杜仲含胶细胞的形态学研究

通过变性处理、整体透明及离析等方法的综合运用,可见杜仲体内含胶细胞是一种细长、两端膨大的单细胞,含胶细胞的分枝比较常见,大多为二叉状分枝,罕见三叉状分枝。整体透明后可见含胶细胞在叶片和果皮中的分布状况,同时对含胶细胞的形态学指标进行了测量。     

杜仲含胶细胞的形态学研究

通过变性处理、整体透明及离析等方法的综合运用,可见杜仲体内含胶细胞是一种细长、两端膨大的单细胞,含胶细胞的分枝比较常见,大多为二叉状分枝,罕见三叉状分枝。整体透明后可见含胶细胞在叶片和果皮中的分布状况,同时对含胶细胞的形态学指标进行了测量。     

星球藻属Asterocapsa二新种

原植体球形,亚球形或长圆形,细胞单生或2, 4个细胞组成小群体,再由小群体组成大群体,群体直径8~17μm。细胞球形,不包括胶被直径为2~2.2μm,含胶被时直径为4~5.5μm,个体及群体胶被宽厚、坚硬、黄色、层理明显,密生黄色疣突状棘刺。原生质体均匀或具细小颗粒体,蓝绿色。     

杜仲含胶细胞的整体观察

用常现石蜡制片法及变性试剂（澳一碘一冰醋酸）处理,虽然可以观察到杜仲含胶细胞在植物体中的分布部位、密度及直径等,但很难观察到含胶 细胞的整体特征。采用整体透明法,可对合胶细胞整体特征进行观察以获得比较满意的效果,现将制片过程介绍如下：1．配制溶液配制10％的Na0H溶液和澳．碘冰醋酸试剂（碘2．5克,漠1．25克,冰醋酸加至100毫升）。2．取材及变性处理取新鲜的杜仲叶片,用清水冲洗干净,根据观察要求切成小块,放入盛有变性试剂的瓶中（变性试剂大约为材料的20－30倍）,处理48小时,为加速渗透可抽气约5分钟。3．透…     

短胶法预处理含高浓度去垢剂的蛋白样品

蛋白质组学研究中常使用含高浓度去垢剂的缓冲液以提高蛋白提取效率,但这种缓冲液会对下游蛋白质定量、酶解、质谱分析等步骤造成干扰。短胶法可用于含高浓度去垢剂样品的预处理,文中进一步评价了短胶法(Short gel)用于含高去垢剂的蛋白样品定量和预处理的效果。使用牛血清白蛋白作为标准蛋白分析了短胶法定量的线性范围,结果发现短胶法定量的线性范围为1-8μg,提示可对这一范围内的样品蛋白进行定量检测。对标准蛋白定量的线性度达到0.999,且重复性好,不容易受到蛋白表达模式变化的影响,结果可靠。短胶法定量的蛋白可通过胶内酶解,直接进行液相色谱-质谱联用(Liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry,LC-MS/MS)分析,质谱信号较好。结果提示直接用短胶法预处理含高浓度去垢剂的蛋白样品,值得在蛋白质组学研究中推广。     

东北星球藻两新种

原植体球形、亚球形或长圆形;细胞单生、或2、4或8个细胞组成小群体,再由多个小群体组成大群体,直径为30-60微米。群体及个体胶被无色,或为淡黄色、层理不明显;群体胶被宽厚,个体胶被动时薄,外部有一层褐色色素层,随着细胞的生长和裂,胶被渐增厚,色素层消失;小群体及个体细胞胶被有钝刺状突起,其刺长0.77-1.25微米,基宽0.55-0.77微米,胞球形或亚球形,不包括胶被直径6-7.5微米,偶有9微米,长7-8微米,偶有10微米,包括胶被9-10微米,长12-14微米,细胞呈蓝宝石色,有颗粒体,繁殖抱亚球形,半球形,近肾形或不规则形,不包括胶被直径7.3-10微米,高5.7-6.6微米,包括胶被17-21微米,高15微米。     

胶陀螺(Bulgaria inquinans)的生药学研究

对胶陀螺药材性状、显微特点、理化特性和分子鉴定等方面研究结果表明,子实体初期呈黄褐色球形,并带有黄棕色麻点,顶端逐渐开裂,产生一至多个不等的裂口,裂口不断扩大,最后整个子实体表面呈黑色皱缩。子囊棒形。外囊盘被由圆形细胞组成,圆形细胞外侧生绒毛,细胞内含类似载色体的物质;中囊盘被由埋在胶质中的交错菌丝组成。采用子囊孢子弹射分离法所得菌丝有橘黄色菌丝和长有棒状等分生孢子的有隔菌丝无色;从子实体组织分离培养的菌丝状,无色,其中生有黑褐色或黄棕色的圆形细胞,呈念珠状。胶陀螺子实体DNA序列与菌丝DNA序列的同源性为99.65%,胶陀螺子实体的DNA序列与GenBank数据库中AY789345比对,其同源性为99.80%。     

脐带华通胶间充质干细胞向Flkl阳性细胞分化的研究

目的：诱导脐带华通胶间充质干细胞向Flk1阳性细胞分化。方法：胶原酶法分离培养脐带华通胶间充质干细胞,第3代细胞以含2-巯基乙醇的分化培养基培养,应用RT-PCR和流式细胞仪从mRNA和蛋白水平检测Flk1阳性细胞分化水平。结果：脐带华通胶间充质干细胞Flk1mRNA及蛋白表达极低,分化培养基培养后表达上调,48h达高峰（P〈0.05）,之后表达降低。结论：2-巯基乙醇可诱导脐带华通胶间充质干细胞向Flk1阳性细胞分化,为从中分选Flk1阳性细胞进行进一步研究提供了依据     

脐带华通胶间充质干细胞向Flk1 阳性细胞分化的研究*

目的:诱导脐带华通胶间充质干细胞向Flk1阳性细胞分化。方法:胶原酶法分离培养脐带华通胶间充质干细胞,第3代细胞以含2-巯基乙醇的分化培养基培养,应用RT-PCR和流式细胞仪从mRNA和蛋白水平检测Flk1阳性细胞分化水平。结果:脐带华通胶间充质干细胞Flk1mRNA及蛋白表达极低,分化培养基培养后表达上调,48h达高峰(P<0.05),之后表达降低。结论:2-巯基乙醇可诱导脐带华通胶间充质干细胞向Flk1阳性细胞分化,为从中分选Flk1阳性细胞进行进一步研究提供了依据。     

瓜尔豆中的蛋白质与胰蛋白酶抑制剂

瓜尔豆(Cyamopsis tetragonoloba L.)是一种重要的胶类和半乳甘露聚糖资源,具有多种工业用途。瓜尔豆在提取瓜尔胶后,留下的子叶部分含丰富的蛋白质(38～55％),可作动物或家禽的饲料。然而,据报导,用瓜尔饼作饲料会造成家禽生长缓慢,甚至引起死亡。人们认为这是由于瓜尔饼中含胰蛋白酶抑制剂、血胶精和皂角甙。     

Neuroanatomical technique for studying long axonal projections in the central nervous system: combined axonal staining and pre-labeling in parasagittal gerbil brain slices

A method is described for studying the morphological features of extensive axonal projections within the central nervous system of the gerbil, Meriones anguiculatus. Potentially long descending axonal projections between the auditory thalamus and lower brainstem were used as a model. The inferior colliculus (IC) in the tectum was injected in vivo with a fluorescent retrograde tracer, Fluoro-Gold, to label cells in the medial geniculate body (MGB) that had descending projections to the IC, and cells in the superior olivary complex (SOC) that had ascending projections to the IC. Another fluorescent retrograde tracer, fast blue, was injected into the cochlea to label olivocochlear (OC) cells in the SOC. Inferomedially curved parasagittal slices containing ipsilateral auditory cell groups from the thalamus to the brainstem were cut and descending axons of the pre-labeled MGB cells were traced anterogradely with Biocytin. After visualizing histologically the injected Biocytin, discretely labeled IC-projecting axons of the MGB cells were traced including their collaterals that extended further into the SOC. In the SOC, these axons terminated on pre-labeled cells including OC cells. The combination of anterograde and retrograde tracing in the slice preparations described here demonstrated extensive descending axonal projections from the thalamus to their targets in the lower brainstem that had known ascending/descending projections within the auditory system.     

Fluorescent-Antibody Study of Natural Finger-Like Zooloeae

Fluorescent-antibody techniques using Zoogloea ramigera 106 antiserum were used to study fresh activated sludge flocs and finger-like zoogloeae in the microbial film that developed over stored samples of activated sludge. Few cells in fresh activated sludge reacted positively with the fluorescein-labeled antiserum. Finger-like zoogloeae containing reactive cells were readily observed in the microbial film layer over stored activated sludge. Certain of the natural finger-like projections were entirely composed of cells that reacted positively to the labeled Z. ramigera 106 antiserum, whereas other projections were devoid of reactive cells.     

杜仲雌雄株细胞学,顶芽及叶含胶量的比较

杜仲（ＥｕｃｏｍｍｉａｕｌｍｏｉｄｅｓＯｌｉｖ．）为严格的雌雄异株植物,其雌雄株的比例近似于１：１,说明其性别可能由性染色体决定。但在形态上看不到特异的性染色体,雄株花粉母细胞整个减数分裂过程中,同源染色体的配对和分离是正常的。偶尔可发现个别细胞有染色体桥和环状或链状四价体。从１９９３年和１９９４年的１２月到翌年４月芽完全展开前对顶芽的测量说明,雄株顶芽的长度和最大直径都明显大于雌株的（Ｐ＜０．０１）,而整个生长季节中雌株叶子的杜仲胶含量却明显高于雄株的（Ｐ＜０．０１）。不管雄株还是雌株,其叶的含胶量都随季节变化和叶子的长大而降低。实践证明可用芽的大小鉴别杜仲幼株的性别。     

Studles on the Initiation and Development of Gutta-containing Cells of Eucommia ulmoides Oliv.

The gutta-containing structure in the cortex of a stem of Eucommia ulmoides is a filamentous, secretory cell. Observation of thin sections revealed that when the procambium of a stem differentiated into the earliest sieve elenents of protophloem, the initials cells appeared as daughter cells originated from a longitudinally equational or unequational divisions, or from the terminal cell formed by several transverse divisions of some cortical ground meristematic cells. Before the ceils of the cortical ground'meristem ceased to divide, the initial cells, in an arbitrary position of origin, develops continuously. These initial cells were able to be distinguished from the surrounding cells by their large length/width ratio, the presence of elliptical nuclei and dense cytoplasm, etc. Later, both ends of the initial cells extended rapidly through intrusive growth, forming the very long, thin and filamentous unicell with two dilated terminations. During development, the gutta particles were gradually synthesized and accumulated in the cytoplasm, where as the organelles degenerated progressively. In the muture gutta-containing cell, the cell cavity was filled with gutta particles, the nucleus as well as other organelles was disintegrated leaving an intact fibrous cell wall.     

Central projections of peripheral mechanosensory cells with increased excitability in Drosophila mosaics

The formation and maintenance of the central projections of identified bristle mechanosensory neurons with altered excitability were examined in Drosophila mosaics. Two mutants, eag (ether à go-go) and Sh (Shaker), are known to increase excitability of both nerve and muscle cells and enhance synaptic transmission by affecting different types of K+ currents. The eag Sh double mutant produces a synergistic effect, resulting in a greatly increased level of spontaneous neuronal activity and extreme behavioral phenotypes. By constructing mosaic flies containing small patches of doubly mutant cuticle, it was possible to alter the excitability of only one or two identified sensory cells without affecting the surrounding tissue. In these mosaic flies, the doubly mutant sensory cells were more responsive to tactile stimulation. A CoCl2 backfilling technique was utilized in staining the sensory cell projections. Both qualitative and quantitative comparisons were made between projections of cells having normal and increased levels of excitability. The length, branching characteristics, and number of terminal varicosities were analyzed for each sensory cell projection. Results indicate that, at the light microscopy level, these characteristics were not obviously altered by an increased level of excitability.     

Schistosoma mansoni: penetration apparatus and epidermis of the miracidium

Free swimming miracidia of Schistosoma mansoni were studied with the electron microscope for the purpose of describing the penetration apparatus and the epidermis. The penetration apparatus was composed of 3 unicellular glands which contain membrane-bound vesicles containing macromolecular diglycols. Each gland contained a nucleus, rough endoplasmic reticulum, Golgi complexes, numerous mitochondria, and glycogen stores. Each gland cell opened to the exterior through the apical papilla.The surface of the miracidium, with the exception of the apical papilla, was covered with ciliated epidermal cells containing numerous mitochondria, membranous bodies, and glycogen. No nuclei were detected within these epidermal cells. Intercellular ridges connecting with subepidermal cytons interrupted the epidermal cells at numerous points. The ridges were joined to the epidermal cells by septate desmosomes. Beneath the epidermal cells were found circular and longitudinal muscle bundles.Sensory structures of various types were associated with the outer covering. These consisted of (1) numerous “knob-like” cytoplasmic projections associated with epidermal cells, (2) bulbous, lamelloid structures with external cytoplasmic projections, and (3) ciliated nerve endings with posterior epidermal tiers and ciliated nerve pits associated with apical papilla.     

New sources of gutta-percha in Garrya flavescens and G. wrightii

Analyses of extracts from whole-plant samples revealed that Garrya flavescens and Garrya wrightii produced gutta (trans-1,4-polyisoprene) as the major hydrocarbon in yields of 1.2 and 0.4 %, respectively. The average MWs of gutta were 142000 for G. flavescens and 10000 for G. wrightii. These species also yielded moderate amounts of ‘oil’ and ‘polyphenol’. To our knowledge, these are the first species of Garryaceae reported to produce gutta.     

Scanning and transmission electron microscopy of the tegument of Paranaella luquei Kohn, Baptista-Farias & Cohen, 2000 (Microcotylidae, Monogenea), parasite of a Brazilian catfish, Hypostomus regani

The surface topography and ultrastructure of the tegument of Paranaella luquei Kohn, Baptista-Farias & Cohen, 2000, a microcotylid monogenean parasite from the gills of Hypostomus regani (Ihering, 1905) (Loricariidae) was studied by scanning (SEM) and transmission electron microscopy (TEM). By SEM, it was observed that the tegument presents transversal ridges, forming folds in the ventral and dorsal surfaces and microvillous-like tegumental projections in the anterior and median regions of body. These projections were also observed by TEM. The tegument is made up of a syncytium delimited by apical and basal plasma membranes, containing inclusion bodies and mitochondria, connected to the nucleated region by means of cytoplasmatic processes. The tegumental cells present a well developed nucleus and cytoplasm containing inclusion bodies, similar to those found on the external layer, mitochondria, rough endoplasmatic reticulum and free ribossomes.     

不同品种杜仲叶中有效成分含量差异性研究

对杜仲不同品种叶中有效成分及杜仲胶含量进行了测定,并用方差分析及多重比较方法进行了分析比较,认为品种2主要有效成分绿原酸、京尼平甙酸、桃叶珊瑚甙、总黄酮的含量最高,在1％显著水平上,品种2绿原酸含量与品种3、4、5有显著差异,1、3、4、5品种间没有显著差异,京尼平甙酸和总黄酮含量与品种1、3、4、5间有显著差异,桃叶珊瑚甙含量在品种1、2、3、4、5之间都有显著差异;品种1和品种2的含胶量较高,在1％显著水平上,品种1含胶量与品种3、4、5间差异极显著,品种2与品种3、4、5间差异极显著,这两个结论为药用和胶用型优良品种选择提供了依据。     

An ultrastructural study of the cysts in chicken ultimobranchial glands,with special reference to C-cells

Summary The ultimobranchial glands of the chicken were examined by electron microscopy and immunocytochemistry using a calcitonin antiserum. Electron microscopy confirmed the presence of C-cells, containing numerous secretory granules storing calcitonin, in the luminal lining of cyst-like structures found in these glands. These cells were furnished with prominent microvillar projections at their luminal surface, and the cytoplasm of the apical region was filled with fibril material. Furthermore, the cells contained prominent junctional complexes and desmosomes at their apico-lateral surfaces. In these C-cells, secretory granules were concentrated near the lumen and some were attached to the apical cell membrane. The luminal content of the cysts had a colloid-like and flocculent appearance, and was frequently seen attached to the cytoplasmic projections or apical cell membrane of the C-cells. Since the cysts progressively increase in volume and number with age, it is suggested that they may partly play a role in the storage of excess or unneeded hormonal products.