The history of linguistic anthropology as a device for a new integrated perspective

The history of the emergence of linguistic anthropology helps us not only to reflect on the path-dependency of our own scientific categories, but also to enlarge our own perspective beyond these categories. The following paper tries to develop on the basis of Latour's network theory a new integrated perspective that reflects our own historical position in the network of constructing scientific facts, in the context of political problems, of social claims of objects that we are using in order to constitute our scientific field.     

遗传学史在遗传学教学中的作用

科学史的研究和发展状况能反映一个国家的科学技术水平,遗传学史是生命科学发展史的一个重要分支,21世纪是生命科学的世纪,在遗传学教学中加强遗传学发展史的介绍,不仅具有教育功能,使学生了解遗传学的产生和发展,而且可以培养学生的思维能力和科学素质。本文就遗传学史的教育功能及在教学中的作用进行论述。     

Biometry, biometrics, biostatistics, bioinformatics,..., bio-X

Recent scientific evolutions force us to rethink our profession's position on the scientific map, in relation to our neighboring professions, the ones with which we traditionally have strong collaborative links as well as the newly emerging fields, but also within our own, diverse professional group. We will show that great inspiration can be drawn from our own history, in fact from the early days of the Society. A recent inspiring example has been set by the late Rob Kempton, who died suddenly just months before he was to become President of the International Biometric Society.     

The evolution of human parental care and recruitment of juvenile help

Provisioning of juveniles is a defining characteristic of human life history. Human children are also unusual in cooperating with their siblings, mothers and other adults in the exchange of resources and labor. This article highlights this distinctly human and twofold nature of juvenility within the context of life history evolution and cooperative breeding. Juveniles benefit from continued investment and from helping to support their siblings during a life stage when they cannot contribute to their own reproduction. Rather than juvenile dependence signifying a costly extension of parental care, juvenile provisioning and help are suggested to develop in tandem with the broader pattern of food sharing and division of labor that characterizes human subsistence and sociality.     

昆虫生活史的科学记述方法

文中介绍了昆虫学著述中常用的昆虫生活史表达方法 ,简单地讨论了有关方法的优缺点     

国家级生物大数据中心展望

大数据时代下,科学大数据已经成为科技创新和社会经济发展的新动力。我国是生物数据生产大国,生命大数据是人口健康和国家安全的重要战略资源。面对我国生物数据因存储零散、缺乏系统监管而大量丢失和流失,以及严重依赖国际生物组学大数据中心的局面,亟需从国家层面建设我国自己的生命大数据保存和管理体系。本文以美国NCBI为例介绍了国际生物大数据中心的发展历程及现状,阐明我国建立国家级生物大数据中心的重要性、迫切性、当前历史机遇和发展前景。中国科学院北京基因组研究所生命与健康大数据中心为此做了大量努力,并在数据存储、汇交和转化应用上取得了阶段性成果,以期推进我国生物大数据中心的建设,提高生命科学研究的国际竞争力和影响力。     

Making Sense of Scientific Biographies: Scientific achievement,nature of science,and storylines in college students’ essays

In this article, the educative value of scientific biographies will be explored, especially for non-science major college students. During the ‘Scientist’s life and thought’ course, 66 college students read nine scientific biographies including five biologists, covering the canonical scientific achievements in Western scientific history. Students’ essays were initially analysed in terms of four dimensions of scientific achievement: personal traits and talent, socio-cultural environment, scientific inquiry and debate, and historical significance. Further analysis focused on noticeable aspects in the nature of science (NOS). Based on the analyses, the idea of a story grid was devised in order to identify major storylines that show students various ways of making sense of scientific biographies. The analysis shows the aspects in which biographies are instrumental for students to identify and engage critically with issues related to the NOS. The article concludes with some implications for designing history of science courses for non-science major college students.     

加强生物通识教育，促进理工与生命科学交叉人才培养——以哈尔滨工业大学生物化学公选课教学改革为例

理工科与生命科学的交叉与融合,是今后科学发展的潮流和趋势。生物化学作为面向全校学生的公选课,应更好地发挥介绍生命科学发展、促进学科交叉的作用。结合所在理工科院校自身特点,提出以“打基础,提兴趣,促交叉,重引导”为核心的教改方案。通过优化教学内容打牢理论基础,开设专题介绍促进学科交叉,引入虚拟实验激发学生兴趣,跟进后续课题引导参与科研,使公选课能够切实提升理工科学生生物学素养,发掘跨学科发展潜力。     

The Spatial Turn: Geographical Approaches in the History of Science

Over the past decade or so a number of historians of science and historical geographers, alert to the situated nature of scientific knowledge production and reception and to the migratory patterns of science on the move, have called for more explicit treatment of the geographies of past scientific knowledge. Closely linked to work in the sociology of scientific knowledge and science studies and connected with a heightened interest in spatiality evident across the humanities and social sciences this ‹spatial turn’ has informed a wide-ranging body of work on the history of science. This discussion essay revisits some of the theoretical props supporting this turn to space and provides a number of worked examples from the history of the life sciences that demonstrate the different ways in which the spaces of science have been comprehended.     

N‐P utilization of Acer mono leaves at different life history stages across altitudinal gradients

The relationship between plants and the environment is a core area of research in ecology. Owing to differences in plant sensitivity to the environment at different life history stages, the adaptive strategies of plants are a cumulative result of both their life history and environment. Previous research on plant adaptation strategies has focused on adult plants, neglecting saplings or seedlings, which are more sensitive to the environment and largely affect the growth strategy of subsequent life stages. We compared leaf N and P stoichiometric traits of the seedlings, saplings, and adult trees of Acer mono Maxim and different altitudes and found significant linear trends for both life history stages and altitude. Leaf N and P content by unit mass were greatly affected by environmental change, and the leaf N and P content by unit area varied greatly by life history stage. Acer mono leaf N‐P utilization showed a significant allometric growth trend in all life history stages and at low altitudes. The adult stage had higher N‐use efficiency than the seedling stage and exhibited an isometric growth trend at high altitudes. The N‐P utilization strategies of A. mono leaves are affected by changing environmental conditions, but their response is further dependent upon the life history stage of the plant. Thus, this study provides novel insights into the nutrient use strategies of A. mono and how they respond to the environmental temperature, soil moisture content along altitude and how these changes differ among different life history stages, which further provide the scientific basis for the study of plant nutrient utilization strategy on regional scale.     

On Whose Authority? Temminck’s Debates on Zoological Classification and Nomenclature: 1820–1850

By following the arguments between Coenraad J. Temminck and fellow ornithologists Louis J.-P. Vieillot and Nicholas Vigors, this paper sketches, to a degree, the state of zoological classification and nomenclature between 1825 and 1840 in Europe. The discussions revolved around the problems caused by an unstable nomenclature, the different definitions of genera and species and the best method to achieve a natural system of classification. As more and more naturalists concerned with classifying and arranging the groups of birds joined these discussions, a broad platform for debate emerged around the 1840s that gave a major impulse to the disciplines of taxonomy and systematics. Natural history ceased to be dominated by a few influential scientific authorities and became the scientific field where debate preceded agreement and, with it, progress. With this ‘democratization’ of natural history, Temminck’s status significantly changed between 1815 and 1840. After that year, his own views on classification along with certain economical and political developments in The Netherlands led Temminck to abandon the arena of ornithology and therefore, to lose his scientific authority.     

Life history perspectives on pest insects: What’s the use?

In his seminal 1954 paper on the ‘population consequences of life history phenomena’, Cole noted that ‘these computations may have practical value in dealing with valuable or noxious species’. In the present paper, the question is asked: ‘is research based on evolutionary perspectives in general, and life history theory specifically, really useful for dealing with insect pests?’ Perhaps such theory‐based research is rather a luxury: time and resources would be better spent on entirely applied aspects of the problem. The conclusion of the present discussion is that having an evolutionary perspective guiding research is actually a very cost‐effective way of dealing with applied problems, as it provides a clear basis for interpretations, generalizations and predictions. Life history theory is a very central and necessary part of both population ecology and general evolutionary theory, and its specific usefulness in pest forecasting and management are discussed. Nevertheless, our ability to predict insect population dynamics is still limited, and so is our ability to make use of an insect’s life history traits to predict its propensity to become a pest. I suggest that the former shortcoming is largely due to poor understanding of insect life history plasticity. This, in turn, may partly be due to a paucity of studies where reaction norms are investigated as putative adaptations. I suggest that the latter shortcoming is due to problems inherent with studying life history traits as adaptations, for example the lack of an independent fitness model and the fact that life histories tend to form syndromes of coadapted traits. These points are illustrated with examples from my own work on non‐pest butterflies and from insect–Eucalyptus systems.     

Seedling establishment and life history trade-offs in alpine plants

Seedling establishment is central to population maintenance for nonclonal plant species. Plants with low recruitment rates are expected to have high survival rates, and life history theory indicates there should be a single curve for the trade-off between recruitment and mortality that applies to most or all plant species. Alpine perennials are thought to have extraordinarily low recruitment rates because of the harsh environment, but the importance of recruitment in the life history of these plants is unknown. Two alpine cushion plant species, Minuartia obtusiloba and Paronychia pulvinata, were used to (1) determine the role of recruitment in population maintenance and (2) determine whether the fecundity/mortality trade-off for these alpine plants falls on or off of the curve for other perennial plant species. Using size-based population projection matrices, we determined that the life history of Minuartia and Paronychia emphasizes recruitment less than that of any other nonclonal species in a literature survey. Estimated maximum life spans of these two species are 200 and 324 yr, respectively, and a regression with other perennial species from the literature indicated that the relationship between fecundity and mortality in these alpine species is consistent with the predicted trade-off curve for perennial species from other environments.     

冯澄如与生物绘图

在中国近现代生物学史上,冯澄如开创了中国生物科学绘图,并培养了一批生物科学绘图人才。该文对冯澄如生平和绘图成就予以介绍,对其绘图技法、印刷工艺及创新之处予以总结。     

纵观虫草（真菌）的来世今生

虫草为一类具有悠久利用历史的真菌。随着研究的逐渐深入,虫草的概念也随之改变,同时也带来了机遇和挑战。虫草已由独处深闺变得与人们生活密切相关。本文从概念出发,对虫草的研究历史、物种界定、分类研究,以及开发应用前景进行了综述和展望。     

Ecological determinism in the life histories of baboons

An evolutionary model is presented for the covariation of parameters in ecology, behavior, morphology and social organization observed in interpopulational comparisons of baboons. Ecological determinants, in particular rainfall, shape the optimal life history strategies of individuals within a local population, in terms of the distribution of time and energy for reproductive effort, growth and maintenance. The results are adaptations in body mass, sexual dimorphism and aggression among baboons that are significantly correlated with rainfall. The three common types of baboon social organization, one-male units, multi-male troops and age-graded groups, are discussed as the consequences of male and female life history strategies, and in turn as social environments generating their own selection pressures.     

What should be shared and inherited among colleague for space life science]

Responsibility of our society is discussed with a special emphasis on the basis of modern science and the history of its development. Space life science stands on firm core research subjects, such as the origin of life or the universal law of living system. Even having this advantage, our scientific discipline has failed to bloom at the level correspondent to its significance. In order to keep the right track, the action of academic organization might be required repetitively to define the strategy of research.     

A review of glass eel migratory behaviour,sampling techniques and abundance estimates in estuaries: implications for assessing recruitment,local production and exploitation

Recruitment of the three northern hemisphere eel species (European eel Anguilla anguilla, American eel Anguilla rostrata and Japanese eel Anguilla japonica) has reduced significantly over the past thirty-five years. The stock of the European eel is described as being outside safe biological limits, with urgent action required by European Union Member States to assist recovery of the panmictic stock. Stock recruitment models and estimates of silver eel output from a river catchment are strongly influenced by the degree of certainty in estimating key population parameters of each life history stage. Therefore, management decisions aimed at enhancing eel populations rely on sound scientific evidence, based upon a fundamental understanding of the complex anguillid eel life cycle. This review paper focuses on the estuarine entry phase of the eel life cycle and synthesises the current scientific knowledge with regard to glass eel migratory behaviour, sampling methods and abundance estimates within estuaries. Although the behavioural and environmental processes modulating glass eel migration patterns are reasonably well understood, site specific factors play a significant role in determining fine scale distribution patterns at an individual estuary level. Given the large resource commitment required to adequately sample this key life history stage, behavioural studies of migration patterns on a local scale are crucially important to aid the design of robust sampling programmes aimed at quantifying seasonal abundance and annual recruitment.     

The Seven Sisters: Subgenres of <Emphasis Type="BoldItalic">Bioi</Emphasis> of Contemporary Life Scientists

Today, scientific biography is primarily thought of as a way of writing contextual history of science. But the genre has other functions as well. This article discusses seven kinds of ideal–typical subgenres of scientific biography. In addition to its mainstream function as an ancilla historiae, it is also frequently used to enrich the understanding of the individual construction of scientific knowledge, to promote the public engagement with science, and as a substitute for belles-lettres. Currently less acknowledged kinds of scientific biography include its use as a medium for public and private, respectively, commemoration. Finally, the use of scientific biography as a research (virtue) ethical genre, providing examples of ‘the good life in science’, is emphasized.