棕榈科植物的开发利用及保护

棕榈科植物全世界有198属,约2600种,主要分布于热带和亚热带地区.是热带生态系统中的特殊组成部分.现已广泛应用于园林绿化.笔者根据近年来国内外对棕榈科植物的开发、利用分析,提出在开发的同时应加强对棕榈科植物的保护.     

野生沙葱的资源分布与保护利用

分析了野生沙葱的资源分布、生态适应性、营养价值、研究与利用现状,提出了在全国范围内进行沙葱资源的分布范围、分布类型、种源特征、遗传变异、群落特征及其演替规律的调查与确定,建立沙葱的种质资源库和数据库,全面开展不同种源沙葱的迁地保护、生态适应性、保护生物学及人工优质丰产栽培技术研究等一系列保护、利用的思路与措施。     

福建永安植物资源特点、现状及保护利用

永安市位于福建省中部,自然条件优越,植物资源丰富。本文阐述该区植物资源特点、现状,并提出保护利用对策。     

福建厦门地区棕榈科植物资源及其园林应用

调查了厦门地区棕榈科植物资源状况及其绿化应用,并结合多年来对厦门市园林植物园棕榈植物保育中心内棕榈科植物的物候期观察,选出适合厦门地区推广应用的棕榈科植物104种,同时对厦门地区棕榈科植物应用的种类、数量、分布以及应用频度等进行统计分析。     

我国的野生棕榈科园林观赏植物资源

我国原产棕榈科植物约有 18属 10 0种 ,可用于园林绿化及观赏的有 12属 4 4种 ,可作行道树、园景树、庭园树、室内观赏树和海滨、沙滩绿化树。虽然资源不太丰富、分布范围较为狭窄 ,但观赏价值较高 ,许多为国家重点保护植物。本文还重点介绍了部分种类 ,并对开发利用提出了建议     

青藏高原药用植物资源及其保护与利用

本文从青藏高原药用植物资源的分布情况,资源特点以及相应的保护利用等方面简要的概括了近来的研究新进展,旨在理清相关研究情况,为相应的研究工作提供参考。     

福建清源山药用蕨类植物资源与分布

福建清源山药用蕨类植物有15科21属26种;对其分布及利用价值作了阐述,并进一步对开发利用药用蕨类植物资源提出建议。     

适于室内绿化的棕榈科植物

本文就原产国内或引进的较有推广价值的适于室内绿化的棕桐科植物14个属作简要介绍。     

九顶山野生猕猴桃资源分布及保护

本文通过对九顶山野山猕桃资源现状调查,郑重探讨九顶山野生猕猴桃资源保护和合理开发利用方法,为政府制定保护措施和开发利用决策提供科学依据。     

极具观赏价值的野生棕榈科植物--香棕

通过对香棕野生资源、园林观赏价值的调查、研究．认为香棕是一种极具观赏价值的野生棕榈科植物．可在我国南亚热带极其偏北地区的园林绿化中推广应用。     

天南星科、龙舌兰科、棕榈科观叶植物在闽中地区的引种适应性

对天南星科、龙舌兰科、棕榈科观叶植物的基本生态习性研究表明,三科观叶植物的适合生长温度多在18~28℃之间,当温度低于10℃或者高于35℃时,大多数植物出现寒害或热害,生长停滞。天南星科和龙舌兰科植物长势较好的遮光度分别为75%和50%左右;而棕榈科植物多数可在全光条件下正常生长。不同科植物之间对土壤水分的需求差异较大,天南星科植物要求最高(大于80%),其次是龙舌兰科,为70%,棕榈科植物要求较低,为55%;空气湿度85%~90%最有利于这几类观叶植物生长。     

The global invasion success of Central European plants is related to distribution characteristics in their native range and species traits

Aim Determining which traits predispose a species to become invasive is a fundamental question of invasion ecology, but traits affect invasiveness in concert with other factors that need to be controlled for. Here, we explore the relative effects of biological traits of plant species and their distributional characteristics in the native range on invasion success at two stages of invasion. Location Czech Republic (for native species); and the world (for alien species). Methods The source pool of 1218 species of seed plants native to Central Europe was derived from the flora of the Czech Republic, and their occurrence in 706 alien floras all over the world was recorded, distinguishing whether they were listed as an ‘alien’ or a ‘weed’ in the latest version of Randall’s ‘Global compendium of weeds’ database. The latter type of occurrence was considered to indicate species ability to invade and cause economic impact, i.e. a more advanced stage of invasion. Using the statistical technique of regression trees, we tested whether 19 biological traits and five distributional characteristics of the species in their native range can be used to predict species success in two stages of invasion. Results The probability of a species becoming alien outside its native distribution range is determined by the size of its native range, and its tolerance of a wide range of climates acquired in the region of origin. Biological traits play only an indirect role at this stage of invasion via determining the size of the native range. However, the ability of species to become a weed is determined not only by the above characteristics of native distribution, but also directly by biological traits (life form and strategy, early flowering, tall stature, generative reproduction, number of ploidy levels and opportunistic dispersal by a number of vectors). Species phylogenetic relatedness plays only a minor role; it is more important at the lowest taxonomic levels and at the later stage of invasion. Main conclusion The global success of Central European species as ‘weeds’ is determined by their distributional characteristics in the native ranges and by biological traits, but the relative importance of these determinants depends on the stage of invasion. Species which have large native ranges and are common within these ranges should be paid increased attention upon introductions, and the above biological traits should be taken into account in screening systems applied to evaluate deliberate introductions of alien plants to new regions.     

Endemic freshwater finfish of Asia: distribution and conservation status

Freshwater finfish species richness and level of endemism in East, and South and South‐East Asia that included 17 nations were studied using available databases, and included nation‐wise distribution, habitat types, and conservation status. The number of endemic finfish species in the region was 559, belonging to 47 families. Families Cyprinidae and Balitoridae accounted for 43.5% and 16.2% of the total number of endemic species in the region, respectively, followed by Sisoridae (25), Gobiidae (20), Melanotaeniidae (19), and Bagridae (16), and the other 41 families had at least one endemic species. Nation‐wise the most number of endemic freshwater finfish species occur in India (191), followed by China (88), Indonesia (84), and Myanmar (60). In India, the endemic species accounted for 26.4% of the native freshwater fish fauna, followed by South Korea (16.9%), the Philippines, (16.3%) and Myanmar (15.7%). Statistically significant relationships discerned between the number of indigenous and endemic species richness to land area (X_la in 10³ km²) of the nations in the region were, Y_in = 218.961 Ln(X_la) – 843.1 (R² = 0.735; P < 0.001) and Y_e = 28.445 Ln X_la?134.47 (R² = 0.534; P < 0.01), respectively, and between indigenous and endemic species richness was Y_e = 0.079X_n? 1.558 (R² = 0.235; P < 0.05). The overall conservation status of endemic finfish in Asia was satisfactory in that only 92 species were in some state of vulnerability, of which 37 species (6.6%) are endangered or critically endangered. However, the bulk of these species (83.7%) were cave‐ and or lake‐dwelling fish. However, nation‐wise, the endemic freshwater finfish fauna of the Philippines and Sri Lanka, based on the imperilment index, were found to be in a highly vulnerable state. Among river basins, the Mekong Basin had the highest number of endemic species (31.3%). The discrepancies between databases are highlighted and the need to consolidate information among databases is discussed. It is suggested that the Mekong Basin be considered as a biodiversity hotspot, and appropriate management strategies be introduced in this regard.     

东北地区5个物种潜在栖息地变化与优化保护规划

气候变化广泛影响着物种多样性及其分布变迁。优化模型模拟结果,获取气候变化影响下的优先保护区域将为制定应对气候变化的物种保护政策或行动提供理论依据,提升保护绩效。选取东北地区五种代表性动物,包括黑熊(Ursus thibetanus)、驼鹿(Alces alces)、水獭(Lutra lutra)、紫貂(Martes zibellina)及黑嘴松鸡(Tetrao parvirostris);结合最大熵模型(Maxent)模拟在不同RCP情景下未来3个年代(2030s,2050s,2070s)的物种潜在栖息地。根据九个常用气候模式的评价结果,获取东北地区合适的气候模式,了解气候变化对物种潜在栖息地的影响,同时开展物种保护规划,识别保护空缺,为应对气候变化、保持生物多样性提供支持。结果显示,在气候变化背景下物种潜在栖息地面积整体呈现下降趋势,但不同气候模式之间存在差异;评价结果推荐CCSM4、Nor ESM1-M、Had GEM2-AO及GFDL-CM3气候模式,推荐在东北地区使用以上气候模式进行物种未来潜在分布的研究。5个物种潜在栖息地平均面积变化率分别为-62.16%,-73.93%,-78.46%(2030s,2050s,2070s)。综合5个重点保护物种的保护优先区,大兴安岭的呼中、汗马与额尔古纳国家级自然保护区,延边地区的天佛指山、老爷岭东北虎、珲春东北虎与汪清原麝国家级自然保护区,长白山国家级自然保护区是气候变化下物种保护的热点区域。     

三明地区林木白蚁种类、分布及危害的调查

在三明全区范围内设点普查,得知共有林木白蚁2科9属22种,其中中华葫白蚁、海南大白蚁、普见家白蚁、大头家白蚁、高山散白蚁为福建省首次发现危害林木。黄翅大白蚁、闽华歪白蚁、大近歪白蚁、歪白蚁、中华葫白蚁、小象白蚁、海南大白蚁、普见家白蚁、大头象白蚁、蛋头蔡白蚁、黄肢散白蚁、高额散白蚁、高山散白仪、细颏散白蚁、武宫散白蚁、尖唇异白蚁为本地区首次发现危害林木。三明地区白蚁优势种有黑翅土白蚁、黄翅大白蚁和家白蚁。黑翅土白蚁等白蚁对林木造成严重危害,已成为当前林业生产中的一大难题。三明地区林木白蚁区系分布有以下特点：1）林木白蚁种类多,分布广泛,危害较为普遍;2）土白蚁、大白蚁是危害林木的主要类别;3）全区范围白蚁发生情况是由北向南蚁种延增,危害趋重。     

物种分布模型在大型真菌红色名录评估及保护中的应用: 以冬虫夏草为例

我国大型真菌资源丰富, 由于受气候变化和人类活动等的影响, 近年来很多物种受到不同程度的威胁, 亟待保护。红色名录评估是物种保护的第一步, 为有效保护我国大型真菌多样性, 2016年生态环境部和中国科学院联合启动中国大型真菌红色名录评估项目。合理的评估依赖于完善的物种地理分布、种群数量规模及其动态变化信息。大型真菌评估信息较少, 需要引入新的方法解决评估信息不足的问题。冬虫夏草(Ophiocordyceps sinensis)是一种重要的食药用菌, 具有较高的经济价值, 受到全世界的广泛关注, 评估信息相对充足, 此次被评为易危物种。利用物种分布模型对冬虫夏草未来分布区变化的预测在评估过程中发挥了重要作用。为了将物种分布模型分析方法引入大型真菌的受威胁等级评估, 本文以此前我们利用物种分布模型预测冬虫夏草的潜在分布区及其对气候变化响应的研究为例, 介绍了应用物种分布模型预测大型真菌的潜在分布区、未来气候变化情景下分布区变化趋势的方法和流程, 以及在应用中可能存在的问题和解决方案。通过本文的分析, 我们认为物种分布模型在大型真菌的红色名录评估和保护中具有重要的应用潜力, 值得推广应用。