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1.
Catherine E. Lovelock Vicki Bennion Alistair Grinham Donald R. Cahoon 《Ecosystems》2011,14(5):745-757
Increases in the elevation of the soil surfaces of mangroves and salt marshes are key to the maintenance of these habitats
with accelerating sea level rise. Understanding the processes that give rise to increases in soil surface elevation provides
science for management of landscapes for sustainable coastal wetlands. Here, we tested whether the soil surface elevation
of mangroves and salt marshes in Moreton Bay is keeping up with local rates of sea level rise (2.358 mm y−1) and whether accretion on the soil surface was the most important process for keeping up with sea level rise. We found variability
in surface elevation gains, with sandy areas in the eastern bay having the highest surface elevation gains in both mangrove
and salt marsh (5.9 and 1.9 mm y−1) whereas in the muddier western bay rates of surface elevation gain were lower (1.4 and −0.3 mm y−1 in mangrove and salt marsh, respectively). Both sides of the bay had similar rates of surface accretion (~7–9 mm y−1 in the mangrove and 1–3 mm y−1 in the salt marsh), but mangrove soils in the western bay were subsiding at a rate of approximately 8 mm y−1, possibly due to compaction of organic sediments. Over the study surface elevation increments were sensitive to position
in the intertidal zone (higher when lower in the intertidal) and also to variation in mean sea level (higher at high sea level).
Although surface accretion was the most important process for keeping up with sea level rise in the eastern bay, subsidence
largely negated gains made through surface accretion in the western bay indicating a high vulnerability to sea level rise
in these forests. 相似文献
2.
Savanna ecosystems of southern Africa are strongly influenced by water availability and fire intensity, and this study aimed to show whether these two specific environmental variables are reflected in fossil pollen and charcoal records. Palaeoecological records of charcoal concentration from three short sedimentary sequences were used to reconstruct fire intensity (the rate of energy released along a fire front) over 50 yrs in the Kruger National Park (KNP), South Africa. Fossil pollen percentages from surface and core-sediment samples taken from water bodies were compared with the reconstructed fire intensity over space and time. Higher fire intensity led to increased herbaceous cover and decreased woody plant growth. Fossil pollen percentages and charcoal concentrations were also compared with rainfall records. Increased macroscopic charcoal abundances and percentages of Cyperaceae pollen corresponded to periods of increased rainfall. The results of this study have shown that fossil pollen and charcoal records from savanna environments can be used to reconstruct past fire intensity and its impact on terrestrial vegetation, as well as changes in rainfall. 相似文献
3.
Ligia E. Urrego Catalina González Jaime Polanía 《Review of Palaeobotany and Palynology》2010,162(2):168-182
The precise characterisation of present-day mangrove ecosystems from modern pollen rain facilitates the accurate use of fossil pollen data for late Quaternary sea level and environmental reconstructions. Here, we investigate whether the analysis of pollen rain data corroborates existing floristic and structural characterisation of different mangrove types at the Caribbean island of San Andrés, Colombia. At 82 plots along 20 transects of four distinct mangrove types, samples were obtained of (i) surface sediments for pollen analysis, and (ii) a range of environmental parameters (including inundation levels, salinity and pH). This information was compared to previously sampled mangrove composition and tree basal area. In surface sediment samples 82 pollen taxa were found, from which 19 were present in the vegetation plots. However, because pollen may be transported by wind and/or watercourses, the overall floristic composition of the different forest types may not necessarily be reflected by the pollen spectra. Local vegetation (i.e. mangroves and beach) represented > 90% of the pollen spectra, while the regional one (i.e. hinterland forests) represented < 5% of it. Unlike the four mangrove types that were previously described in the vegetation, the analysis of pollen samples suggested only three distinct types of forest.The groups were characterised based on (i) the dominance of at least one of the true mangrove species from pollen data ordination and the presence of associated species, and (ii) their relationship with environmental parameters. Rhizophora was present in all plot samples, but did not contribute to forest type separation. In fact, just three true mangrove species proved reliable indicators of (i) high salinity and fringe mangroves (i.e. Avicennia), (ii) high pH levels and landward mangroves (i.e. Conocarpus), and (iii) natural or anthropogenic caused disturbance of forest stands (Laguncularia and associated Acrostichum fern). Hence our study confirms that mangrove pollen spectra can be accurately used to describe different mangrove environments for fossil based palaeoecological reconstructions. 相似文献
4.
Survival, growth, aboveground biomass accumulation, sediment surface elevation dynamics and nitrogen accumulation in sediments
were studied in experimental treatments planted with four different densities (6.96, 3.26, 1.93 and 0.95 seedlings m−2) of the mangrove Rhizophora mucronata in Puttalam Lagoon, Sri Lanka. Measurements were taken over a period of 1,171 days and were compared with those from unplanted
controls. Trees at the lowest density showed significantly reduced survival, whilst measures of individual tree growth did
not differ among treatments. Rates of surface sediment accretion (means ± SE) were 13.0 (±1.3), 10.5 (±0.9), 8.4 (±0.3), 6.9
(±0.5) and 5.7 (±0.3) mm year−1 at planting densities of 6.96, 3.26, 1.93, 0.95, and 0 (unplanted control) seedlings m−2, respectively, showing highly significant differences among treatments. Mean (±SE) rates of surface elevation change were
much lower than rates of accretion at 2.8 (±0.2), 1.6 (±0.1), 1.1 (±0.2), 0.6 (±0.2) and −0.3 (±0.1) mm year−1 for 6.96, 3.26, 1.93, 0.95, and 0 seedlings m−2, respectively. All planted treatments accumulated greater nitrogen concentrations in the sediment compared to the unplanted
control. Sediment %N was significantly different among densities which suggests one potential causal mechanism for the facilitatory
effects observed: high densities of plants potentially contribute to the accretion of greater amounts of nutrient rich sediment.
While this potential process needs further research, this study demonstrated how higher densities of mangroves enhance rates
of sediment accretion and surface elevation processes that may be crucial in mangrove ecosystem adaptation to sea-level rise.
There was no evidence that increasing plant density evoked a trade-off with growth and survival of the planted trees. Rather,
facilitatory effects enhanced survival at high densities, suggesting that managers may be able to take advantage of high plantation
densities to help mitigate sea-level rise effects by encouraging positive sediment surface elevation. 相似文献
5.
Trends in surface elevations of American Samoa mangroves 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
Eric Gilman Joanna Ellison Ierupaala SauniJr Solialofi Tuaumu 《Wetlands Ecology and Management》2007,15(5):391-404
Rates of change in elevation of mangrove surfaces, determined from observations of changes in the height above the mangrove
surface of stakes, generally inserted through the organic peat layer to reach consolidated substrate, were measured in one
fringe and one basin mangrove wetland on Tutuila Island, American Samoa. Knowledge of trends in elevation change of coastal
wetlands contributes to assessing vulnerability to projected relative sea level rise. The fringe and basin mangroves had rates
of change in elevation of −0.6 mm yr−1 (±2.0) and −2.2 mm yr-1 (±5.6), where a negative result means lowering in elevation. These trends were not statistically significant (P > 0.05) and the error intervals around the point estimates of trends in change in elevation overlap zero for both study sites,
meaning that it is not clear if the mangrove surfaces have been lowering, rising or not changing. Despite the large error
intervals, likely due to short-term variability and cyclical patterns in sedimentation, results indicate that the fringe mangrove
has been experiencing a rise in sea level relative to the mangrove surface as the relative sea level rise rate (+1.65 to +2.29 mm yr−1) has been exceeding the rate of change in elevation of the mangrove surface (−2.6 to +1.4 mm yr−1). It is unclear if the basin mangrove has been experiencing a rise in sea level relative to the mangrove surface. If upper
projections for accelerated relative sea level rise in American Samoa occur over coming decades, American Samoa mangroves
will migrate landward, where unobstructed, as a natural response to relative sea level rise.
相似文献
Eric GilmanEmail: |
6.
A 'large infrequent disturbance' in an East African savanna 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
Lindsey Gillson 《African Journal of Ecology》2006,44(4):458-467
There is growing interest in large infrequent disturbances (LIDs), but by definition they occur rarely and long‐term data are needed in order to study their effects and frequency. Palaeoecological records have the potential to provide information on the effects and frequency of LIDs. By comparing recent sedimentary records with known historical data, the effects of LIDs on pollen, charcoal and sedimentary sequences can be assessed. In this study, a LID in East Africa is described, and its representation in the palaeoecological record is explored. Historical records show that there was severe drought and famine in East Africa at the end of the 19th century. Fossil pollen and charcoal records from this period show evidence of a disturbance event that occurred at approximately this time. Statistical comparison of pollen and charcoal data from before, during and after the disturbance event identified it as a LID. The data also suggest that an erosion event occurred part way through the drought, indicating that an environmental threshold was exceeded. 相似文献
7.
Fiona M. Soper Richard A. MacKenzie Sahadev Sharma Thomas G. Cole Creighton M. Litton Jed P. Sparks 《Global Change Biology》2019,25(12):4315-4326
Mangrove forests play an important role in climate change adaptation and mitigation by maintaining coastline elevations relative to sea level rise, protecting coastal infrastructure from storm damage, and storing substantial quantities of carbon (C) in live and detrital pools. Determining the efficacy of mangroves in achieving climate goals can be complicated by difficulty in quantifying C inputs (i.e., differentiating newer inputs from younger trees from older residual C pools), and mitigation assessments rarely consider potential offsets to CO2 storage by methane (CH4) production in mangrove sediments. The establishment of non‐native Rhizophora mangle along Hawaiian coastlines over the last century offers an opportunity to examine the role mangroves play in climate mitigation and adaptation both globally and locally as novel ecosystems. We quantified total ecosystem C storage, sedimentation, accretion, sediment organic C burial and CH4 emissions from ~70 year old R. mangle stands and adjacent uninvaded mudflats. Ecosystem C stocks of mangrove stands exceeded mudflats by 434 ± 33 Mg C/ha, and mangrove establishment increased average coastal accretion by 460%. Sediment organic C burial increased 10‐fold (to 4.5 Mg C ha?1 year?1), double the global mean for old growth mangrove forests, suggesting that C accumulation from younger trees may occur faster than previously thought, with implications for mangrove restoration. Simulations indicate that increased CH4 emissions from sediments offset ecosystem CO2 storage by only 2%–4%, equivalent to 30–60 Mg CO2‐eq/ha over mangrove lifetime (100 year sustained global warming potential). Results highlight the importance of mangroves as novel systems that can rapidly accumulate C, have a net positive atmospheric greenhouse gas removal effect, and support shoreline accretion rates that outpace current sea level rise. Sequestration potential of novel mangrove forests should be taken into account when considering their removal or management, especially in the context of climate mitigation goals. 相似文献
8.
Ken W. Krauss Donald R. Cahoon James A. Allen Katherine C. Ewel James C. Lynch Nicole Cormier 《Ecosystems》2010,13(1):129-143
Mangroves on Pacific high islands offer a number of important ecosystem services to both natural ecological communities and human societies. High islands are subjected to constant erosion over geologic time, which establishes an important source of terrigeneous sediment for nearby marine communities. Many of these sediments are deposited in mangrove forests and offer mangroves a potentially important means for adjusting surface elevation with rising sea level. In this study, we investigated sedimentation and elevation dynamics of mangrove forests in three hydrogeomorphic settings on the islands of Kosrae and Pohnpei, Federated States of Micronesia (FSM). Surface accretion rates ranged from 2.9 to 20.8 mm y?1, and are high for naturally occurring mangroves. Although mangrove forests in Micronesian high islands appear to have a strong capacity to offset elevation losses by way of sedimentation, elevation change over 6½ years ranged from ?3.2 to 4.1 mm y?1, depending on the location. Mangrove surface elevation change also varied by hydrogeomorphic setting and river, and suggested differential, and not uniformly bleak, susceptibilities among Pacific high island mangroves to sea-level rise. Fringe, riverine, and interior settings registered elevation changes of ?1.30, 0.46, and 1.56 mm y?1, respectively, with the greatest elevation deficit (?3.2 mm y?1) from a fringe zone on Pohnpei and the highest rate of elevation gain (4.1 mm y?1) from an interior zone on Kosrae. Relative to sea-level rise estimates for FSM (0.8–1.8 mm y?1) and assuming a consistent linear trend in these estimates, soil elevations in mangroves on Kosrae and Pohnpei are experiencing between an annual deficit of 4.95 mm and an annual surplus of 3.28 mm. Although natural disturbances are important in mediating elevation gain in some situations, constant allochthonous sediment deposition probably matters most on these Pacific high islands, and is especially helpful in certain hydrogeomorphic zones. Fringe mangrove forests are most susceptible to sea-level rise, such that protection of these outer zones from anthropogenic disturbances (for example, harvesting) may slow the rate at which these zones convert to open water. 相似文献
9.
Marcelo Cancela Lisboa Cohen Hermann Behling Ruben José Lara Clarisse Beltrão Smith Hellen Rosy Soares Matos Vincent Vedel 《Vegetation History and Archaeobotany》2009,18(6):425-439
Wetland dynamics in northern Brazil during the Holocene were studied by pollen analysis and AMS radiocarbon dating of three
cores. Near the Amazon mouth region, covered mainly by primary Amazon coastal forest and herbaceous vegetation, the pollen
record indicates the dominance of mangroves between 4800 and 1100 cal yr b.p. A contraction of the mangrove area and an expansion of herbaceous and fern vegetation occurred between 1100 and 750 cal yr
b.p. The period between 750 and 200 cal yr b.p. is characterized by an expansion of mangrove and a decrease in herbaceous and fern vegetation. This trend continued until
the present. On Atalaia Island, the sediment core indicates a period with poor pollen preservation between 830 and 630 cal yr
b.p. Between 630 and 330 cal yr b.p., mangroves expanded. Later, up to 45 cal yr b.p., the mangrove area decreased and the herbaceous vegetation expanded. During the last hundred years, the relative sea-level
rise most probably favored the mangrove expansion as far as the topographically highest sector on this island, while the herbaceous
vegetation decreased. The pollen data from água Preta Lake indicate dry conditions, as reflected by the poor pollen preservation
between 390 and 240 cal yr b.p. Between 240 and 60 cal yr b.p., restinga and Amazon coastal forest with palms dominated this region. For the last 120 years, the record indicates an expansion
of the mangrove area. However, recent confinement of mangrove development to the topographically highest area, and the loss
of mangrove areas on the lowest surfaces have led to a net loss of mangrove coverage during the last decades. 相似文献
10.
Mangrove ecosystems are threatened by climate change. We review the state of knowledge of mangrove vulnerability and responses to predicted climate change and consider adaptation options. Based on available evidence, of all the climate change outcomes, relative sea-level rise may be the greatest threat to mangroves. Most mangrove sediment surface elevations are not keeping pace with sea-level rise, although longer term studies from a larger number of regions are needed. Rising sea-level will have the greatest impact on mangroves experiencing net lowering in sediment elevation, where there is limited area for landward migration. The Pacific Islands mangroves have been demonstrated to be at high risk of substantial reductions. There is less certainty over other climate change outcomes and mangrove responses. More research is needed on assessment methods and standard indicators of change in response to effects from climate change, while regional monitoring networks are needed to observe these responses to enable educated adaptation. Adaptation measures can offset anticipated mangrove losses and improve resistance and resilience to climate change. Coastal planning can adapt to facilitate mangrove migration with sea-level rise. Management of activities within the catchment that affect long-term trends in the mangrove sediment elevation, better management of other stressors on mangroves, rehabilitation of degraded mangrove areas, and increases in systems of strategically designed protected area networks that include mangroves and functionally linked ecosystems through representation, replication and refugia, are additional adaptation options. 相似文献
11.
Edward Castañeda-Moya Robert R. Twilley Victor H. Rivera-Monroy Brian D. Marx Carlos Coronado-Molina Sharon M. L. Ewe 《Ecosystems》2011,14(7):1178-1195
Patterns of mangrove vegetation in two distinct basins of Florida Coastal Everglades (FCE), Shark River estuary and Taylor
River Slough, represent unique opportunities to test hypotheses that root dynamics respond to gradients of resources, regulators,
and hydroperiod. We propose that soil total phosphorus (P) gradients in these two coastal basins of FCE cause specific patterns
in belowground biomass allocation and net primary productivity that facilitate nutrient acquisition, but also minimize stress
from regulators and hydroperiod in flooded soil conditions. Shark River basin has higher P and tidal hydrology with riverine
mangroves, in contrast to scrub mangroves of Taylor basin with more permanent flooding and lower P across the coastal landscape.
Belowground biomass (0–90 cm) of mangrove sites in Shark River and Taylor River basins ranged from 2317 to 4673 g m−2, with the highest contribution (62–85%) of roots in the shallow root zone (0–45 cm) compared to the deeper root zone (45–90 cm).
Total root productivity did not vary significantly among sites and ranged from 407 to 643 g m−2 y−1. Root production in the shallow root zone accounted for 57–78% of total production. Root turnover rates ranged from 0.04
to 0.60 y−1 and consistently decreased as the root size class distribution increased from fine to coarse roots, indicating differences
in root longevity. Fine root biomass was negatively correlated with soil P density and frequency of inundation, whereas fine
root turnover decreased with increasing soil N:P ratios. Lower P availability in Taylor River basin relative to Shark River
basin, along with higher regulator and hydroperiod stress, confirms our hypothesis that interactions of stress from resource
limitation and long duration of hydroperiod account for higher fine root biomass along with lower fine root production and
turnover. Because fine root production and organic matter accumulation are the primary processes controlling soil formation
and accretion in scrub mangrove forests, root dynamics in the P-limited carbonate ecosystem of south Florida have a major
controlling role as to how mangroves respond to future impacts of sea-level rise. 相似文献
12.
Surface Elevation Dynamics in a Regenerating Mangrove Forest at Homebush Bay,Australia 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
Following the dieback of an interior portion of a mangrove forest at Homebush Bay, Australia, surface elevation tables and feldspar marker horizons were installed in the impacted, intermediate and control forest to measure vertical accretion, elevation change, and shallow subsidence. The objectives of the study were to determine current vertical accretion and elevation change rates as a guide to understanding mangrove dieback, ascertain the factors controlling surface elevation change, and investigate the sustainability of the mangrove forest under estimated sea-level rise conditions. The study demonstrates that the influences on surface dynamics are more complex than soil accretion and soil autocompaction alone. During strong vegetative regrowth in the impacted forest, surface elevation increase exceeded vertical accretion apparently as a result of belowground biomass production. In addition, surface elevation in all forest zones was correlated with total monthly rainfall during a severe El Niño event, highlighting the importance of rainfall to groundwater recharge and surface elevation. Surface elevation increase for all zones exceeded the 85-year sea level trend for Sydney Harbour. Since mean sea-level also decreased during the El Niño event, the decrease in surface elevation did not translate to an increase in inundation frequency or influence the sustainability of the mangrove forest. These findings indicate that subsurface soil processes such as organic matter accumulation and groundwater flux can significantly influence mangrove surface elevation, and contribute to the long-term sustainability of mangrove systems under a scenario of rising sea levels. 相似文献
13.
Mollusks are an important component of the mangrove ecosystem, and the vertical distributions of molluscan species in this ecosystem are primarily dictated by tidal inundation. Thus, sea level rise (SLR) may have profound effects on mangrove mollusk communities. Here, we used dynamic empirical models, based on measurements of surface elevation change, sediment accretion, and molluscan zonation patterns, to predict changes in molluscan spatial distributions in response to different sea level rise rates in the mangrove forests of Zhenzhu Bay (Guangxi, China). The change in surface elevation was 4.76–9.61 mm year−1 during the study period (2016–2020), and the magnitude of surface‐elevation change decreased exponentially as original surface elevation increased. Based on our model results, we predicted that mangrove mollusks might successfully adapt to a low rate of SLR (2.00–4.57 mm year−1) by 2100, with mollusks moving seaward and those in the lower intertidal zones expanding into newly available zones. However, as SLR rate increased (4.57–8.14 mm year−1), our models predicted that surface elevations would decrease beginning in the high intertidal zones and gradually spread to the low intertidal zones. Finally, at high rates of SLR (8.14–16.00 mm year−1), surface elevations were predicted to decrease across the elevation gradient, with mollusks moving landward and species in higher intertidal zones blocked by landward barriers. Tidal inundation and the consequent increases in interspecific competition and predation pressure were predicted to threaten the survival of many molluscan groups in higher intertidal zones, especially arboreal and infaunal mollusks at the landward edge of the mangroves, resulting in a substantial reduction in the abundance of original species on the landward edge. Thus, future efforts to conserve mangrove floral and faunal diversity should prioritize species restricted to landward mangrove areas and protect potential species habitats. 相似文献
14.
Clarisse Beltrão Smith Marcelo Cancela Lisboa Cohen Luiz Carlos Ruiz Pessenda Marlon Carlos França José Tasso Felix Guimarães Dilce de Fátima Rossetti Rubén José Lara 《Review of Palaeobotany and Palynology》2011,168(1):21-30
Wetland dynamics in the eastern Amazon region during the past 7000 years were studied using pollen, textural and structural analyses of sediment cores, as well as AMS radiocarbon dating. Four sediment cores were sampled from Marajó Island, which is located at the mouth of the Amazon River. Marajó Island is covered mainly by Amazon coastal forest, as well as herbaceous and varzea vegetation. Three cores were sampled from Lake Arari, which is surrounded by herbaceous vegetation flooded by freshwater. One core was sampled from a herbaceous plain located 15 km southeast of Lake Arari. Pollen preservation in the sedimentary deposits from this lake and from its drainage basin suggests significant vegetation changes on Marajó Island during the mid- and late-Holocene. Between 7328–7168 and 2306–2234 cal. yr BP, mangrove vegetation was more widely distributed on the island than it is today. During the past 2306–2234 cal. yr BP herbaceous vegetation expanded. Sedimentary structures and pollen data suggest a lagoon system until ~ 2300 cal. yr BP. The current distribution of mangroves along the Pará littoral, together with the presence of mangrove pollen and the sedimentary structures of the cores, indicates greater marine influence during the mid-Holocene. This may be attributed to the association between the eustatic sea-level change and the dry period recorded in Amazonia during the early- and mid-Holocene, followed by a wet phase over the past 2000 years. 相似文献
15.
Maja Andri? Julieta Massaferro Ueli Eicher Brigitta Ammann Markus Christian Leuenberger Andrej Martin?i? Elena Marinova Anton Brancelj 《Hydrobiologia》2009,631(1):121-141
This study investigates the palaeoecological record (δ18O, δ13C, pollen, plant macrofossils, chironomids and cladocera) at Lake Bled (Slovenia) sedimentary core to better understand the
response of terrestrial and aquatic ecosystems to Late-glacial climatic fluctuations. The multi-proxy record suggests that
in the Oldest Dryas, the landscape around Lake Bled was rather open, presumably because of the cold and dry climate, with
a trend towards wetter conditions, as suggested by an increase in tree pollen as well as chironomid and cladocera faunas typical
for well-oxygenated water. Climatic warming at the beginning of the Late-glacial Interstadial at ca. 14,800 cal yr BP is suggested
by an increase in the δ18O value, the appearance of Betula and Larix pollen and macrofossils, and a warmth-adapted chironomid fauna. With further warming at ca. 13,800 cal yr BP, broad-leaved
tree taxa (Quercus, Tilia, Ulmus), Artemisia, and Picea increase, whereas chironomid data (Cricotopus B) suggest lowering of lake levels. After 12,800 cal yr BP (and throughout the Younger Dryas), the climate was colder and drier,
as indicated by lower δ18O values, decline of trees, increase of microscopic charcoal, xerophytes and littoral chironomids. A warmer climate, together
with the spread of broad-leaved tree taxa and a deeper, more productive lake, mark the onset of the Late-glacial/Holocene
transition. These results suggest that terrestrial and aquatic ecosystems at Lake Bled were very dynamic and sensitive to
Late-glacial climatic fluctuations.
Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (doi:) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorised users.
Guest editors: K. Buczkó, J. Korponai, J. Padisák & S. W. Starratt
Palaeolimnological Proxies as Tools of Environmental Reconstruction in Fresh Water 相似文献
16.
Natalie M. Monacci Ursula Meier-Grünhagen Bruce P. Finney Hermann Behling Matthew J. Wooller 《Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology》2009,280(1-2):37-46
Mangroves are halophytic plants living at the land–sea interface and are therefore natural trackers of sea-level. Multiple proxies of a continuous (8 m) mangrove peat core (BT-79) from Spanish Lookout Cay, Belize illustrate mangrove ecosystem changes during the Holocene. Radiocarbon measurements show this site was colonized by mangroves ~ 8000 cal. yrs BP, with a significant decrease in the peat accumulation rate from ~ 6000 to 1000 cal. yrs BP. Stratigraphic characteristics of this peat core such as bulk density, magnetic susceptibility, and loss on ignition show relative uniformity, inferring an uninterrupted mangrove ecosystem during a majority of the Holocene. This is supported by pollen data from BT-79 that show that the site has been consistently dominated by Rhizophora mangle (red mangrove), with Avicennia germinans (black mangrove) and Laguncularia racemosa (white mangrove) present as well. Subfossil R. mangle leaves are used for stable nitrogen, carbon, and oxygen isotope (δ15N, δ13C, and δ18O) analyses. δ15N and δ13C values provide a proxy of this plant's past physiology and stand structure showing that dwarf (δ15N < − 3‰) and tall (δ13C < − 27‰) R. mangle stands were previously present at the site, which are a result of nutrient limitations that we equate with seawater inundation. δ18O values show differences in source water of R. mangle, with higher values attributed to the source water being composed of a greater proportion of seawater relative to precipitation. A decrease in inundation at the site is shown by lower δ18O values (< 19‰) from ~ 7000 to ~ 1000 cal. yrs BP that covary with the decreased sedimentation rate. Existing Caribbean sea-level data do not show evidence of a decrease in the rate of relative sea-level rise or fluctuations that we take to be the major causes of environmental changes at site BT-79. 相似文献
17.
Lithofacies analysis of the upper part of the Pliocene succession of the Valdelsa basin (central Italy) unravelled a number of depositional environments, ranging from alluvial plain to coastal, to marine. Strata are arranged in a hierarchy of elementary and composite unconformity-bounded units. A palaeoecological study of macro- (molluscs) and microfossils (pollen, dinocysts, foraminifera) allowed to finely reconstruct sub-environments within fine-grained terrestrial, coastal and marine deposits and thence to track the spatial and temporal change of physical conditions. The stacking pattern of sedimentary units highlights the lateral switching of onshore-offshore gradients and documents relative sea-level changes. These units are interpreted in a sequence stratigraphic framework. Elementary depositional sequences are arranged to form six composite depositional sequences, in turn encased within two major synthems. This hierarchy of unconformity-bounded sedimentary units suggests that sea-level variation has occurred at different time-frequencies. Glacio-eustasy and active tectonism are discussed as the main forcing factors regulating the different scales of sedimentary cyclicity. 相似文献
18.
Fossil pollen and macrofossils of Epacridaceae are uncommonand are mainly known from Tasmania and other parts of south-easternAustralia. Most epacrids have generalized ericalean pollen althoughthe pollen of some genera is distinctive. Ericalean pollen isknown from the late Cretaceous. The first occurrence ofParipollisorchesis pollen, which is consistent with some extantEpacrisspecies,probably means that Epacridaceae, and possibly the tribe Epacrideae,had differentiated by the Middle Eocene. The fossil record at present provides minimum ages of the firstoccurrences of major subfamilial taxa. Macrofossils of subfamilyRicheoideae and of several morphotypes of the tribe Epacrideaeare known from the Early Oligocene. Tribe Cosmelieae pollenand macrofossils are known from the Early Pleistocene, and areprobablySprengelia. The oldest Australasian fossils of tribeStyphelieae are leaves in latest OligoceneEarly Mioceneparts of the Latrobe Valley coal. Endocarps identified as Epacridaceaefrom the Eocene of England need further investigation. PollenofMonotoca, or a close relative, is known from the mid-Miocene.PossibleTrochocarpaleaves occur in Late Oligocene/Early Miocenesediments, and fossil leaves indistinguishable from the extantTasmanian rainforest species,T. gunniiandT. cunninghamii, areknown from the Early Pleistocene in Tasmania. Epacridaceae; macrofossils; microfossils; Cretaceous; Cainozoic 相似文献
19.
Tracking rates of ecotone migration due to salt-water encroachment using fossil mollusks in coastal South Florida 总被引:1,自引:1,他引:0
Evelyn E. Gaiser Angelikie Zafiris Pablo L. Ruiz Franco A. C. Tobias Michael S. Ross 《Hydrobiologia》2006,569(1):237-257
We determined the rate of migration of coastal vegetation zones in response to salt-water encroachment through paleoecological
analysis of mollusks in 36 sediment cores taken along transects perpendicular to the coast in a 5.5 km2 band of coastal wetlands in southeast Florida. Five vegetation zones, separated by distinct ecotones, included freshwater
swamp forest, freshwater marsh, and dwarf, transitional and fringing mangrove forest. Vegetation composition, soil depth and
organic matter content, porewater salinity and the contemporary mollusk community were determined at 226 sites to establish
the salinity preferences of the mollusk fauna. Calibration models allowed accurate inference of salinity and vegetation type
from fossil mollusk assemblages in chronologically calibrated sediments. Most sediments were shallow (20–130 cm) permitting
coarse-scale temporal inferences for three zones: an upper peat layer (zone 1) representing the last 30–70 years, a mixed
peat-marl layer (zone 2) representing the previous ca. 150–250 years and a basal section (zone 3) of ranging from 310 to 2990
YBP. Modern peat accretion rates averaged 3.1 mm yr−1 while subsurface marl accreted more slowly at 0.8 mm yr−1. Salinity and vegetation type for zone 1 show a steep gradient with freshwater communities being confined west of a north–south
drainage canal constructed in 1960. Inferences for zone 2 (pre-drainage) suggest that freshwater marshes and associated forest
units covered 90% of the area, with mangrove forests only present along the peripheral coastline. During the entire pre-drainage
history, salinity in the entire area was maintained below a mean of 2 ppt and only small pockets of mangroves were present;
currently, salinity averages 13.2 ppt and mangroves occupy 95% of the wetland. Over 3 km2 of freshwater wetland vegetation type have been lost from this basin due to salt-water encroachment, estimated from the mollusk-inferred
migration rate of freshwater vegetation of 3.1 m yr−1 for the last 70 years (compared to 0.14 m yr−1 for the pre-drainage period). This rapid rate of encroachment is driven by sea-level rise and freshwater diversion. Plans
for rehydrating these basins with freshwater will require high-magnitude re-diversion to counteract locally high rates of
sea-level rise. 相似文献
20.
A palaeoecological investigation into the role of fire and human activity in the development of montane grasslands in East Africa 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
Human activity has been widely implicated in the origin and expansion of montane grasslands in East Africa, yet little palaeoecological
evidence exists to test whether these grasslands are natural or secondary. Pollen and charcoal data derived from two Holocene
records in the Eastern Arc mountains of Tanzania are used as a case study to investigate the supposed secondary nature of
montane grasslands in Africa. Fossil pollen data are used to detect vegetation change, and charcoal analysis is used to reconstruct
fire history. The pollen data are characterised by stable proportions of local taxa suggesting permanence of grasslands throughout
the past ~13,000 years. Recent increases in fire adapted taxa such as Morella point towards the development of a grassland/forest patch mosaic possibly associated with burning. However, robust evidence
of human activity is absent from the records, which may be attributed to the late human occupation of the mountains. The records
indicate long-term persistence of grasslands which, coupled with a lack of evidence of human activity, suggests that these
grasslands are not secondary. These data support the hypothesis that grasslands are an ancient and primary component of montane
vegetation in Africa, but that they experienced some expansion during the late Holocene as a result of changing fire regime. 相似文献