NaCl胁迫对两种铁线子属果树叶片组织结构的影响

应用石蜡切片方法,结合光学显微镜、扫描电镜研究NaCl胁迫下两种铁线子属果树古巴牛乳树Manilkara roxburghiana、人心果Manilkara zapota的叶片形态结构变化。结果表明,叶表皮、解剖结构与NaCl处理浓度有一定相关性,随着处理浓度增加,叶片角质膜的皱褶增多,气孔开度增大,气孔器进一步变形,栅栏组织更加疏松,海绵组织和维管束遭受破坏,韧皮部受损早于木质部。叶内部结构在较低浓度NaCl(0、0.2%、0.4%)处理下保持正常,在高浓度胁迫下(0.6%、0.8%)则表现异常,说明叶内部结构的变化较表皮滞后。     

棉花幼苗对不同程度低温逆境的生理响应

以‘新陆早33号'(冷敏感)和‘中棉所50号’(高耐寒)棉花品种为材料,采用人工模拟低温方法,研究不同温度和时间处理下棉花幼苗叶片抗氧化酶活性和渗透调节物质含量的响应特征,探讨不同温度胁迫下棉花的抗逆机制.结果显示:(1)随胁迫温度降低、胁迫时间延长,两参试棉花品种幼苗遭受低温伤害的程度逐渐加剧,尤以5℃和0℃处理表现最为明显.(2)经15℃及10℃处理后,植株叶片REC、POD活性、SP和Pro含量总体上随胁迫时间延长而提高,MDA含量、APX活性和SS含量则先升后降,并均于处理24 h时达峰值;而在5℃及0℃处理下,REC和SOD、POD活性以及MDA、SS、SP含量迅速上升,APX活性、Pro含量则呈先升后降的变化趋势.(3)与‘新陆早33号,相比,‘中棉所50号’在各处理水平下均可保持更大的抗氧化酶活性和渗透调节物质含量上升幅度.研究表明,在不同程度低温逆境中,棉花幼苗可通过调节抗氧化酶活性和渗透调节物质含量,启动相应抗逆调节方式来维持代谢平衡,增强抗逆性;高耐寒性品种在低温逆境中具有更灵敏、高效的活性氧清除能力和渗透调节响应机制,从而有效抵御低温逆境伤害.     

一氧化氮对裸燕麦耐盐性的增强效应

采用营养液培养方法,以‘定莜6号’裸燕麦为材料,研究外源一氧化氮供体硝普钠(SNP)对100 mmol·L-1Na Cl胁迫下裸燕麦幼苗生长、活性氧代谢和渗透溶质积累的影响。结果表明:5μmol·L-1SNP能明显缓解Na Cl胁迫对幼苗生长的抑制作用,显著提高Na Cl胁迫下裸燕麦叶片超氧化物歧化酶、过氧化物酶和抗坏血酸过氧化物酶活性及谷胱甘肽和抗坏血酸含量,降低丙二醛、过氧化氢、超氧阴离子和游离氨基酸含量及过氧化氢酶活性,提高可溶性糖、可溶性蛋白质和脯氨酸含量及K+/Na+比。分析表明,外源一氧化氮通过提高抗氧化能力和渗透溶质积累以及维持K+、Na+平衡,缓解盐胁迫诱导的氧化伤害和生长抑制,从而提高裸燕麦的耐盐性。     

5种卫矛属植物对低温胁迫的生理响应及抗寒性评价

以5种卫矛属树种(品系)当年生充分休眠离体带叶枝条为试材,在高低温湿热试验箱内进行0℃、-10℃、-20℃和-30℃共4个梯度低温胁迫处理,考察其叶片解剖结构以及细胞膜透性、渗透调节物质、保护酶活性等生理指标的低温响应特征,并结合隶属函数分析方法综合评价5种卫矛属植物抗寒性。结果表明:(1)‘北海道黄杨6号’叶片有3层紧密的栅栏组织,北海道黄杨、胶州卫矛和大叶黄杨叶片有2层紧密、1层相对疏松的栅栏组织,扶芳藤叶片则只有2层排列紧密的栅栏组织;5个树种叶片组织紧密度表现为‘北海道黄杨6号’北海道黄杨胶州卫矛大叶黄杨扶芳藤。(2)通过Logistic方程拟合叶片相对电导率随温度的变化,获得5种卫矛树种的半致死温度(LT_(50))由低到高依次为‘北海道黄杨6号’(-19.69℃)、北海道黄杨(-17.41℃)、胶州卫矛(-16.03℃)、大叶黄杨(-13.33℃)、扶芳藤(-10.45℃)。(3)各树种叶片渗透调节物质含量随胁迫温度的降低而持续增加,在-30℃低温时,叶片可溶性糖含量以‘北海道黄杨6号’和北海道黄杨的增幅最大,可溶性蛋白含量以胶州卫矛和大叶黄杨增幅最大,但两者含量均以扶芳藤增幅最小。(4)各树种叶片抗氧化酶活性均随胁迫温度的降低而先升高后降低,大叶黄杨和扶芳藤叶片超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)、过氧化物酶(POD)、多酚氧化酶(PPO)活性均在-10℃低温胁迫时达到峰值,而‘北海道黄杨6号’、北海道黄杨和胶州卫矛叶中各酶活性在-20℃低温胁迫时才达到峰值,它们酶活性峰值出现的时间及高低与其半致死温度的结果相吻合。(5)隶属函数综合评价结果显示,5种卫矛属植物的抗寒能力表现为‘北海道黄杨6号’北海道黄杨胶州卫矛大叶黄杨扶芳藤。研究发现,在低温胁迫条件下,卫矛属植物一方面通过渗透调节物质的合成来提高细胞内的渗透势,另一方面通过增强抗氧化酶活性来清除细胞内过量的活性氧、酚酸类等有害物质,从而对低温环境具有一定的适应能力,这为卫矛属植物抗寒种质的筛选及其在城市绿化中的合理应用提供了理论依据。     

油菜素内酯对霍山石斛抗冷性能的调控效应

以2年生霍山石斛(Dendrobium huoshanense)的当年生茎叶为试验材料,在叶面喷施0、0.01、0.05、0.10和0.50mg·L-1油菜素内酯(BR)后,进行48h昼/夜温度为(4±1)℃/(2±1)℃的低温胁迫处理,测定其幼苗叶片叶绿素含量、抗氧化酶活性、丙二醛含量和电导率及脯氨酸含量和可溶性糖含量的变化,研究BR对霍山石斛抗冷性的影响。结果显示:(1)低温胁迫条件下,霍山石斛叶片叶绿素含量随胁迫时间推移而不断降低;SOD、POD与CAT活性变化趋势均呈单峰曲线,峰值出现在低温胁迫后10d;MDA含量和电导率均持续提高。(2)叶面喷施BR预处理显著缓解了低温胁迫对霍山石斛的伤害,显著提高其叶片叶绿素含量,显著增强了SOD、POD与CAT的活性,显著降低其MDA含量和电导率;并显著提高了叶片中脯氨酸含量与茎中可溶性糖含量。(3)BR浓度为0.10mg·L-1的处理效果显著优于其它浓度处理。研究表明,在低温胁迫条件下,油菜素内酯能够通过增强霍山石斛叶片内抗氧化酶活性,提高其渗透调节能力,有效减轻低温造成的过氧化伤害,提高叶片叶绿素含量,增强其植株的抗冷性,并以0.10mg·L-1油菜素内酯效果最佳。     

外源水杨酸预处理对低温胁迫下甜瓜幼苗生长及其抗逆生理特性的影响

以甜瓜品种‘红优’幼苗为试验材料,在人工气候箱内采用基质栽培法,对其叶面喷施不同浓度(0.1、0.5、1.0、2.0 mmol·L^-1)水杨酸(SA),研究SA预处理对低温(昼12 ℃/夜6 ℃)胁迫7 d及恢复7 d后甜瓜幼苗生长、叶绿素含量、渗透调节物质含量以及抗氧化系统的影响。结果表明：(1)低温胁迫能明显抑制甜瓜幼苗的生长,外源施用不同浓度SA预处理均能缓解低温对甜瓜幼苗的伤害,并以1.0 mmol·L^-1 SA作用最明显,且显著提高了低温胁迫下甜瓜幼苗的株高、茎粗、地上鲜重和叶绿素含量。(2)适宜浓度的外源SA预处理可明显提高低温胁迫下甜瓜幼苗叶片的渗透调节物质可溶性糖、可溶性蛋白和脯氨酸的含量,增强其渗透调节作用。(3)低温胁迫下外源SA预处理能够诱导提高甜瓜幼苗叶片中超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)、过氧化氢酶(CAT)、过氧化物酶(POD)、抗坏血酸过氧化酶(APX)、谷胱甘肽还原酶(GR)和脱氢抗坏血酸还原酶(DHAR)的活性,增加甜瓜幼苗叶片中抗坏血酸(ASA)、谷胱甘肽(GSH)含量、ASA/DHA及GSH/GSSG,从而有效降低叶片电解质渗透率、丙二醛(MDA)和活性氧(ROS)含量。研究发现,适宜浓度的外源SA预处理,能够在低温胁迫条件下通过增加渗透调节物质的含量,诱导增强抗氧化酶活性,以及激活ASA GSH循环系统,促进甜瓜幼苗的生长,从而提高甜瓜幼苗的耐低温性能。     

外源NO缓解蝴蝶兰低温胁迫伤害的生理机制研究

以蝴蝶兰品种‘台湾黄金’幼苗(苗龄15个月)为试验材料,通过叶面喷施200μmol·L-1的NO供体硝普钠(SNP),低温胁迫(昼/夜:12℃/7℃)处理5d和10d,分别测定叶片电解质渗漏率、丙二醛(MDA)含量、pH、渗透调节物质含量及几种保护酶活性,探讨外源NO缓解蝴蝶兰低温胁迫伤害的生理机制。结果表明:低温胁迫条件下,预施SNP处理可以有效抑制蝴蝶兰叶片电解质渗漏率、MDA含量和pH的上升,显著提高叶片可溶性糖、可溶性蛋白及脯氨酸(Pro)含量,显著延缓超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)、过氧化物酶(POD)、过氧化氢酶(CAT)和抗坏血酸过氧化物酶(APX)等抗氧化酶活性的下降,增强多酚氧化酶(PPO)和苯丙氨酸解氨酶(PAL)的活性。研究认为,外源NO供体SNP可以通过保护蝴蝶兰幼苗的细胞膜系统,增加渗透调节物质含量,提高保护酶活性来减轻低温胁迫对蝴蝶兰幼苗的伤害,提高其抗低温胁迫的能力。     

Ca(NO3)2对NaCl胁迫下木麻黄扦插苗生理特征的调控

用不同浓度 Ca(NO3) 2 · 4 H2 O(0 .7、1.4、2 .1g Ca2 / kg土 )对 1年生的处在两种 Na Cl胁迫 (10和 2 0 g/ kg)处理下的木麻黄扦插苗进行化学调控 ,研究硝酸钙盐加氯化钠处理的木麻黄幼苗的生长量、木麻黄幼苗抗氧化酶系统活性和渗透调节物质的含量的变化 ,研究结果表明 :中度 Na Cl胁迫加硝酸钙处理下的木麻黄扦插苗的可溶性蛋白质含量增加 ,MDA含量降低说明膜脂过氧化作用减轻 ,而且抗氧化酶活性 (SOD、POD)之间协调变化有利于提高清除自由基的速率 ,中度盐胁迫下钙盐可以促进木麻黄体内脯氨酸的积累 ;但重度 Na Cl胁迫下钙盐对木麻黄的调控作用不显著 ,重度盐胁迫下钙盐反而降低木麻黄 SOD、POD活性和脯氨酸的含量 ,减弱了抗氧化酶系统对活性氧的清除作用 ,同时高浓度钙盐还会加重 Na Cl胁迫对木麻黄幼苗的损伤 ,这说明适量的钙盐有利于木麻黄幼苗抵抗盐胁迫能力的提高 ,而高浓度钙盐则可能会加重盐胁迫     

喷施多效唑提高麻疯树幼苗耐盐性的生理机制

研究了600 mg?L-1 PP333喷施对200 mmol?L-1 NaCl胁迫处理下麻疯树幼苗干重、含水量、叶片细胞超微结构、光合作用、叶片渗透调节能力、叶片丙二醛含量和叶片抗氧化能力的影响。结果表明：600 mg?L-1 PP333喷施处理能显著提高200 mmol?L-1 NaCl胁迫下植株的干重、根冠比和叶片含水量,同时显著降低叶片电解质外渗率（ELP）,降低叶片细胞超微结构的伤害程度,显著提高了其叶绿素含量、净光合速率、渗透调节能力、SOD酶活性和CAT酶活性,显著降低了MDA含量和POD酶活性。可见,PP333喷施能显著提高麻疯树幼苗对盐渍的适应,主要因为其提高了植株的抗氧化能力、光合作用、渗透调节能力。     

外源水杨酸对低温胁迫下圆柏属植物幼苗生理特性的影响

以3年生圆柏和祁连圆柏幼苗为材料,采用不同浓度水杨酸(SA)预处理两种圆柏属植物幼苗,测定-4℃低温胁迫处理第6天叶片相对含水量(RWC)、相对电导率(REC)、丙二醛(MDA)、可溶性糖(SS)、可溶性蛋白(SP)、脯氨酸(Pro)和类胡萝卜素(Car)含量及超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)、过氧化物酶(POD)、过氧化氢酶(CAT)、抗坏血酸氧化酶(APX)和谷胱甘肽还原酶(GR)活性,分析外源 SA 对低温胁迫下圆柏属植物叶片膜脂过氧化、渗透调节物质及抗氧化酶系统的影响,为培育较多品种的抗冷冻常绿植物提供理论依据。结果表明：低温胁迫下,一定浓度的 SA 预处理能有效保护幼苗叶片膜系统的稳定性、增加渗透调节物质含量和提高抗氧化酶活性,其中200 mg/L SA 预处理对提高圆柏抗寒性效果最好,30 mg/L SA 预处理对提高祁连圆柏抗寒性效果最好,且在外源 SA 预处理下,祁连圆柏的抗寒性比圆柏的强。因此,施用适合浓度的 SA 在提高圆柏属植物抗寒性方面具有较好的应用价值。     

32种杜鹃花属植物在迁地保育条件下的自交研究

迁地保育条件下的杜鹃花属植物自交可育性一直缺乏系统的比较研究,该文对5亚属13亚组32种杜鹃花属植物的自交进行了数据采集与分析,初步揭示了迁地保育条件下杜鹃花属植物自交育性特征。结果表明:(1)自交可育与不育是杜鹃花属植物有性生殖中的两个并存现象,自交能育型种类或多于不育型。在受试的32种杜鹃花中,自交不育型10种、弱可育型5种、可育型7种、高可育型10种,其中27种的自交育性为首次报道,涵盖包括杜鹃亚属杜鹃组(sect.Rhododendron)和马银花亚属(subgen.Azaleastrum)及常绿杜鹃亚属(subgen.Hymenanthes)中银叶杜鹃亚组(subsect.Argyrophylla)等5个亚组在内的未被研究的类群。(2)通过与自然授粉有关育性指标的比较,发现不同种类的自交可育性指标有大幅度降低及增高这两类截然不同的现象,从而提出了自交可能是部分杜鹃花属植物的适应策略,或者对不利环境及其媒介条件的主动响应。(3)在云锦杜鹃亚组(subsect.Fortunea)这个被认为最原始的杜鹃花类群中,具备从自交不育到高可育的所有类型,并可能由此奠定整个杜鹃花属的遗传基础,而类群与种类分布的不同区域气候环境长期直接的或通过影响传粉媒介间接的作用,则可能是最终塑造该属植物自交育性多样化的外部动力。(4)该文还依据有关自交的研究结果,对杜鹃花属植物的迁地保育、育种、相关学科发展进行了讨论,并认为后合子期败育的理论不能完美地解释自交不能坐果的现象,而多倍体似不会导致自交不育。     

Paleosols and paleoenvironments of the middle Miocene,Maboko Formation,Kenya

The middle Miocene (15 Ma) Maboko Formation of Maboko Island and Majiwa Bluffs, southwestern Kenya, has yielded abundant fossils of the earliest known cercopithecoid monkey (Victoriapithecus macinnesi), and of a kenyapithecine hominoid (Kenyapithecus africanus), as well as rare proconsuline (Simiolus leakeyorum, cf. Limnopithecus evansi) and oreopithecine apes (Mabokopithecus clarki, M. pickfordi), and galagids (Komba winamensis). Specific habitat preferences can be interpreted from large collections of primate fossils in different kinds of paleosols (pedotypes). Fossiliferous drab-colored paleosols with iron-manganese nodules (Yom pedotype) are like modern soils of seasonally waterlogged depressions (dambo). Their crumb structure and abundant fine root-traces, as well as scattered large calcareous rhizoconcretions indicate former vegetation of seasonally wet, wooded grassland. Other fossiliferous paleosols are evidence of nyika bushland (Ratong), and early-successional riparian woodland (Dhero). No fossils were found in Mogo paleosols interpreted as saline scrub soils. Very shallow calcic horizons (in Yom, Ratong, and Mogo paleosols) and Na-montmorillonite (in Mogo) are evidence of dry paleoclimate (300-500 mm MAP=mean annual precipitation). This is the driest paleoclimate and most open vegetation yet inferred as a habitat for any Kenyan Miocene apes or monkeys. Victoriapithecus was abundant in dambo wooded grassland (Yom) and riparian woodland (Dhero), a distribution like that of modern vervet monkeys. Kenyapithecus ranged through all these paleosols, but was the most common primate in nyika bushland paleosols (Ratong), comparable to baboons and macaques today. Mabokopithecus was virtually restricted to riparian woodland paleosols (Dhero), and Simiolus had a similar, but marginally wider, distribution. Habitat preferences of Mabokopithecus and Simiolus were like those of modern colobus monkeys and mangabeys. A single specimen of Komba was found in dambo wooded grassland paleosol (Yom), a habitat more like that of the living Senegal bushbaby than of rainforest galagids. A shift to non-forest habitats may explain the terrestrial adaptations of Victoriapithecus, basal to the cercopithecid radiation, and of Kenyapithecus, basal to the hominoid radiation. Both taxa are distinct from earlier Miocene arboreal proconsulines, oreopithecines and galagids.     

基于分子证据确认秦岭藤属与驼峰藤属(夹竹桃科)的系统位置

秦岭藤属(Biondia Schltr.)是中国特有属,约13种,驼峰藤属(Merrillanthus Chun&Tsiang)是仅在我国与柬埔寨分布的单种属,目前两个属均被归并到白前属(Vincetoxicum Wolf),由于取样和系统发育分析尚存一些欠缺,因此其系统位置和归属尚需进一步确认。该文使用2个核糖体基因序列片段(ITS、ETS)、5个叶绿体基因序列片段(psbA-trnH、trnG、trnL、trnL-F、trnT-L),以及二者的合并数据,重建娃儿藤亚族(Tylophorinae)(包含属的模式秦岭藤[B.chinensis Schltr.=V.shaanxiense(Schltr.) Meve&Liede]与驼峰藤[M.hainanensis Chun&Tsiang=V.hainanense(Chun&Tsiang) Meve, H. H. Kong&Liede])的系统发育树。结果表明：秦岭藤属与驼峰藤属均包含在白前属中,秦岭藤与青龙藤[B.henryi(Warb.) Tsiang&Li=V.henryi(Warb....     

Astragalar morphology of late Eocene anthropoids from the Fayum Depression (Egypt) and the origin of catarrhine primates

The phylogenetic relationships of the late Eocene anthropoids Catopithecus browni and Proteopithecus sylviae are currently a matter of debate, with opinion divided as to whether these taxa are stem or crown anthropoids. The phylogenetic position of Catopithecus is of particular interest, for, unlike the highly generalized genus Proteopithecus, this taxon shares apomorphic dental and postcranial features with more derived undoubted catarrhines that appear in the same region 1-2 Ma later. If these apomorphies are homologous and Catopithecus is a stem catarrhine, the unique combination of plesiomorphic and apomorphic features preserved in this anthropoid would have important implications for our understanding of the crown anthropoid morphotype and the pattern of morphological character transformations that occurred during the early phases of stem catarrhine evolution.Well-preserved astragali referrable to Proteopithecus, Catopithecus, and the undoubted early Oligocene stem catarrhine Aegyptopithecus have provided additional morphological evidence that allows us to further evaluate competing hypotheses of interrelationships among Eocene-Oligocene Afro-Arabian anthropoids. Qualitative observations and multivariate morphometric analyses reveal that the astragalar morphology of Proteopithecus is very similar to that of early Oligocene parapithecids and living and extinct small-bodied platyrrhines, and strengthens the hypothesis that the morphological pattern shared by these taxa is primitive within crown Anthropoidea. In contrast, Catopithecus departs markedly from the predicted crown anthropoid astragalar morphotype and shares a number of apomorphic features (e.g., deep cotylar fossa, laterally projecting fibular facet, trochlear asymmetry, mediolaterally wide astragalar head) with Aegyptopithecus and Miocene-Recent catarrhines. The evidence from the astragalus complements other independent data from the dentition, humerus and femur of Catopithecus that support this taxon's stem catarrhine status, and we continue to maintain that oligopithecines are stem catarrhines that constitute the sister group of a clade containing propliopithecines and Miocene-Recent catarrhines.     

Stratigraphy, artefact industries and hominid associations for Sterkfontein, member 5

A revised stratigraphy for the early hominid site of Sterkfontein (Gauteng Province, South Africa) reveals a complex distribution of infills in the main excavation area between 2.8 and 1.4 m.y.a, as well as deposits dating to the mid to late Pleistocene. New research now shows that the Member 4 australopithecine breccia (2.8-2.6 Ma) extends further west than was previously thought, while a late phase of Member 4 is recognized in a southern area. The artefact-bearing breccias were defined sedimentologically as Member 5, but one supposed part of these younger breccias, the StW 53 infill, lacks in situ stone tools, although it does appear to post-date 2.6 Ma when artefacts first appear in the archaeological record. The StW 53 hominid, previously referred to Homo habilis, is here argued to be Australopithecus. The first artefact-bearing breccia of Member 5 is the Oldowan Infill, estimated at 2-1.7 Ma. It occupies a restricted distribution in Member 5 east and contains an expedient, flake-based tool industry associated with a few fossils of Paranthropos robustus. An enlarged cave opening subsequently admitted one or more Early Acheulean infills associated in Member 5 west with Homo ergaster. The artefacts attest to a larger site accumulation between ca. 1.7 and 1.4 Ma, with more intensive use of quartzite over quartz and a subtle but important shift to large flakes and heavier-duty tools. The available information on palaeoenvironments is summarized, showing an overall change from tropical to sub-tropical gallery forest, forest fringe and woodland conditions in Member 4 to more open woodland and grassland habitats in the later units, but with suggestions of a wet localized topography in the Paranthropus -bearing Oldowan Infill.     

荨麻科三新种

该文描述了荨麻科三新种:(1)自中国重庆市发现的荨麻科荨麻属一新种,城口荨麻。此种与异株荨麻有亲缘关系,区别特征为此种的茎被少数刺毛,叶片多为心形,雄、雌花序均不分枝,瘦果在中央稍凹陷。(2)自中国广西发现的荨麻科赤车属一新种,来宾赤车。此种与特产云南东南部的富宁赤车相近缘,与后者的区别在于本种茎的毛开展或向上弯曲,叶片长椭圆形,基部斜楔形,雌花具3~4枚花被片,其中1~2枚较大花被片在背面顶端具一长筒状突起。(3)自缅甸北部发现的荨麻科楼梯草属一新种,克钦楼梯草。此种在体态上与骤尖楼梯草甚为相似,与后者的区别在于本种的每一茎节具正常叶和一退化叶,托叶狭披针状条形和无脉,雌总苞苞片无角状突起,雌小苞片较大,呈楔状长圆形,雌花具一小花被片,以及雌蕊具一宽倒卵球形柱头。     

利用DNA片段测序方法探究枳属和富民枳的分类地位

富民枳(Poncirus polyandra)属于芸香科(Rutaceae)枳属(Poncirus Raf.).自发表以来,分类地位一直备受争议,其中在Flora of China中认为富民枳为柑橘杂交种(Poncirus polyandra),把枳属归并于柑橘属(Citrus).该研究选取枳属的富民枳、枳(Ponci...     

毛茛科六新种

该文描述了毛茛科六新种：(1)托里乌头,与阿尔泰乌头近缘,区别为其茎和叶无毛,总状花序极密集,雄蕊花丝多有1或2小齿。(2)门源翠雀花,与大通翠雀花近缘,区别为其茎极短,花序总状,退化雄蕊瓣片不分裂。(3)云台山铁线莲,与裂叶铁线莲近缘,区别为其叶为二回羽状复叶,花较小,雄蕊花丝呈黑色,无脉。(4)黑丝铁线莲,与前种云台山铁线莲在亲缘关系上极为相近,区别为其小叶较小,多呈狭卵形或披针形,聚伞花序也较小,通常只具3花。(5)五台山毛茛,与砾地毛茛相似,区别为其基生叶被柔毛,花瓣蜜槽具鳞片,心皮具短而粗的花柱和小柱头。(6)靖西铁线莲,与宝岛铁线莲在亲缘关系上接近,区别为其茎疏被短柔毛,小叶卵形或狭卵形,不分裂,聚伞花序有1~3花,萼片较大(长1.7~2 cm,宽0.5~0.7 cm)。     

毛茛科五新种

描述了毛茛科五新种:(1)托里乌头,与阿尔泰乌头近缘,区别为其茎和叶无毛,总状花序极密集,雄蕊花丝多有1或2小齿。(2)门源翠雀花,与大通翠雀花近缘,区别为其茎极短,花序总状,退化雄蕊瓣片不分裂。(3)云台山铁线莲,与裂叶铁线莲近缘,区别为其叶为二回羽状复叶,花较小,雄蕊花丝呈黑色,无脉。(4)黑丝铁线莲,与前种云台铁线莲在亲缘关系上极为相近,区别为其小叶较小,多呈狭卵形或披针形,聚伞花序也较小,通常只具3花。(5)五台山毛茛,与砾地毛茛相似,区别为其基生叶被柔毛,花瓣蜜槽具鳞片,心皮具短而粗的花柱和小柱头。     

Reconstructing the history of Campanulaceae with a Bayesian approach to molecular dating and dispersal–vicariance analyses

We reconstruct here the spatial and temporal evolution of the Campanula alliance in order to better understand its evolutionary history. To increase phylogenetic resolution among major groups (Wahlenbergieae–Campanuleae), new sequences from the rbcL region were added to the trnL-F dataset obtained in a previous study. These phylogenies were used to infer ancestral areas and divergence times in Campanula and related genera using a Bayesian approach to molecular dating and dispersal–vicariance analyses that takes into account phylogenetic uncertainty. The new phylogenetic analysis confirms Platycodoneae as the sister group of Wahlenbergieae–Campanuleae, the two last ones inter-graded into a well-supported clade. Biogeographic and dating analyses suggest that Western Asia and the Eastern Mediterranean have played a major role as centers of migration and diversification within the Campanula alliance, probably in relation to the intense orogenic activity that took place in this region during the Late Neogene, and that could have promoted isolation and allopatric speciation within lineages. Diversification rates within several Campanula lineages would have increased at the end of the Miocene, coinciding with the Messinian Stage. Strong selective pressures from climate changes and the expansion of mountainous regions during this period are suggested to explain the adaptation to drought, cold or disturbed environments observed in many Campanula species. Several independent long-distance dispersal events to North America are inferred within the Rapunculus clade, which seem to be related to high ploidy levels.