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1.
Infant development and parental care in two species of sifakas 总被引:3,自引:0,他引:3
Bettina Grieser 《Primates; journal of primatology》1992,33(3):305-314
This paper reports the results of a three-month field study on parental care and infant development in the diademed sifaka
(Propithecus diadema edwardsi) in the primary rain-forest of south-eastern Madagascar. They are compared with a three-and-a-half-month study of captive
white sifaka (Propithecus verreauxi coquereli) in the Duke University Primate Centre. Records were taken by means of focal animal and instantaneous sampling. In both species
the mother was the primary carrier and caretaker; theP. verreauxi father carried the infant significantly more than did any animal other than the mother in theP. diadema group. The infantP. verreauxi spent less time off the mother than didP. diadema from week 4 through week 10. It is concluded thatP. verreauxi shows more non-maternal care thanP. diadema and also develops at a slower rate. The difference in the two species' habitats is discussed as a possible cause. 相似文献
2.
Maria de Fátima Arruda Maria Emília Yamamoto Orlando F. A. Bueno 《Primates; journal of primatology》1986,27(2):215-228
The New World monkey,Callithrix jacchus, diversely from most Old World primates, shares infant care among all family members. This paper intends to describe a pattern of infant care in the common marmoset, and to verify if the infant-father separation induces a depression reaction, such as found in other separation studies. In Experiment 1, 11 families (mother, father, and twin newborn infants) ofCallithrix jacchus were observed from 1st to 36th days of infants' life. It was noted that infants were carried most of the time in the beginning of life, and that from the 4th day on this care came mostly from the father. In Experiment 2, nine families were divided in three separation groups (15, 30, and 45 days of infants' life). Each group had a control and two experimental families. Removal of the father was done for three days, beginning at the indicated infants' ages. Results showed that upon removal of the father, the mother assumes the infants' care, and no depression reaction appeared. 相似文献
3.
Pascale Sicotte 《Primates; journal of primatology》2000,41(1):93-101
In mountain gorillas (Gorilla g. beringei), male immigration in bi-sexual units is rare. This paper presents the case of a nearly weaned male infant gorilla who followed
his mother in her transfer. This case was recorded in the study population at the Kariske Research Center in 1988. The data
come from observation in Group B (on 12 days just prior to the transfer and on 54 days after the transfer over a period of
6 months). The situation of the infant did match the conditions in which infanticide occurs in gorillas, but he was not killed,
despite receiving male aggression and being wounded twice. In fact, both the mother and the infant received male aggression
more frequently than the long term residents in the group. The aggression received by the mother decreased after she mated
with the males and after she weaned the infant. The aggression received by the infant, however, did not decrease after his
mother mated with the males, and increased in intensity. The infant reacted fearfully to male aggression, in marked contrast
to his mother, who reacted either with indifference, or by simply avoiding the males. The aggression eventually stopped, and
the infant became a blackback in Group B. Evolutionarily, the death of the infant would not have markedly accelerated the
mother's return to estrus, but the death of the infant could still have benefitted the males, by decreasing the reproductive
output of a competitor. Adult male gorillas are also presumably selected to resist male immigration. Proximately, the aggression
directed towards the infant was not related to mating access to the mother. The sex of the infant may contribute to explain
the post-transfer male aggression, but data on the integration of old female infants in a new group is needed to test whether
the sex of the infant has an effect on their vulnerability to infanticide. Also, the intense fear displayed by the infant
may have played a role in prompting male aggression. 相似文献
4.
Allo-parenting has been observed in a variety of female primates, and typically infants are reunited with their biological
mothers assuming that their mothers are alive. We observed an exception to this pattern when two wild northern muriquis (Brachyteles hypoxanthus) exchanged infants of different sexes and then reared their adopted infants through weaning. The process of this exchange
began when the infants were 4 and 8 days old, respectively. The mother of a 4-day old female carried and nursed her own daughter
and the 8-day old son of a second female. The exchange ended when the second mother was first observed carrying the wrong
infant 1.5 days later. This observation raises questions about the age and mechanisms of mother–infant recognition in this
species, and about assumptions of mother–infant relatedness based on behavioral observations alone. 相似文献
5.
Michael D. Gumert 《International journal of primatology》2007,28(5):1059-1074
Female long-tailed macaques are attracted to infants and frequently groom mothers bearing them. Such grooming often involves
the groomer contacting the infant and may be a trade of grooming for infant handling. To identify if grooming and infant handling
are directly traded, I collected samples on times after female-to-mother grooming and on interactions in which a female groomed
a mother and contacted her infant. I determined that grooming tended to promote an exchange with infant handling and that
the supply of available infants was related to how long a female groomed a mother. Grooming interactions were longer when
infants were scarce in the surrounding social environment than when they were abundant, indicating a possible supply-and-demand
effect. This supports that grooming may be payment for infant handling. Grooming-infant handling interchanges tended to be
unidirectional as mothers usually did not reciprocate grooming. Instead, infant contact occurred. A larger proportion of grooming-infant
handling interchanges involved younger infants, but infant age did not seem to influence grooming durations. The length of
female-to-mother grooming had no observable effect on handling time. Lower-ranked females groomed higher-ranked mothers and
their infants longer than vice versa. Moreover, it was possible to predict up-rank grooming via supply and demand better than down-rank grooming. There was no
observable influence of kinship on grooming-infant handling interchange. These results support the conclusion that grooming
and infant handling may be traded. Grooming promoted infant handling, while supply and rank predicted the grooming payment
a female would offer to access an infant. 相似文献
6.
Behavioural development was quantified in one family group of silvery gibbons (Hylobates moloch) and one of white-cheeked gibbons (Nomascus leucogenys) over 11 months during 2005 and 2008 at the Perth Zoo. Levels of locomotion, solo play and play solicitation peaked by 5 years
of age but continued solo and social play in older immatures suggested that social development continued until at least 7 years
of age. Mature offspring responded to play solicitations from younger siblings. The transition to sub-adulthood was marked
by the presence of spatial peripheralisation from the parents, and coincided with aggression from the father to a sub-adult
male. After the birth of a new infant, the male sub-adult stayed closer to his mother (and the infant) but not to his father;
his juvenile brother was closer to both parents. Within-family observations of behaviour that is difficult to observe in the
wild but can be observed in captivity contributes to our understanding of family dynamics in gibbons. Observations of these
captive groups suggest that sub-adult peripheralisation may be influenced by family social dynamics as well as by local ecology,
and that older offspring are responsive to the development of younger siblings. 相似文献
7.
We report on the second case of a reed warbler × great reed warbler hybrid (Acrocephalus scirpaceus and A. arundinaceus). The bird was captured during a standardised ringing session in Belgium in autumn 1999, and fell between the parental species in all measurements. Molecular analyses of two microsatellite loci verified that the bird was a female that had a reed warbler father and a great reed warbler mother. 相似文献
8.
Studies of infant development and parental behavior in free-ranging owl monkeys have been constrained by their nocturnal habits.
Taking advantage of the cathemeral activity pattern of Aotus azarai azarai in the Argentinean Chaco, we describe the development of a cohort of free-ranging infants born in an owl monkey population
in Formosa Province. We observed 7 infants, whose birth dates are known to the nearest week, to record details of their development
and care between October 1999 and March 2000. We collected 92 h of behavioral data in 76 sessions. The infants were almost
never off the parents during the first 4 wk of life, and we observed no infant being transported by a nonadult. The parent
carrying the infant traveled most frequently in the middle of the group, sometimes first, but rarely last. The mean duration
of 33 nursing episodes is 69 sec. After nursing, the infant was more likely to return to the nonnursing adult than to remain
with the mother suggesting that in owl monkeys the infant may be primarily attached to the adult male in the group. Infants
began to explore, to manipulate and to consume solid foods during the second month. Our observations are comparable to ones
on captive breeding groups of Colombian owl monkeys (Aotus lemurinus) and Bolivian owl monkeys (A. azarai boliviensis) under controlled conditions of temperature, illumination and food availability. 相似文献
9.
Ranka Sekulic 《Primates; journal of primatology》1983,24(4):475-485
Data on spatial relationships between eight mothers with young infants and other troop members collected during a study of
free-ranging red howlers are used to examine two predictions: (a) that among immature and adult females, individuals showing
the greatest interest in young infants are those who would incur the greatest benefit and lowest costs in doing so, and, (b)
that since red howler infants may be killed by males, the male who spends most time near an infant is its likely father. Results
indicate that females with infants spent less time near the new mother than did immature females and adult females without
infants. Those dominant males who were the infant's likely father spent significantly more time near the new mother than did
the subordinate males. 相似文献
10.
This report describes three cases of infant adoption in red howler monkeys (Alouatta seniculus) of Venezuela. In one case, a lactating female adopted her infant granddaughter after the infant's mother disappeared and
the infant survived for the next 25 months. In the second case, an adult female adopted her infant granddaughter for nine
days while the infant's mother was still a group member. In the third case, a nulliparous female temporarily adopted an infant
from a neighboring group. The details and the possible reasons for these adoption are described. 相似文献
11.
OBJECTIVE: To investigate the relation between routine infant care practices and the sudden infant death syndrome in Scotland. METHODS: National study of 201 infants dying of the sudden infant death syndrome (cases) and 276 controls by means of home interviews comparing methods of infant care and socioeconomic factors. RESULTS: Sleeping prone (odds ratio 6.96 (95% confidence interval 1.51 to 31.97) and drug treatment in the previous week (odds ratio 2.33 (1.10 to 4.94)) were more common in the cases than controls on multivariate analysis. Smoking was confirmed as a significant risk factor (odds ratio for mother and father both smoking 5.19 (2.26 to 11.91)). The risk increased with the number of parents smoking (P < 0.0001), with the number of cigarettes smoked by mother or father (P = 0.0001), and with bed sharing (P < 0.005). A new finding was an increased risk of dying of the syndrome for infants who slept at night on a mattress previously used by another infant or adult (odds ratio 2.51 (1.39 to 4.52)). However, this increased risk was not established for mattresses totally covered by polyvinyl chloride. CONCLUSIONS: Sleeping prone and parental smoking are confirmed as modifiable risk factors for the sudden infant death syndrome. Sleeping on an old mattress may be important but needs confirmation before recommendations can be made. 相似文献
12.
Most toque macaques give birth to their infants during the night when resting arboreally. Here we report on a birth that occurred
in daytime (at 0916 hr) and on the ground. The mother was 7.6 years old; the birth was her second. Prepartum behaviors included
lordosis, arching of the back, stretching, squatting, rolling on the ground, and anogenital self-examination. During the birth
the female was isolated about 100 m from the rest of her group. The mother stood bipedally during parturition and assisted
delivery with her hands. The infant was born within 2 min after first appearing at the vulva. It immediately clung to the
mother’s leg and vocalized. The mother licked the infant and oriented it toward her ventrum. She resumed foraging behavior
within 20 min after parturition. The infant nursed for the first time 2.25 hr after being born. The mother ate part of the
placenta, but the alpha female of the group usurped and also ate a portion of it. Curious group members sniffed and looked
at the infant but did not touch it. 相似文献
13.
A stranger mother-son pair of the chimpanzee was observed twice interacting with conspecifics of a neighbouring unit-group:
first, when the mother and son accidentally encountered them within the core area of the former; second, when the mother and
son temporarily immigrated for about one week. On both occasions, the mother and son were severely attacked by adult males
of the neighbouring unit-group, and would have been killed had it not been for human intervention. The main target of the
aggression was not the infant, but the mother. Some adult males intervened and prevented other males and females from attacking
the mother-son pair. Moreover, most adult males displayed an ambivalent attitude since they showed aggression towards them
on one occasion, but groomed, reassured and played on another. The reasons for the variable responses of adult males to a
stranger female are discussed in terms of possible differences in their mating strategies. 相似文献
14.
To assess the pattern of infant carrying across time and family members, we counted which animals in 13 well-established family groups of captive-bred marmosets (Callithrix jacchus) carried neonates during the first 8 weeks of life. The neonates were carried almost continuously for the first 3 weeks and then spent progressively more time independently. The mother did most of the carrying for the first 2 weeks, her contribution rising from day 1 to day 3 and declining thereafter. The contribution of the father was high on day 1, declined during the first week, and then rose to a peak in the fourth week. The contribution of the siblings rose sharply during the first week and declined thereafter. There was no overall difference in amount of infant carrying by each parent. The contribution of each sibling was small although in these large families the total contribution by siblings was large. These data may differ from previous observations because the breeding pairs were very well established, the families were large, and all except the youngest animals were very experienced in rearing and carrying. These data emphasise the group-dynamic nature of infant carrying in a primate species. 相似文献
15.
A male Sichuan golden monkey (Rhinopithecus roxellanae) was born on July 24, 1986 to an adult pair on loan from the Chinese government. Physical and behavioral development of the
infant, as well as the behavior of the parents, were recorded for the first 20 days of the infant's life. (On Day 21 the trio
was returned to the Chongqing Zoo in the People's Republic of China.) The infant pelage was dark gray at birth but soon began
changing to the orange-gold color typical of the adults. Forty hours of behavioral data were collected using a combination
of scan sampling and all occurrences of selected behaviors techniques. The infant pushed against his mother and pulled toward
objects in the enclosure beginning at 4 days of age. Time spent in these behaviors increased steadily and on Day 15 the infant
broke contact with his mother for the first time. Mother-infant contact appeared to be maintained by both individuals mutually
up to the infant's 10th day of the life. The percentage of time that the infant spent actively embracing his mother began
to decline after that while the female continued to spend the majority of her time embracing the infant. During the first
few days following the birth, the male always initiated and maintained proximity to the female and the infant. This “vigilant”
behavior had declined somewhat by the end of the study. 相似文献
16.
Wei Chen Mallikarjun P. Handigund Jinghua Ma Lucia Lopez Lopez Xianfu Zhang 《生物学前沿》2010,5(6):556-563
In order to promote hippopotamus management in the captive and ex-situ environment, especially the control of behavioural and physiological status during breeding and lactation seasons, we conducted
a preliminary study on behavioural responses of a pair of hippos including both mother and infant in Hangzhou Wildlife Park,
China. The study of the captive hippos for about 1-month in the lactation season was carried out during August and September,
2009. The behavioural patterns were identified by all occurrence sampling and instantaneous scanning sampling methods with
5–10 min intervals. As a result, mother-offspring conflicts and interactions did occur throughout the whole study period.
Early maternal investment showed a positive trend in activity rhythms (slope = 0.0014, Z = 0.3027, P<0.001) and a negative trend (slope = − 0.0066, Z = 0.8807, P<0.001) in territorial occupation of water, all of which supported our hypotheses that the mother hippo might exert less care
for the infant and cut down on her own obligations in nursing. For infant self-independence, during the whole lactation season,
the primary trends of activities and territorial occupation dynamics of the infant hippo were slightly different from before,
judging from linear models (slope = − 0.0017, Z = 0. 3309, P<0.001). However, the frequencies of activities were not stable, especially at around 12 days of age. The trends of territorial
occupation (slope = − 0.0071, Z = 0. 904, P<0.001) also showed negative dynamics in water body occupation by the time the infant hippo grew up. The general trend (slope
= − 0.005, Z = 0.06, P<0.001) of suckling dynamics was demonstrably negative, with an upwards fluctuation at period 3 (10–15th day). This also illustrated
that as the infant developed, the dependency on the mother was reduced at the end of the lactation season. In addition, a
sharp decline between P3 and P4 also supported the mother-offspring conflict theory. In general, time budgets of hippos in
active behaviour were (31.8±2.1)% for the mother and (32.1±2.6)% for the infant. Spatial distributions in water within temporal
limitations were (80.1±2.7)% for the mother and (81.8±2.7)% for the infant. Behavioural dynamics showed strong synchronous
relations between maternal investment and infant independence. Our current short-term investigation proves to be a key in
management and conservation of hippopotami during the lactation season. 相似文献
17.
In the Mahale Mountains National Park, Tanzania, a young adult male chimpanzee was observed to feed on a 3-month-old male
infant of the same unit-group. Four other adult males and an adult female shared the carcass. The mother of the victim had
immigrated from a neighboring unit-group four years previously. Circumstantial evidence strongly suggests that the first-observed
cannibal male also killed the infant. The adult male and the mother of the victim had been familiar socially and sexually
with each other since the female immigrated. Since the mother of the victim had usually been ranging in the peripheral part
of the unit-group's range, i.e., the overlapping area of the two unit-group's ranges during pregnancy and soon after birth,
the infanticidal male might have had reason to suspect the paternity of her infant. Four such cases of within-group cannibalism
by adult males suggest that the female range and association pattern before and after parturition are key factors allowing
an infant to survive. The possibility of male-biased infanticide is also discussed. 相似文献
18.
Ramon J. Rhine Guy W. Norton William J. Roertgen Henry D. Klein 《International journal of primatology》1980,1(4):401-409
The importance of mother — infant attachment in free-ranging primates is illustrated by events culminating in the deaths of
two baboon infants a few days after losing their mothers. These two cases are contrasted with those of a severely injured
infant, not separated from its mother, which lived, and an animal which lost and refound its troop. Protective behavior of
adult males is described. In captivity, separation sometimes produces infant depression; in nature, such depression may be
fatal. 相似文献
19.
There is a great deal of variability in mother–infant interactions and infant behavior across the first year of life in rhesus monkeys. The current article has two specific aims: (1) to determine if birth timing predicts variability in the mother–infant relationship and infant behavior during weaning and maternal breeding, and (2) to identify predictors of infant behavior during a period of acute challenge, maternal breeding. Forty‐one mother–infant pairs were observed during weaning when infants were 4.5 months old, and 33 were followed through maternal breeding. Subjective ratings of 16 adjectives reflecting qualities of maternal attitude, mother–infant interactions, and infant attitude were factor analyzed to construct factors relating to the mother–infant relationship (Relaxed and Aggressive) and infant behavior (Positive Engagement and Distress). During weaning, late born infants were more Positively Engaged than peak born infants (ANOVA, P < 0.05); however, birth timing did not affect the mother–infant relationship factors Relaxed and Aggressive or the infant attitude factor Distress. During maternal breeding, early born infants had less Relaxed relationships with their mothers than peak or late born infants, higher Positive Engagement scores than peak or late born infants, and tended to have higher Distress scores than peak born infants (repeated‐measures ANOVA, P < 0.05). In addition, Distress scores were higher during maternal breeding than during the pre‐ and postbreeding phases. Finally, multiple regression (P < 0.05) indicated that while infant behavioral responsiveness predicted infant Positive Engagement during the acute challenge of maternal breeding, qualities of the mother–infant relationship predicted infant Distress. These data suggest that birth timing influences the patterns of mother–infant interactions during weaning and maternal breeding. Additionally, infant behavioral responsiveness and mother–infant relationship quality impact infant social engagement and affect expression, respectively. Am. J. Primatol. 74:734‐746, 2012. © 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. 相似文献
20.
Adult-infant food-sharing behavior is a major component of the infant care strategies of callitrichids (marmosets and tamarins). It is particularly well-developed in cotton-top tamarins (Saguinus Oedipus) and lion tamarins (Leontopithecus spp), which show frequent adult-initiated food offering, as well as sharing of food in response to begging by infants. This report documents a case of cross-generic food sharing, in which a male golden-headed lion tamarin (Leontopithecus chrysomelas) shared food with an infant cotton-top tamarin. The lion tamarin provided more food to the infant than its mother did. This emphasizes the importance of this behavior in the reproductive strategies of the communally-rearing Callitrichidae and raises questions about mechanisms that underly it. 相似文献