敌害生物种类、分布及其对增殖种类的危害 .结果表明 ,鲈鱼幼鱼、黄姑幼鱼、绵鱼尉、虾虎鱼类是捕食渤海对虾、梭鱼等增殖种类幼体的主要敌害生物 ,危害主要发生在近岸 ,其中鲈鱼危害较为严重 ,主要危害期为 7月 ,被捕食的幼对虾长度以 3～ 7cm为主 .鉴于敌害生物大量捕食增殖种类主要发生在近岸和两者密集分布区的重叠处 ,在增殖放流区选择上 ,对敌害生物采取“回避”策略是保护增殖放流种类的可行措施 .     

中国对虾荧光标记虾的大规模制作与养殖试验

以平均体长为2 cm以上的10 632只中国对虾(Fenneropenaeus chinensis),用红色荧光染料(visible implant elastomer,VIE)制作荧光标记对虾,与10万只非标记的中国对虾在同一池塘养殖。结果表明,VIE标记对虾和非标记对虾经2-3个月的养殖后,在生长发育和成活率等方面没有差异。尽管荧光标记的残留率随着虾体的生长有所下降以及分布的不均匀,但荧光标记的保持率为70%以上。红色VIE标记可以用于中国对虾的海洋增殖放流研究。     

武汉地区西部食蚊鱼的生长、死亡系数及种群补充模式

基于2012年4月—2013年3月在武汉地区两样点调查的西部食蚊鱼数据,运用FAO开发的长度频率数据分析软件FiSATⅡ对西部食蚊鱼的生长、死亡系数以及种群补充模式进行了估算。西部食蚊鱼全长范围为8.30-44.86mm,其中优势全长为16-26 mm,占总数的69.17%;雌雄性别为2.63:1,与1:1存在显著性差异;鳞片观察发现仅存在0~+、1~+两个年龄组;雌雄样本全长与体重的关系式分别为W=4.686×10~(-6)L~(3.299)(R~2=0.953),W=1.008×10~(-5)L~(2.989)(R~2=0.903);von Bertalanffy生长方程各参数为:雌性样本极限全长L_∞=45.20 mm,生长系数k=0.52 a~(-1),起始生长年龄t_0=-0.47a,雄性样本极限全长L_∞=33.60 mm,生长系数k=0.53 a~(-1),起始生长年龄t_0=-0.50 a;雌性样本和雄性样本的自然死亡系数M分别为1.64 a~(-1)、1.81 a~(-1),而总死亡系数Z分别为2.29 a~(-1)、2.37 a~(-1);种群补充模式表明,每年4-9月份为西部食蚊鱼的主要补充期。西部食蚊野生种群表现出了寿命短、生长速度快、自然死亡率高、种群补充时间长等特征,表明该物种是一种典型的r对策物种。据此我们提出了针对性的防控措施:阻止其引入,尽早发现并根除该物种。     

长江上游长鳍吻鮈的种群特征及其物种保护

根据2005—2007年对长江上游攀枝花、宜宾、合江、木洞、万州江段渔业资源调查资料,运用体长频率分析法(FiSATⅡ软件)对长鳍吻鮈的生长、死亡参数进行估算。结果表明:长鳍吻鮈的体质量与体长的关系式为W=8×10-6L3.1577;用Shepherd技术拟合vonBertalanffy生长方程的各参数为L∞=530.5mm,K=0.21a-1,t0=-0.5a;根据Pauly经验公式得出自然死亡系数M=0.24,以长度变换渔获曲线法估算总死亡系数Z=2.67,捕捞死亡系数F=2.43;种群补充模式表明,长鳍吻鮈每年5—9月为主要补充期,开发率E=91.2%,长鳍吻鮈处于资源过度利用状态。     

长江上游朱杨溪江段圆筒吻鮈种群参数和资源量

圆筒吻鮈为长江上游特有种,三峡、向家坝、溪洛渡等梯级水利工程的建设,可能对其物种生存产生较大影响。为了解三峡工程蓄水后、金沙江一期工程蓄水前该物种的种群动态,2007-2009年对长江上游朱杨溪江段的圆筒吻鮈进行了调查,利用体长频率数据对其种群参数和资源量进行了估算。长江上游朱杨溪江段圆筒吻鮈渔获群体体长范围为69.0-268.0mm,体重范围为3.9-230.4 g,平均体长为(181.4±26.9)mm,平均体重为(78.5±33.0)g;优势体长组为125.0-225.0 mm,约占总数的93.0%。圆筒吻鮈体长体重关系为:W=1.58×10~(-5)L~(2.95)(R~2=0.94,P0.01,n=401),为匀速生长类型,可用Von Bertalalfffy生长方程描述其生长规律。圆筒吻鮈生长参数为,L_∞=361 mm、k=0.21a~(-1)、t_0=-0.68;死亡系数为Z=1.70、M=0.50、F=1.20。其开捕体长为163.4 mm资源开发率为0.70超过了其资源最适开发率(0.60)而接近最大开发率(0.75)。2007-2009年朱杨溪江段圆筒吻鮈年渔获量分别为6716尾(0.50t)、22772尾(1.87 t)和16139尾(1.20 t),平均值为15209尾(1.19 t)。由体长股分析法估算出2007-2009年朱杨溪江段圆筒吻鮈年资源量分别为16361尾/km(1.25 t/km)、13922尾/km(1.74 t/km)和26836尾/km.(1.93 t/km)均值为19040尾/km(1.64 t/km)。目前圆筒吻鮈资源开发率偏高,建议提高开捕体长至193.5 mm,降低其开发率。建议逐步引导渔民转产转业,实施全年禁渔措施,加强筒吻鮈等特有鱼类的保护。     

生态制品对提高中国对虾出池仔虾成活率和生长率的初步研究

根据微生态平衡原理,应用三种微生物菌群（系从中国对虾成虾消化道中分离筛选出来的）制成生态制品作为饲料添加剂,对中国对虾出池仔虾进行投喂,实验结果表明：三种生态制品不汉都能显著地提高仔虾的成活率,而且对仔虾的生长也有一定的促进作用。本文对出池仔虾死亡率较高的原因,微生态制剂的促生长机理,以及直接利用出池仔虾进行养成或放流的可能性等问题进行了讨论。     

Foreign exploration for Scirtothrips perseae Nakahara (Thysanoptera: Thripidae) and associated natural enemies on avocado (Persea americana Miller)

Scirtothrips perseae Nakahara was discovered attacking avocados in California, USA, in 1996. Host plant surveys in California indicated that S. perseae has a highly restricted host range with larvae being found only on avocados, while adults were collected from 11 different plant species. As part of a management program for this pest, a “classical” biological control program was initiated and foreign exploration was conducted to delineate the home range of S. perseae, to survey for associated natural enemies and inventory other species of phytophagous thrips on avocados grown in Mexico, Guatemala, Costa Rica, the Dominican Republic, Trinidad, and Brazil. Foreign exploration efforts indicate that S. perseae occurs on avocados grown at high altitudes (>1500 m) from Uruapan in Mexico south to areas around Guatemala City in Guatemala. In Costa Rica, S. perseae is replaced by an undescribed congener as the dominant phytophagous thrips on avocados grown at high altitudes (>1300 m). No species of Scirtothrips were found on avocados in the Dominican Republic, Trinidad, or Brazil. In total, 2136 phytophagous thrips were collected and identified, representing over 47 identified species from at least 19 genera. The significance of these species records is discussed. Of collected material 4% were potential thrips biological control agents. Natural enemies were dominated by six genera of predatory thrips (Aeolothrips, Aleurodothrips, Franklinothrips, Leptothrips, Scolothrips, and Karnyothrips). One genus each of parasitoid (Ceranisus) and predatory mite (Balaustium) were found. Based on the results of our sampling techniques, prospects for the importation of thrips natural enemies for use in a “classical” biological control program in California against S. perseae are not promising.     

Phylogeny of cardinalfishes (Teleostei: Gobiiformes: Apogonidae) and the evolution of visceral bioluminescence

The cardinalfishes (Apogonidae) are a diverse clade of small, mostly reef-dwelling fishes, for which a variety of morphological data have not yielded a consistent phylogeny. We use DNA sequence to hypothesize phylogenetic relationships within Apogonidae and among apogonids and other acanthomorph families, to examine patterns of evolution including the distribution of a visceral bioluminescence system. In conformance with previous studies, Apogonidae is placed in a clade with Pempheridae, Kurtidae, Leiognathidae, and Gobioidei. The apogonid genus Pseudamia is recovered outside the remainder of the family, not as sister to the superficially similar genus Gymnapogon. Species sampled from the Caribbean and Western Atlantic (Phaeoptyx, Astrapogon, and some Apogon species) form a clade, as do the larger-bodied Glossamia and Cheilodipterus. Incidence of visceral bioluminescence is found scattered throughout the phylogeny, independently for each group in which it is present. Examination of the fine structure of the visceral bioluminescence system through histology shows that light organs exhibit a range of morphologies, with some composed of complex masses of tubules (Siphamia, Pempheris, Parapriacanthus) and others lacking tubules but containing chambers formed by folds of the visceral epithelium (Acropoma, Archamia, Jaydia, and Rhabdamia). Light organs in Siphamia, Acropoma, Pempheris and Parapriacanthus are distinct from but connected to the gut; those in Archamia, Jaydia, and Rhabdamia are simply portions of the intestinal tract, and are little differentiated from the surrounding tissues. The presence or absence of symbiotic luminescent bacteria does not correlate with light organ structure; the tubular light organs of Siphamia and chambered tubes of Acropoma house bacteria, those in Pempheridae and the other Apogonidae do not.     

Biological control of three floating water weeds,<Emphasis Type="Italic">Eichhornia crassipes,Pistia stratiotes</Emphasis>, and <Emphasis Type="Italic">Salviniamolesta</Emphasis> in the Republic of Congo

Since 1999, four specific weevils (Coleoptera, Curculionidae) were released in the Republic of Congo against three exotic floating water weeds: Neochetina eichhorniae Warner and N. bruchi Hustache against water hyacinth, Neohydronomus affinis Hustache against water lettuce, and Cyrtobagous salviniae Calder and Sands against water fern. Recoveries of exotic weevils were made from all 24 release sites except one, and all four species have established and spread (up to 800 km for water hyacinth weevils). Within a few years of releases, control of water fern and water lettuce was such that fishing and navigation could be resumed, while reductions of water hyacinth populations were only beginning.     

A molecular phylogeny of Hebeloma species from Europe

In order to widen the scope of existing phylogenies of the ectomycorrhizal agaric genus Hebeloma a total of 53 new rDNA ITS sequences from that genus was generated, augmented by sequences retrieved from GenBank, and analysed using Bayesian, strict consensus and neighbour joining methods. The lignicolous Hebelomina neerlandica, Gymnopilus penetrans, and two species of Galerina served as outgroup taxa. Anamika indica, as well as representatives of the genera Hymenogaster and Naucoria, were included to test the monophyly of Hebeloma, which is confirmed by the results. Hebeloma, Naucoria, Hymenogaster and Anamika indica cluster in a strongly supported monophyletic hebelomatoid clade. All trees largely reflect the current infrageneric classification within Hebeloma, and divide the genus into mostly well-supported monophyletic groups surrounding H. crustuliniforme, H. velutipes, H. sacchariolens, H. sinapizans, and H. radicosum, with H. sarcophyllum being shown at an independent position; however this is not well supported. The section Indusiata divides with strong support into three groups, the position of the pleurocystidiate Hebeloma cistophilum suggests the possible existence of a third subsection within sect. Indusiata. Subsection Sacchariolentia is raised to the rank of section.     

Taxonomic status of the species of the green algal genusNeochloris

Komárek has recently reviewed the various species assigned to the green algal genusNeochloris Starr (Chlorococcales, Chlorococcaceae) and removed those with uninucleate vegetative cells to a new genus,Ettlia. Watanabe & Floyd, unaware ofKomárek's work, also reviewed the species ofNeochloris and distributed them among three genera—Neochloris, Chlorococcopsis gen. nov., andParietochloris gen. nov.—on the basis of details of the covering of the zoospore and the arrangement of the basal bodies of the flagellar apparatus. This paper reconciles these two treatments and makes additional recommendations at the ranks of genus, family, order, and class.     

Die GattungKarschia — Bindeglied zwischen bitunicaten Ascomyceten und lecanoralen Flechtenpilzen?

The genusKarschia, in the earlier sense, including saprophytes and parasites on lichens, has been thought to be a non-lichenized parallel genus of the lichen genusBuellia. Modern workers included it on the one hand inBuellia, on the other hand combined it with bitunicate ascomycetes. It is now proved thatKarschia is heterogeneous and contains but superficially similar members both of the genusBuellia of theLecanorales and of typical or masked bitunicateAscomycetes. Therefore, it can not be regarded as a link betweenLecanorales andDothideales. The type species ofKarschia belongs to theDothideales.

     

Demographic characteristics of an intertidal bay goby (Lepidogobius lepidus)

Synopsis In a fourteen month study (May 1976 – June 1977) I examined the following characteristics of an intertidal bay goby (Lepidogobius lepidus) in Morro Bay, California, U.S.A.: annual and seasonal patterns of abundance, age composition and growth rates, survivorship and mortality patterns, and the reproductive cycle for female gobies. Fishes were collected with the aid of quinaldine and otoliths and ovaries removed. Age and growth rates were estimated from otolith annuli using a back calculation formula and a Brody-Bertalanffy growth curve. Mortality rates were derived using the methods of Heincke (1913), Robson & Chapman (1960), mean age, and a catch curve (Ricker 1975). A gonad index was used to describe the annual reproductive cycle. Results indicated that abundance fluctuated seasonally and that these fluctuations appeared to be caused by reproductive emigrations. Bay gobies reached an age of 7+ and a standard length of 87 mm. Growth was relatively constant (6 mm yr⁻¹) until age 5, at which point it began to decline. The mean rates of survivorship, mortality, and instantaneous mortality were 0.75, 0.25, and 0.29 respectively. Mortality rates for individual age classes ranged from 0.13 to 0.51 and increased with age. This stock appears to reproduce mainly during the winter.     

Systematic significance of mature embryo of bamboos

The mature embryo of seven species belonging to five genera of Indian bamboos is described. In all these the basic pattern of embryo organisation is same: the scutellar and coleoptilar bundles are not separated by an internode, the epiblast is absent, the lower portion of the scutellum and the coleorhiza are separated by a cleft and the margins of embryonic leaves overlap. The features unique to fleshy fruited bamboos are: presence of a massive scutellum, the juxtaposition of plumule and radicle and the occurrence of a bud in the axil of the coleoptile. The fleshy fruit bearing bamboos should be classified into one group, the tribeMelocanneae. Evidence is provided to recognise additional groups in the subfamilyBambusoideae.