广西隆安屏山石灰岩山地飞机草群落特征分析

对隆安屏山石灰岩山地有害的入侵杂草飞机草(Eupatorium odoratum)群落的区系组成、地理成分、生活型、结构及物种多样性进行统计分析,结果表明:该群落内常见的维管植物约有62种,隶属38科58属。植物地理分布以泛热带类型最多,有15属,占总属数的34.88%;其次是热带亚洲分布类型,有8属,占18.6%。按Raunkiaer生活型统计,高位芽植物占48.39%,一年生植物占17.74%,地面芽植物占12.90%,地上芽植物占11.29%。群落内植物叶的性质以草质、单叶、小型叶和全缘为主。群落垂直结构简单,分层不明显,只分为灌木层和草本层,并有少量的层间植物。灌木层种间相遇机率指数和Shannon-Wiener指数较高,表明该群落目前仍相对稳定,该地区外来飞机草目前处于种群建立时期。     

贵州习水杜鹃群落结构和种群动态分析

为了探究贵州习水国家级自然保护区特有植物习水杜鹃(Rhododendron xishuiense)种群现状,揭示该种群动态及濒危原因,加强对该种群的保护,在该保护区设置了13条样线,调查习水杜鹃在保护区的分布情况。对现存习水杜鹃分布地开展样地调查,采用4个多样性指数和Raunkiear生活型系统分析习水杜鹃分布群落的结构,通过空间代替时间得到种群年龄结构,据此编制静态生命表,并绘制存活曲线及4个生存函数曲线分析习水杜鹃种群的动态特征。结果表明,共有维管植物27科42属65种,其中种子植物24科39属62种,蕨类植物3科3属3种。以高位芽的物种数最多,有56种,占物种总数的86.15%,其次是地上芽植物、地面芽植物、地下芽植物。群落的多样性指数均表现为乔木层>灌木层>草本层,乔木层占有绝对的优势地位。种群年龄结构呈“金字塔”型,种群幼苗个体相对于整个种群数量较多;种群存活曲线属于DeeveyⅡ型,个体数量随着年龄的增加而不断减少;种群生存率持续下降,尤以中后期减少速度较快,种群衰退。习水杜鹃种群分布范围狭窄,分布群落物种多样性高,幼苗相对较多表现为增长型,但种群总量极少,且遭...     

湖南桃源洞国家级自然保护区南方铁杉种群结构与生存分析

采用样方法对桃源洞国家级自然保护区的牛石坪南方铁杉(Tsuga chinensis)群落和梨树洲南方铁杉群落进行调查,分析群落种类组成和结构特征;采用Shannon-Weiner指数、Simpson指数和Pielou均匀度指数研究群落各层的物种多样性;依据径级频率分布分析2个南方铁杉群落中南方铁杉种群的年龄结构和更新状况。结果表明:(1)桃源洞的2个南方铁杉群落中常绿植物占优势,群落有一定的季相变化,夏季呈暗绿色,秋冬淡黄绿色。(2)牛石坪南方铁杉群落共有维管植物13科21属26种,梨树洲南方铁杉群落共有维管植物22科30属36种;地理成分分析表明温带成分明显高于热带成分,表现为亚热带山地性质。(3)群落垂直结构可分为乔木层(进一步分为乔木上层、乔木中层、乔木下层3个亚层)、灌木层和草本层。(4)2个群落的Shannon-Wiener指数和Simpson指数均为乔木下层乔木中层灌木层乔木上层,Pielou均匀度指数为乔木中层和乔木下层乔木上层和灌木层。(5)牛石坪南方铁杉群落的优势种群为马银花(Rhododendron ovatum)、南方铁杉、尖连蕊茶(Camellia cuspidata)和鹿角杜鹃(Rhododendron latoucheae),梨树洲南方铁杉群落的优势种群为银木荷(Schima argentea)、南方铁杉、鹿角杜鹃和背绒杜鹃(Rhododendron hypoblematosum)。(6)根据年龄结构和生存分析,牛石坪的南方铁杉种群为衰退型,低龄级个体和种群数量都严重不足,难以实现自然更新;梨树洲的南方铁杉种群为增长型,低龄级个体数较丰富,年龄结构分布基本连续,惟其群落郁闭度较高,自我更新还存在一定的挑战。根据以上结果建议对牛石坪的南方铁杉群落进行就地保护和适当人为干扰,对梨树洲群落加强后续监测工作。     

濒危植物小黄花茶种群结构和生存群落特征研究

小黄花茶(Camellia luteoflora Li ex H.T.Chang)是分布极狭的贵州特有植物,本文在群落调查的基础上,研究了其生存群落的特征和种群结构。结果表明:小黄花茶主要分布于毛竹林、竹阔混交林、常绿落叶阔叶混交林等3种群落类型中,其中阔叶林分布最多。小黄花茶的生存群落内,高位芽植物占总数的43.24%;地上芽植物占16.22%;地面芽和隐芽植物占16.89%;一年生植物占6.77%。生存群落物种丰富度等5种多样性指数均为草本层灌木层乔木层;小黄花茶种群结构整体属于稳定型,局部区域处于衰退型。近5年来,小黄花茶种群数量减少了约20%,种群生存面临很大威胁。生存群落中竹类植物的快速扩张,加上人为干扰和动物危害等,是小黄花茶种群受威胁的主要因素。     

长白山区濒危植物朝鲜崖柏种群数量特征及动态

朝鲜崖柏为国家二级重点保护植物,是长白山区特有的濒危树种,具有重要的经济价值和观赏价值.在对朝鲜崖柏主要分布区野生资源进行调查基础上,首次利用个体基径和年龄数据建立不同群落朝鲜崖柏种群的龄级结构、静态生命表和生存函数,用动态指数和时间序列分析预测其种群发展趋势.结果表明: 朝鲜崖柏种群的龄级结构呈“∩”型,属衰退型;分布于暗针叶林下的朝鲜崖柏种群存活曲线趋向于Deevey-Ⅲ型,纯林群落种群趋向于Deevey-Ⅱ型;种群生存分析显示,暗针叶林下朝鲜崖柏种群的生存函数呈现不规则的波动状态,种群分布表现为早期锐减、中期稳定、后期衰退的动态特征,纯林群落中,种群分布表现为早期稳定、中期增长、后期缓慢衰退的特点;动态指数和时间序列分析显示,暗针叶林下朝鲜崖柏种群的衰退速度略高于纯林群落.综合分析表明,朝鲜崖柏种群具有一定的恢复能力,应适当采取人工抚育,促进其种群正常更新.     

金佛山方竹经营对扁刺栲群落物种多样性和优势种种群结构的影响

为探讨金佛山方竹经营对扁刺栲群落物种多样性和优势种种群结构的影响,该研究以金佛山的扁刺栲自然群落和金佛山方竹经营群落为对象,分析了两类群落的物种组成特征、物种多样性及优势种种群结构。结果表明：(1)两种群落内共记录维管束植物84种,隶属于40科63属,以樟科、蔷薇科、壳斗科、山茶科物种为主;扁刺栲为群落优势种,中华木荷和灰柯为次优势种,金佛山方竹为灌木层优势种,扁刺栲群落组成与亚热带其他地区的扁刺栲群落组成相似。(2)金佛山方竹经营群落的灌木层物种丰富度显著低于自然群落,草本层Shannon-Wiener指数和Pielou指数均显著低于自然群落。(3)扁刺栲和灰柯在自然群落中为稳定型种群,而在金佛山方竹经营群落中为衰退型种群,中华木荷在两类群落中均为衰退型种群。(4)自然群落中扁刺栲、中华木荷、灰柯种群的萌枝率、有萌个体率和幼苗相对优势度均高于金佛山方竹经营群落。综上认为,金佛山方竹经营对金佛山扁刺栲群落灌木层和草本层物种多样性产生了负面影响,并显著影响扁刺栲群落优势种种群更新和维持。     

草海国家级自然保护区森林群落优势种群数量动态及物种多样性研究

该研究以草海国家级自然保护区森林群落乔木树种为依据进行聚类分析,将森林划分为4种群落类型,分别为云南松林、云南松-桤木林、桤木-滇杨林、桤木-华山松林。采用空间代替时间的方法,分析不同种群优势树种的年龄结构、存活曲线及静态生命表,应用时间预测模型对4种群落优势树种的发展趋势进行预测,并分析群落物种多样性,为研究区森林保护及可持续经营提供理论依据。结果表明:(1)云南松林和云南松-桤木林优势树种径级结构均呈现偏正态分布,衰退趋势明显,桤木-滇杨林、桤木-华山松林呈偏倒"J"型,衰退趋势相对较弱。(2)静态生命表及存活曲线分析表明,研究区内森林群落不同种群均出现不稳定状态,存活曲线不同程度偏离DeeveyⅢ型曲线。(3)时间序列分析表明研究区内经过未来2、4、6龄级时间后各种群数量出现增加,但中幼龄个体不断减少,老龄个体先增多后减少,如果不加以抚育管理,种群将不可避免走向衰退。(4)研究区内林下共有植物种类35科70属83种,其中灌木层植物17科23属29种,草本层植物21科48属54种。在3种群落类型中,物种丰富度指数(S)为草本层灌木层,Pielou指数(J_(sw))为灌木层草本层,而桤木-华山松林则呈现相反趋势,物种多样性存在明显差异。     

湖南八大公山黄杉种群结构和群落特征研究

利用样方法对湖南八大公山黄杉(Pseudotsuga sinensis Dode)群落进行调查,分析黄杉群落的物种组成、区系特征、径级结构和物种多样性。结果显示,群落内共有维管植物132种,隶属于48科89属。群落垂直结构明显,分为乔木层、灌木层和草本层,黄杉是乔木层的优势种,另有檵木(Loropetalum chinense(R.Br.)Oliver)、马尾松(Pinus massoniana Lamb)和油桐(Vernicia fordii(Hemsl.)Airy Shaw)等主要伴生种,檵木为灌木层优势种,两色鳞毛蕨(Dryopteris setosa(Thunb.)Akasawa)为草本层优势种。群落区系组成以泛热带分布和北温带分布为主,具有明显的亚热带向温带过渡的性质。种群年龄结构可分为稳定型向衰退型过渡和衰退型2个类型,样方中幼苗和幼树极度缺失,中龄和老龄个体居多。黄杉、钩栲针阔混交林的物种多样性高于黄杉纯林,其中灌木层的多样性指数最高,乔木层的物种多样性指数最低。群落冠层郁闭度高造成的幼苗缺失可能是影响其濒危的主要原因,建议采取人为干扰创造林窗、加快繁殖技术研究等措施扩大其种群数量。     

浙江沿海地区舟山新木姜子群落及种群结构特征分析

采用立木级结构代替年龄结构的方法,对浙江沿海地区(包括嵊泗县大戢山岛、定海区大猫岛、普陀区朱家尖岛、鄞州区瞻岐镇、北仑区春晓镇和宁海市力洋镇)的舟山新木姜子也Neolitsea sericea ( Bl.) Koidz.页群落的物种组成和垂直结构及其种群的年龄结构、静态生命表和分布格局进行了分析。结果表明：这6个舟山新木姜子天然群落共有维管束植物52科76属92种(含6变种),以木本植物为主,其中常绿木本植物34种,落叶木本植物31种。各群落的物种多样性指数差异较大,其中位于普陀区朱家尖岛的群落乔木层Shannon-Wiener指数( H忆)最高,位于定海区大猫岛的群落灌木层和草本层的H忆值均最高;且存在灌木层的H忆值大于乔木层和草本层的规律。种群个体年龄结构存在差异,但6个种群均为增长型种群,幼苗储备丰富,其他龄级的个体数量总体上随径级增大而减少。6个种群的分布格局均为显著的聚集分布,其中位于北仑区春晓镇的种群聚集强度最高,位于定海区大猫岛的种群聚集强度最低。从静态生命表看,舟山新木姜子岛屿类型种群的个体死亡率在径级玉( DBH<5 cm)和径级Ⅳ(15 cm≤DBH<20 cm)较高,大陆类型种群的个体死亡率在径级玉较高。研究结果显示：浙江沿海地区舟山新木姜子群落主要为常绿阔叶林,群落间的物种多样性差异明显源于人类活动的干扰;总体上看舟山新木姜子种群具有很强的更新能力。根据研究结果,对浙江沿海地区舟山新木姜子种群的保护提出了一些建议。     

神农架极小种群植物庙台槭群落特征及种群动态

种群和群落特征分析是揭示物种濒危处境最有效的途径之一。庙台槭(Acermiaotaiense)是极小种群野生植物,被列为国家二级保护植物。然而,由于对神农架地区庙台槭资源状况和群落特征不清楚,严重制约该物种的保护成效。该研究对神农架地区庙台槭种群及其所在的群落开展调查,揭示群落的物种组成和群落结构;通过分析庙台槭种群的径级结构,绘制静态生命表和存活曲线,并分析种群动态变化指数,揭示庙台槭的种群动态。结果表明:(1)群落内共有木本植物33种,隶属于15科20属,群落内优势种为胡桃楸(Juglansmandshurica)、千金榆(Carpinuscordata)、金钱槭(Dipteroniasinensis)和华榛(Coryluschinensis);(2)庙台槭的相对优势度为2.23%,非群落内优势种;(3)神农架庙台槭分布范围十分狭窄(面积约1.7hm2),种群规模小(79株);(4)庙台槭种群内幼龄个体占比较高(79.75%),更新较好;(5)物种存活曲线属Deevey-II型,种群各龄级的死亡率基本相同,但在幼树阶段死亡率增高,在大树阶段(12.5cm≤胸径<17.5cm)...     

Inbreeding in a french peasant population

Genealogical pedigrees were collected from 976 farming couples who lived in a canton of central France in the XIXth and XXth century. Several methods (genealogical, isonymic and probability of origin of genes) were used to appraise the evolution of the biological structure of this population, which has gone through two phases. The first phase from 1800 to the World War I, shows gene flows between the farming population of the canton and those of neighbouring rural districts which are linked to an increase in consanguineous marriages. The second phase, from 1920 onwards, shows important gene flow from distant areas. This trend implies a decrease in consanguineous marriages.     

Aspects of population dynamics in Halimione portulacoides communities

Summary Studies on sample plots inHalimione portulacoides communities show that environmental disturbances, either natural or induced by man, start a sequence of partly overlapping density maxima inSuaeda maritima, Aster tripolium andPuccinellia maritima successively, before the originalHalimione community totally recovers. When succession time before recovering is long enough, there are tendencies in redundancy of this sequence stressing the unilinear character of the succession. Minor environmental impacts induce a longer time-lag period of theSuaeda density maximum, suggesting threshold values of these impacts for the species to maintain minimal population densities or to become locally extinct. This sequence of interim species starting after an environmental disturbance, suggests also a gradient character in various biological attributes, for instance in life-time, propagation, nutrient and genetic plasticity strategies. The mechanism described can therefore be interpreted as a complex of mostly well-adapted and well-integrated inherent species strategies capable of absorbing environmental shocks. It is suggested that in the salt-marsh ccosystem the pattern of spatial variation in densities and that of temporal variation in fluctuations of the three species populations under natural conditions reflect corresponding patterns of environmental disturbances in the vegetation taking into account a timelag associated with the magnitude of the impact concerned.Contribution to the Symposium on Plant species and plant communities held at Nijmegen, 11–12 November 1976, on the occasion of the 60th birthday of Professor Victor Westhoff.Nomenclature follows Heukels-van Ooststroom. Flora van Nederland, 18e druk, 1975. Wolters-Noodhoff, Groningen.The authors are greatly indebted to Dr K.F. Vaas (Yerseke) for reviewing the English text.Communication Nr. 160.     

Microsporidiosis in a Daphnia pulex population

The impact of parasitism by Thelohania sp., an intracellular microsporidian, on Daphnia pulex inhabiting a vernal pond was studied for three years. Three issues were considered: the distribution of parasites among hosts, the effect of parasites on individuals, and the impact of parasitism on population growth. Each year, Thelohania infected members of at least half of the generations of Daphnia produced in the pond. When the frequency of infection was low, parasites were found only in large adults. As infection frequency increased, parasitism spread downward through host size classes. However, parasites were rarely found in juveniles. Parasitism reduced clutch size drastically, increased mortality to a variable extent, had little impact on egg size or on per instar growth and none on molt frequency. Interaction with other stresses, such as food limitation, exacerbated some of these effects. Parasitism reduced instantaneous birth rate much more than it elevated instantaneous death rate. Population growth was reduced significantly but it is unlikely that Thelohania alone regulates the growth of this Daphnia population.     

Comparative population ecology of dune slack species: the relation between population stability and germination behaviour in brackish environments

Populations of short-lived pioneer species from brackish primary dune slacks and beach plains usually have to cope with unpredictably fluctuating abiotic conditions. Life history parameters play a major role in adaptation to temporal environmental heterogeneity. A population's susceptibility to fluctuating salinity levels may be largely determined by seed dormancy characteristics (e.g. seed variability, degree of enforced dormancy imposed by salinity) and juvenile salt resistance rather than by adult salt resistance.Nomenclature follows Hegi (1966).     

Sex allocation in a field population of an autoparasitoid

Autoparasitoid wasps lay fertilized eggs in homopteran nymphs, and these eggs develop into female primary parasitoids. Unfertilized, male-producing eggs are laid in immatures of the wasps' own or another primary parasitoid species; males then develop as secondary or hyperparasitoids. In the population of Encarsia pergandiella studied in Ithaca, NY, fertilized eggs were laid in the nymphs of the whitefly Trialeurodes packardi (primary hosts) and unfertilized eggs were laid almost exclusively in pupal females of their own species (secondary hosts). In the two years the population was studied, secondary hosts were always much less abundant than primary hosts at both sites. However, secondary hosts were parasitized at a significantly greater rate than primary hosts. In a laboratory experiment, the encounter rate of females with primary and secondary hosts was not significantly different. Moreover, there was no evidence from the field that wasps found leaves bearing secondary hosts more frequently than leaves without secondary hosts. Dissections of field-collected females showed them to be mated, and thus capable of laying both unfertilized and fertilized eggs. These results suggest that wasps did not encounter secondary hosts at a greater rate, nor were they constrained to lay unfertilized eggs, but rather secondary hosts were preferred. The oviposition sex ratios were influenced by the proportion of secondary hosts, but were less female-biased than would be predicted from the proportion of secondary hosts alone. The results do not support the predictions of Godray and Waage (1990) for either strictly host-limited autoparasitoids (sex ratio should reflect the proportion of secondary hosts) or for egg-limited autoparasitoids (sex ratio should be equal, and independent of the proportion of secondary hosts).     

Variability of mitochondrial population in Chlamydomonas reinhardii

Several details have been published cocerning the mitochondrial number and shapes at various stages of the synchronized vegetative and generative cell cycle in Chlamydomonas reinhardii. The present study, based on ultrathin serial sections and threedimensional reconstructions, completes these data. Quantitative analysis of serial micrographs makes it possible to give specific details of mitochondrial volumes in cells at early intermediate stages of the vegetative life cycle. Our investigations clearly show that mitochondria have a relatively wide range of sizes, within certain limits, and vary like the mitochondrial shapes; in fact, they vary in various cells at various stages as well as in several cells at the same stage and even in one and the same cell. Thus, we present a plastic insight into the dynamically changing micromorphology of the mitochondrial population in Chlamydomonas reinhardii.     

Fertility and sexual structure in a polygamous willow population

This note reports on an extraordinary polygamous population of Salix acmophylla from Nahal Dishon, Israel. Remarkably, all individuals in this population are bisexuals, that is, they all contain typically female catkins (with some or without any male florets), typically male catkins (with some or without any female florets) and mixed catkins. The proportions of these three catkin types in populations are 36.3%, 46.8% and 16.9% respectively. The fertility of these willows was found to be poor: no mature seeds were found at all and mean pollen stainability was low as 15.6%. The possible reasons for this semi-sterility are discussed.     

Genetic variation in a subtropical population of Daphnia

We assayed a subtropical population of Daphnia ambigua for genetic variation using protein electrophoresis (9 loci) and quantitative genetics approaches (life history characters). Our goal was to obtain information about relative levels of variation in a subtropical population, and compare them with extensive previous studies in the temperate and arctic zones. The observed level of allozymic variation (H = 0.11) was consistent with those previously observed in other temperate zone Daphnia populations. However, variation for quantitative traits (heritability) was lower than typically observed in previously-studied temperate populations: estimates were not statistically different from zero. Because allozyme heterozygosity was consistent with previous temperate zone estimates, and the polymorphic allozyme loci did not depart from the expectations of Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium, we concluded that a period of clonal selection was the most likely explanation for the low heritabilities observed. We do not conclude that this study provides evidence to suggest that subtropical populations harbor lower levels of genetic variation because of their location.     

Analysis of inbreeding in a colonizing population of Drosophila subobscura

An analysis of the effects of inbreeding on the genetic structure of a colonizing population of Drosophila subobscura has been carried out. Species of Drosophila, particularly D. subobscura, may have lethal alleles associated with chromosomal inversions and our aim was to assess the extent to which the genome is balanced in this way. The frequencies of chromosomal inversions were compared between a large population and a set of 72 lines that were maintained by brother-sister mating for 10 generations. Fisher's matrix method was used to calculate the expected homozygosity in these inbred lines for 5 allozyme loci (Aph, Hk-1, Lap, Odh, and Pept-1) used as markers of large chromosomal segments. Furthermore, the expected rates of fixation corresponding to these allozyme loci were also calculated. The results show that the amount of homozygosis observed did not differ significantly from expectations (with the corresponding loss of lines as a consequence of the reduction in viability). However, two deviations from strict neutrality were observed: there was a heterozygote excess at the Lap locus, and the frequency of the O ₅ inversion (always associated with a lethal gene in colonizing populations) was higher than expected.     

Differential cannibalism and population dynamics in a host-parasitoid system

The effects of host cannibalism on a host-parasitoid system were explored through experiment and modelling. In individual encounters between parasitized and unparasitized Plodia interpunctella larvae, parasitized larvae were more likely to be cannibalized. Inclusion of this differential cannibalism into a simple Lotka-Volterra-type model of host-parasitoid population dynamics generates alternative stable states-including stable coexistence and extinction of the parasitoid — which depend on starting conditions. Possible mechanisms for differential cannibalism, and its implications for studies of host-parasitoid populations and biological control programmes are discussed.