浮床黑麦草对城市生活污水氮循环细菌繁衍和脱氮效果的影响

通过设施大棚内容积为1.5m3的人工模拟池试验,研究了浮床黑麦草对模拟城市生活污水氮循环细菌繁衍和脱氮效果的影响。通过研究,阐明浮床植物去除污染水体氮素的可能途径。研究结果表明:浮床黑麦草对模拟城市生活污水总氮和氨氮的去除效果分别达到了31.6%和43.0%;浮床黑麦草根际和根系正下方是各类氮循环细菌生长的最佳区域;浮床黑麦草处理有效地提高了系统氮循环细菌的数量,16d的试验结束时细菌总数(A,单位为CFU.mL-1)达到最大值,其lg(A/(CFU.mL-1))增加至8.82,各类氮循环细菌比对照高3-5个数量级;同时,浮床黑麦草处理显著提高了氮循环细菌的群落多样性,系统内氨化菌、硝化菌、亚硝化菌和反硝化菌共存;明确了浮床黑麦草的吸收同化和氮循环细菌的生物脱氮是浮床黑麦草净化水质的两个重要途径。     

不同采收方式对富养化河道浮床空心菜生物产出的影响

以浮床空心菜为研究对象,在过水河道条件下,研究了不同采收周期(14 d采收1次、21 d采收1次、28 d采收1次)和留茬高度(15 cm、25 cm、35 cm)组合对浮床植物生物产出的影响.结果表明:刈割后的植物仍能够适应过水河道环境,并在其生长周期内持续生长.经110 d的生长,分枝数提高了近5倍,最长根长27.55 cm,平均根长15 cm,根系直径达11cm.单株根鲜重可达146 g,每平方米浮床根部可吸附颗粒物3.36 kg.新芽生长速率随采收次数增多,处理组均呈现先不断提高然后减小的趋势,变化幅度为0.54～3.7cm·d-1,对照组为1.63 cm·d-1.适当刈割能提高新芽再生速率.单次收获生物量同新芽变化规律相似,即先逐渐增多然后减小,生物量增长速率变化幅度3.83～37.9 g·m-2·d-1.从总生物量来看,28 d采收1次留茬25 cm、35 cm组的生物量(干重)产出最高,达2112 g·m-2;从茎叶比看,每14 d采收1次3个留茬高度,及每21d采收1次留茬15 cm和25 cm方式收获生物量茎叶比较佳.综合考虑产量、质量及浮床便捷管理,每21 d采收1次留茬15 cm的采收方式效果最佳,此时新芽平均生长速率1.88 cm·d-1,平均茎叶比＜1,总生物量1966 g·m-2.     

生物过滤和蔬菜浮床组合系统对温室甲鱼废水的处理效果

高浓度温室甲鱼养殖业废水的无序排放已严重危害了我国长三角地区农村生态环境.生物过滤和蔬菜浮床组合系统是温室甲鱼养殖废水生态化处理的潜在方式.为了探索生物过滤和蔬菜浮床组合系统处理温室甲鱼养殖废水的可行性,以及植物直接吸收同化作用对组合系统N、P去除的贡献率,本文选择空心菜、生菜和芹菜等3种蔬菜植物,开展了生物过滤和蔬菜浮床组合系统对温室甲鱼养殖废水的处理试验.结果表明:生物过滤与蔬菜浮床组合系统对废水化学需氧量(COD)、铵氮(NH4+-N)、总氮(TN)和总磷(TP)的去除率分别可达93.2%~95.6%、97.2%~99.6%、73.9%~93.1%和74.9%~90.0%.组合系统均表现出良好的碳氮磷同步脱除性能,空心菜系统对废水N、P的去除效能明显优于生菜和芹菜系统.蔬菜直接吸收作用并不是组合系统N、P去除的最主要途径,其贡献率仅为9.1%~25.0%,推测N、P主要依靠微生物作用去除.相对而言,空心菜对废水N、P的直接吸收贡献率最高,而蔬菜对N、P的直接吸收与植物生物量密切相关.研究结果显示,生物过滤和蔬菜浮床组合系统可以作为温室甲鱼养殖废水生态化处理的有效方式.     

冬季不同刈割水芹浮床连续净化过程及效果

在冬季利用不同刈割处理的水芹浮床做连续两个周期的水质净化试验研究.结果表明:浮床系统能够维持水体为偏弱酸性环境;总磷的去除率在58％以上,前4天去除量占总磷去除量的80％以上,到第8天时,总磷浓度基本达到稳定,到2个周期试验结束,总磷浓度分别为0.366和0.215 mg· L-1;铵态氮的去除率在90％以上,前4天的去除量占总去除量的70％以上,2个周期试验结束时,铵态氮浓度分别为0.455和0.522 mg·L-1;硝态氮由于初始浓度不同,去除率差异比较大,2个周期试验结束时,硝态氮浓度分别为0.262和0.289 mg·L-1;与空白对照相比,浮床系统能够在较短的时间内快速去除富营养化物质,但到试验结束时浮床与空白对照在营养元素去除方面几乎没有差异;不同刈割处理的水芹浮床在水体净化效果方面没有显著差异, 在实际应用中可以不考虑刈割处理的影响.     

池塘氮循环中各种细菌与理化因子的相关性研究

对精养鱼池的水体及淤泥进行多次采样,用统计学分析处理,结果表明：硝化类细菌总体上与各主要理化因子的相关性较强（R＞0．60）,其中氨化菌主要与溶氧相关程度较高;反硝化菌主要与有效磷相关程度较高;亚硝化菌主要与氨氮负相关程度较高;硝化菌主要与亚硝酸盐相关程度较高。硝化类细菌与异养菌之间的相关性则更强,如反硝化菌与厌养菌（R＝0．944,P＝0．001）、拓硝化菌和好氧异养菌（R＝0．832,P＝0．003）皆显正相关,亚硝化菌和厌氧异养菌（R＝－0．76,P＝0．009）显负相关;而在硝化类细菌之间的相关程度却较弱（R＜0．60）,表明池塘硝化类细菌对水质具有一定的调控作用,但相互之间的依赖性不强,各自相对独立地发挥作用。     

陶粒浮床对草鱼养殖池塘水质和浮游植物的影响

为了探讨陶粒浮床对草鱼养殖池塘浮游植物群落结构的影响, 将6个池塘随机分为两组, 分别为浮床组和对照组, 2013年510月对养殖池塘的藻类群落结构和水质因子进行定期采样分析。结果表明: 浮床组池塘水体透明度显著高于对照组(P0.05), 养殖后期, 浮床组主要营养盐指标显著低于对照组(P0.05), 微生物总数显著高于对照组(P0.05)。水质理化指标波动范围小, 系统稳定性较强。试验期间共检出浮游藻类8门111属179种, 其中绿藻93种, 蓝藻25种, 硅藻23种, 裸藻17种, 黄藻6种, 甲藻5种, 金藻5种, 隐藻5种。在养殖中后期, 陶粒浮床对藻类的种类组成有显著影响, 藻类种数明显高于对照组, 浮床组和对照组浮游植物数量范围分别为101. 95106614.95 106 ind./L和151.43106612.60 106 ind./L, 生物量范围分别为90.79402.85 mg/L和116.33831.55 mg/L, 到养殖中后期(8月份以后), 对照组浮游植物的生物量显著高于浮床组(P0.05)。绿藻门和蓝藻门的贡献率一直占总密度的90%以上。浮游植物群落呈明显的季节变化, 绿藻门呈先降低后升高的趋势, 蓝藻门相反。试验初期浮游植物的优势种为栅藻; 在试验开始30d后, 浮床组栅藻继续保持优势藻的地位, 对照组的优势种则变为平裂藻和微囊藻; 78月份, 浮床组和对照组的优势种均为蓝藻门的平裂藻, 9月份后优势藻逐渐由栅藻和绿球藻取代。浮床组和对照组藻类多样性指数无显著差异, 物种丰富度均呈逐渐下降的趋势, 范围为3.165.59, Shannon指数和Simpson指数均呈先降低后升高的趋势, 范围分别为1.502.46和0.540.87。陶粒浮床对改善池塘水质、丰富藻类种类组成、降低过高生物量和微囊藻爆发的风险有一定作用。       

海洋氮循环中细菌的厌氧氨氧化

细菌厌氧氨氧化过程是在一类特殊细菌的厌氧氨氧化体内完成的以氨作为电子供体硝酸盐作为电子受体的一种新型脱氮反应.厌氧氨氧化菌的发现,改变人们对传统氮的生物地球化学循环的认识:反硝化细菌并不是大气中氮气产生的唯一生物类群.而且越来越多的证据表明,细菌厌氧氨氧化与全球的氮物质循环密切相关,估计海洋细菌的厌氧氨氧化过程占到全球海洋氮气产生的一半左右.由于氮与碳的循环密切相关,因此可以推测,细菌的厌氧氨氧化会影响大气中的二氧化碳浓度,从而对全球气候变化产生重要影响.另外,由于细菌厌氧氨氧化菌实现了氨氮的短程转化,缩短了氮素的转化过程,因此为开发更节约能源、更符合可持续发展要求的废水脱氮新技术提供了生物学基础.     

四种冬季水生植物组合对富营养化水体的净化效果

选择10种耐低温的水生植物构建4种植物组合,研究了冬季低温环境下不同水生植物组合对富营养化水体的净化效果.结果表明:组合1[常绿水生鸢尾(Iris hexagonus Hybrid)*羊蹄(Rumex japonicus)+金叶“金钱蒲”(Acorus gramineus“Ogan”)+反曲灯心草“蓝箭”(Juncus inflexus“Blue Arrows”)]4种植物均能在试验富营养化水体中茂盛生长,且对TN、NOx-N、NH4-N和TP的去除率分别为47.8％、52.2％、32.4％和70.1％;组合2[常绿水生鸢尾+羊蹄+金叶“金钱蒲”+大苞萱草(Hemerocallis middendorfii)]4种植物也都能在试验富营养化水体中存活,并且有一定量的生长,对TN、NOx-N、NH4-N和TP的去除率分别为44.2％、58.5％、34.6％和67.8％;而未种植物的对照对TN、NOx-N、NH4-N和TP的去除率分别为40.0％、25.9％、27.3％和64.5％;组合1和2对富营养化水体有较好的净化效果.组合3和组合4中由于吊兰(Chlorophytum comosum)和三穗薹草(Carex tristachya)等植物长势较差,仅对NOx-N具有较明显去除能力,对其他指标去除效果不明显.通过这些水生植物在富营养化水体中生长特性和对营养元素的去除能力,发现冬季组合1和2的净化效果较好,是低温条件下适宜的浮床植物组合形式.     

浮床植物系统对富营养化水体中氮、磷净化特征的初步研究

以浮床空心菜(Ipomoea aquatica)、水芹(Oenanthe javanica)和无植物系统为对象,研究了其在富营养化水体中对N、P的去除及其N₂O的排放情况.结果表明,浮床植物系统对水体中N、P具有良好的净化效果,植物组织所累积的N、P量分别占各自系统去除量的40.32%～63.87%,说明植物的同化吸收作用是N、P去除的主要途径.换水周期内浮床植物系统中硝化反应进行充分,而反硝化反应相对缓慢,导致系统具有较高的NH₄⁺-N去除率,而产生NO₃--N累积.植物的存在降低了系统中N₂O的排放通量.生长较好的空心菜系统在换水前后平均N₂O排放量最低,为17.14μgN·m^-2h^-1,空白高达8.08μgN·m^-2h^-1,水芹为37.38μg N·m^-2·h^-1.     

Complex anthocyanins from Ipomoea congesta

Six acylated anthocyanins have been isolated from the flowers of Ipomoea congesta R. Brown. One has been previously described as an acylated peonidin derivative. Three others are isomers, derived from peonidin-3-(caffeylsophoroside)-5-glucoside. The fifth was characterised as peonidin-3-(p-coumarylcaffeylsophoroside)-5-glucoside and the last as peonidin-3-(coumarylsophoroside)-5-glucoside. It is noteworthy that the anthocyanins found in this species have the same glycosidic pattern, 3-sophoroside-5-glucoside, as those reported for the cyanidin derivatives in Ipomoea cairica flowers. Acylated anthocyanin occurrence in Tubiflorae order is of chemotaxonomical value.     

Anatomical study of an aquatic mustard: Subularia aquatica (Brassicaceae)

Subularia aquatica is a small annual aquatic plant in the family Brassicaceae with unique leaf morphology. Its anatomical features were studied using light microscopy. We show that the leaves of S. aquatica are bifacial dorsiventral phyllodes, having adaxial-abaxial polarity, rather than the alternative unifacial type. This morphology is also manifested in the collaterally arranged vascular bundles, which are clearly bifacial. The roots exhibit typical anatomical features of an aquatic plant, including prominent aerenchyma. Although unique within the Brassicaceae, S. aquatica displays many of the same morphological characteristics as other Isoetid life-forms.     

Novel acylated lipo-oligosaccharides from the tubers of Ipomoea batatas

Nine new lipo-oligosaccharides, batatosides H-P, were isolated from the tubers of Ipomoea batatas (Convolvulaceae). Spectral and chemical methods allowed to characterize them as tetra- or penta-saccharides that form a macrolactone with the aglycone, (11S)-hydroxyhexadecanoic acid (jalapinolic acid), the absolute configuration of which was established by Mosher’s method. Batatosides L and O showed a weak inhibitory effect on the growth of Hep-2 cells, while the others proved to be inactive.     

Bacterial resistance modifying tetrasaccharide agents from Ipomoea murucoides

As part of an ongoing project to identify oligosaccharides which modulate bacterial multidrug resistance, the CHCl₃-soluble extract from flowers of a Mexican arborescent morning glory, Ipomoea murucoides, through preparative-scale recycling HPLC, yielded five lipophilic tetrasaccharide inhibitors of Staphylococcusaureus multidrug efflux pumps, murucoidins XII-XVI (1-5). The macrocyclic lactone-type structures for these linear hetero-tetraglycoside derivatives of jalapinolic acid were established by spectroscopic methods. These compounds were tested for in vitro antibacterial and resistance modifying activity against strains of Staphylococcus aureus possessing multidrug resistance efflux mechanisms. Only murucoidin XIV (3) displayed antimicrobial activity against SA-1199B (MIC 32 μg/ml), a norfloxacin-resistant strain that over-expresses the NorA MDR efflux pump. The four microbiologically inactive (MIC > 512 μg/ml) tetrasaccharides increased norfloxacin susceptibility of this strain by 4-fold (8 μg/ml from 32 μg/ml) at concentrations of 25 μg/ml, while murucoidin XIV (3) exerted the same potentiation effect at a concentration of 5 μg/ml.     

五爪金龙中香豆素类物质含量及其对福寿螺、水稻和稗草的影响

在不同季节采集并测定了入侵植物五爪金龙不同器官中伞形花内酯(Umbelliferone(UMB))和东莨菪亭内酯(Scopoletin(SCO))的含量、同时室内分析了这两种物质的杀螺效果及其对水稻和稗草生长的影响、并研究了这两种物质在土壤中的降解情况。结果表明:五爪金龙植株中SCO含量高于UMB含量,两物质均是夏季含量最高,春季次之,秋冬季低,SCO夏季在茎中含量最大,秋冬季幼茎和幼叶中含量较高;UMB对福寿螺的毒杀力强于SCO,UMB浓度为C2(200μg/mL)时处理24 h对福寿螺的致死率达100%,而SCO浓度为C2时处理24 h对福寿螺的致死率仅为8%;SCO对水稻和稗草苗生长的影响较UMB强,在C0(50μg/mL),C1(100μg/mL)、C2浓度下均促进水稻及稗草苗的生长,而C3(400μg/mL)浓度下则抑制水稻和稗草苗的生长。UMB和SCO混合溶液比单一物质在相同浓度的杀螺效果及对水稻和稗草的生长影响要强;UMB和SCO在土壤中10 d内完全降解。入侵植物五爪金龙中的次生物质UMB和SCO在稻田中的生态效应值得进一步研究。     

异养硝化细菌的生物脱氮

正氮类污染物是造成水体污染和富营养化的主要原因,水体中氮的去除对于清洁水体有着重要的意义~([1-2])。因此,高效与便捷地去除污水中的氮是污水处理中的关键问题,而生物脱氮又被认为是目前废水脱氮中最经济有效的方法之一~([3])。最初研究者们认为只有自养硝化细菌才能进行高效的硝化作用,近年来研究表明,异养硝化微生物同样在生物硝化过程中起着不可忽视的作用~([4])。异养硝化微生物相比传统的自养微生物在废水生物脱氮中占有明显优势,具有良好的应用前景。     

Effects of water depth and seed provenance on the growth of wild rice (Zizania aquatica L.)

Annual wild rice (Zizania aquatica L.), a species of conservation concern, is an ecologically and culturally important aquatic grass found in stands in the near shore habitats of lakes and rivers in the Midwest and along the eastern coast of North America. This study examined the effects of water depth and seed provenance on the early growth of three Indiana wild rice stands (collected from two lakes) under greenhouse conditions in 2009. Plants were grown at water depths of 46 cm, 23 cm, 0 cm, or −15 cm and harvested either at the first floating leaf stage or at 48 days after transplanting. Wild rice growth was affected by both water depth and seed provenance. The dry weight of roots, stems, leaves, and inflorescences, total biomass, number of tillers, number of leaves, and total leaf area were the lowest in the −15 cm treatment. These vegetative growth parameters also decreased with increasing water depth from the 0 cm treatment. Differences in growth between seed sources were found, supporting the hypothesis that genetic differences among relatively isolated wild rice stands may influence the success of efforts to conserve this species.     

Isolation and distribution of iridescent Cellulophaga and other iridescent marine bacteria from the Charente-Maritime coast,French Atlantic

An intense colored marine bacterium, identified as Cellulophaga lytica, was isolated previously from a sea anemone surface on the Charente-Maritime rocky shore (Atlantic Coast, France), and iridescence of its colonies under direct light was recently described. In addition, iridescence intensities were found to differ strongly between C. lytica strains from different culture collections. However, importantly, the occurrence and distribution of iridescent bacteria in the marine environment were still unknown. Therefore, in this study, a search was undertaken for marine iridescent bacterial strains in different biotopes of the Charente-Maritime coast. Various marine samples (water, sediment, macroalgae, other macroorganisms and detritus) were collected from seven biotopes using a direct plate inoculation method. As a result, 34 iridescent strains related to the genus Cellulophaga, as well as 63 iridescent strains affiliated to the genera Tenacibaculum and Aquimarina, were isolated. Iridescent colors were different according to the genera but iridescent marine bacteria were widely distributed. However, a majority of strains were isolated from rocky shores and, in particular, red seaweed surfaces and mollusks. The data from the study suggested that isolates with iridescent properties were well conserved in stressful environments such as the coastal shoreline. This origin may provide an insight into the ecological and biological functions of iridescence.     

Cryopreservation of sweetpotato (Ipomoea batatas) and its pathogen eradication by cryotherapy

Sweetpotato (Ipomoea batatas) ranks as the seventh most important staple crop in the world and the fifth in developing countries after rice, wheat, maize and cassava. Sweetpotato is mainly grown in developing countries, which account for more than 95% of total production of the whole world. Genetic resources, including cultivated varieties and wild species, are a prerequisite for novel sweetpotato breeding in both conventional and genetic engineering programs. Various cryopreservation protocols have been developed for shoot tips and embryogenic tissues. The former explants are preferred for long-term conservation of sweetpotato genetic resources, while the latter are valuable for sweetpotato genetic improvement. This review provides update comprehensive information on cryopreservation of sweetpotato shoot tips and embryogenic tissues.Plant pathogens such as viruses and phytoplasma severely hamper high yield and high quality production of sweetpotato. Thus, usage of pathogen-free planting materials is pivotal for sustainable sweetpotato production. Cryotherapy of shoot tips can efficiently eradicate sweetpotato pathogens such as viruses and phytoplasma. The mechanism behind pathogen eradication by cryotherapy of shoot tips has been elucidated. Pathogen eradication by cryotherapy provides an alternative, efficient strategy for production of pathogen-free plants. In addition, cryopreserved tissues may also be considered to be safer for exchange of germplasm between countries and regions.