Mathematical modeling of laser based potato cutting and peeling

A mathematical model is developed and validated to predict the depth of cut in potato tuber slabs as a function of laser power and travel speed. The model considers laser processing parameters such as input power, spot size and exposure time as well as the properties of the material being cut such as specific heat, thermal conductivity, surface reflectance, etc. The model also considers the phase change of water in potato and the ignition temperature of the solid portion. The composition of the potato tuber is assumed to be of water and solid. The model also assumes that the ablation process is accomplished through ejection of liquid water, debris and water vapour, and combustion of solid. A CO₂ laser operating in c.w. mode was chosen for the experimental work because water absorbs laser energy highly at 10.6 μm, and CO₂ laser units with relatively high output power are available. Slabs of potato tuber were chosen to be laser processed since potato contains high moisture and large amounts of relatively homogeneous tissue. The results of the preliminary calculations and experiments concluded that the model is able to predict the depth of cut in potato tuber parenchyma when subjected to a CO₂ laser beam.     

Effect of gibberellic acid on growth and carbohydrate metabolism of developing tubers of potato (Solanum tuberosum)

Potato plants (Solanum tuberosum L. cv. Ostara) were grown in aerated water culture in a controlled environment. When the tubers had reached a diameter of 1–3 cm. ¹⁴C-labelled or unlabelled gibberellic acid (GA₃) was applied to the surface of the stolons at points approximately 1 crn from the developing tubers, and treatment continued for 10 days. - Significant quantities of GA₃ moved into tuber tissue within 2–4 days of hormone application. This influx of GA₃ was accompanied by a marked reduction in both the activity of ADPG-pyrophospharylase and the ratio ADPG-pyrophosphorylase/starch phosphorylase and an increase in the activity of UDPG-pyrophosphorylase. Starch phosphorylase activity initially increased slightly but then fell, whereas the activity of starch synthase remained constant throughout the experiment. The soluble sugar composition of the tubers changed qualitatively towards a pattern characteristic of growing stolon tips prior to tuber initiation, but there was no clear evidence of net starch degradation. Changes in the activities of the enzymes were observed prior to noticeable effects of the hormone on tuber growth rate or the development of new stolons at the tuber eyes. - GA₃- treated tubers imported more ¹⁴C from labelled photosynthate than expected on the basis of growth rate. However, the capacity to convert solub#e-¹⁴C to ethaTiol-insoluble-¹⁴C (predominantly starch) was reduced in comparison with non-treated tubers. - The observed changes in carbohydrate composition and enzyme activities indicate that GA₃ induces a drastic change in potato tuber metabolism towards a pattern characteristic for the termination of the storage process.     

日光温室冬季增施CO2对切花红掌光合作用及生长发育的影响

针对切花红掌日光温室冬季生产时CO₂亏缺严重的现象,以不增施CO₂为对照,研究了增施700、1000、1300 μmol·mol^-1浓度CO₂对切花红掌‘火焰’光合特性和生长发育的影响.结果表明: 增施60 d CO₂,红掌叶片的净光合速率、胞间CO₂浓度和水分利用效率均显著提高,且以1000 μmol·mol^-1处理的增幅最大;而气孔导度则较对照显著下降.增施CO₂后,红掌叶片的可溶性糖、淀粉和可溶性蛋白含量均较对照显著增加,佛焰苞大小、色泽、花茎长度等切花品质参数,以及叶片发育质量参数和花茎生长速率均有不同程度的提高,且均以1000 μmol·mol^-1浓度最佳.增施1000 μmol·mol^-1的CO₂可以有效促进日光温室切花红掌的冬季生产.     

日光温室冬季增施CO2对切花红掌光合作用及生长发育的影响

针对切花红掌日光温室冬季生产时CO₂亏缺严重的现象,以不增施CO₂为对照,研究了增施700、1000、1300 μmol·mol^-1浓度CO₂对切花红掌‘火焰’光合特性和生长发育的影响.结果表明: 增施60 d CO₂,红掌叶片的净光合速率、胞间CO₂浓度和水分利用效率均显著提高,且以1000 μmol·mol^-1处理的增幅最大;而气孔导度则较对照显著下降.增施CO₂后,红掌叶片的可溶性糖、淀粉和可溶性蛋白含量均较对照显著增加,佛焰苞大小、色泽、花茎长度等切花品质参数,以及叶片发育质量参数和花茎生长速率均有不同程度的提高,且均以1000 μmol·mol^-1浓度最佳.增施1000 μmol·mol^-1的CO₂可以有效促进日光温室切花红掌的冬季生产.     

Integration and expression of Sorghum C4 phosphoenolpyruvate carboxylase and chloroplastic NADP-malate dehydrogenase separately or together in C3 potato plants

We have integrated two cDNAs expressing Sorghum photosynthetic phosphoenolpyruvate carboxylase (C₄-PEPC) and NADP-malate dehydrogenase (cpMDH), two key enzymes involved in the primary carbon fixation pathway of NADP-malic enzyme-type C₄ plants, separately or together into a C₃ plant (potato). Analysis of the transgenic plants showed a 1.5-fold increase in PEPC and cpMDH activities compared to untransformed plants. Immunolocalization confirmed an increase at the protein level of these two enzymes in the transgenic plants and indicated that the Sorghum cpMDH was specifically addressed to the chloroplasts of potato mesophyll cells. However, integration of either or both of the cDNAs into the potato genome did not appear to significantly modify either tuber starch grain content or the rate of photosynthetic O₂ production compared to control untransformed plants. The low level of transgene expression probably explains the lack of influence on carbon metabolism and photosynthetic rates. This general observation suggests that some complex mechanism may regulate the level of production of foreign C₄ metabolism enzymes in C₃ plants.     

开放系统中农作物对空气CO2浓度增加的响应

FACE试验(free-air CO₂ enrichment)开展的10多年中,供试农作物主要有:C₃禾本科作物小麦(Triticum aestivum L.)、多年生黑麦草(Lolium perenne)和水稻(Oryza sativa L.),C₄禾本科类高粱(Sorghum bicolor(L.)Mench),C₃豆科植物白三叶草(Trifolium repens),C₃非禾本科块茎状作物马铃薯(Solanum tuberosum L.),以及多年生C₃类木本作物棉花(Gossypium hirsutumL.)和葡萄(Vitis viniferaL.).本文系统整理和分析了以下各项参数的结果:光合作用、气孔导度、冠层温度、水分利用、水势、叶面积指数、根茎生物量累积、作物产量、辐射利用率、比叶面积、N含量、N收益、碳水化合物含量、物候变化、土壤微生物、土壤呼吸、痕量气体交换以及土壤碳固定.CO₂浓度升高对农作物的影响作用主要表现在以下方面:(1)促进了植物光合作用、增加了其生物量累积;(2)显著提高C₃作物产量,但对C₄作物产量的影响很小;(3)降低了C₃和C₄作物气孔导度,非常显著地提高了所有作物的水分利用率;(4)对植物生长的促进作用在水分不足与水分充足时二者相当或前者大于后者;(5)对非豆科植物生长的促进作用要受到土壤低N水平限制,而对豆科植物则不受氮肥水平限制;(6)对根系生长的促进作用要大于地上部分;(7)对多年     

滴灌频率和灌水量对榆林沙土马铃薯产量、品质和水分利用效率的影响

针对陕北榆林沙土马铃薯农田灌溉不合理的问题,采用滴灌水肥一体化技术,设置4 d(D₁)、8 d(D₂)和10 d(D₃)3个滴灌频率及60%ET_c(W₁,ET_c为作物需水量)、80%ET_c(W₂)和100%ET_c(W₃) 3个灌水量水平,共9个处理,在生育期内对马铃薯生长、产量和品质等指标进行观测,分析马铃薯各指标对不同灌水处理的响应规律.结果表明: 同一滴灌频率下,W₃处理的株高、叶面积指数、干物质、产量和经济效益高于W₁和W₂处理;W₁处理的灌溉水利用效率(IWUE)最高,而水分利用效率受灌水量的影响不显著;W₃处理下产量达43442 kg·hm^-2,比W₁和W₂处理分别高23.3%和11.6%;W₃处理下纯收益达23492元·hm^-2,比W₁和W₂分别高40.4%和18.7%;W₃处理的块茎淀粉和维生素C含量最大,还原糖含量最小,分别为14.4%、18.54 mg·(100 g)^-1 FW和0.7%.相同灌水量下,低、中灌水水平下D₁处理的产量、IWUE、淀粉和维生素C含量最高,还原糖含量最低;高灌水水平下D₂处理的产量、IWUE、纯收益、淀粉和维生素C含量最高,还原糖含量最低,分别为46572 kg·hm^-2、23.04 kg·m^-3、26622元·hm^-2、14.6%、19.53 mg·(100 g)^-1 FW和0.7%.从滴灌频率和灌水量的交互作用来看,D₂W₃的产量和品质均达到最高;主成分分析法得出D₂W₃处理得分最高.因此,D₂W₃(8 d,100%ET_c)处理高产优质,且水分利用效率较高,为最佳滴灌频率和灌水量.研究结果可为陕北榆林沙土马铃薯高产高效优质生产中灌溉制度的制定提供依据.     

亚热带天然阔叶林转换为杉木人工林对土壤呼吸的影响

采用静态箱-气相色谱法对浙江省临安市玲珑山风景区天然阔叶林和由天然阔叶林改造的杉木人工林的土壤呼吸进行1年的定位监测.结果表明：天然阔叶林和杉木人工林土壤CO₂排放速率均呈现一致的季节性变化规律即夏秋季高、冬春季低;天然阔叶林和杉木人工林土壤CO₂排放速率分别为20.0～111.3和4.1～118.6 mg C·m^-2·h^-1;天然阔叶林土壤CO₂年累积排放通量（16.46 t CO₂·hm^-2·a^-1）显著高于杉木人工林（11.99 t CO₂·hm^-2·a^-1）.天然阔叶林和杉木人工林土壤CO₂排放速率与土壤含水量均没有显著相关性,而与5 cm处土壤温度呈显著指数相关,Q₁₀值分别为1.44和2.97;天然阔叶林土壤CO₂排放速率与土壤水溶性碳（WSOC）含量无显著相关性,杉木人工林土壤CO₂排放速率与WSOC含量呈显著相关.天然阔叶林转换为杉木人工林显著降低了土壤CO₂排放,提高了土壤呼吸对环境因子的敏感性.
     

Catalase inhibition alters suberization and wound healing in potato (Solanum tuberosum) tubers

In response to wounding, potato ( Solanum tuberosum L.) tubers generate hydrogen peroxide (H₂O₂) in association with suberization, a critical phase of the wound-healing process. In the present study, the effect of aminotriazole (AT), a catalase (CAT, EC 1.11.1.6) inhibitor, on cut tubers was investigated using fresh weight (FW) loss and pathogen attack symptoms as indicators of wound-healing efficiency. Seven days after treatment, AT-treated tuber halves lost more FW and developed infection signs compared with the controls. Thiourea, another CAT inhibitor, as well as exogenous H₂O₂ treatments induced the same effects as AT suggesting that the alteration of the wound healing may be caused by CAT inhibition and the resulting accumulation of H₂O₂. Using transgenic tubers, FW losses 1 week after wounding were either higher (CAT repression) or lower (CAT overexpression) than those of the wild-type. When tuber halves were allowed to wound heal for different periods before treatment, AT had no effect on the progress of their wound healing if wound-healed for at least 3 days. This implies that AT may affect early wound-healing-related events, especially those occurring before or during suberization. A time-course analysis of the effects of AT treatment on wounded tuber tissues revealed that AT prevented the deposition of the polyphenolic domain of suberin in association with CAT inhibition and H₂O₂ accumulation. These data are important in identifying factors that may be required to regulate suberization and contribute to a better understanding of this critical process to hasten its rate and limit wound-related losses in stored potato tubers.     

开放式空气CO2浓度增高条件下旱地土壤气体CO2浓度廓线测定

设计了一套适合于FACE(free-air CO₂ enrichment)平台的旱地土壤气体CO₂浓度廓线测定方法,并将其应用于田间实验.在江苏省无锡市郊区具有太湖地区典型水稻土的稻麦轮作农田,对FACE和对照麦田以及裸土0～30cm土层的土壤气体CO₂浓度廓线进行了观测研究.结果表明,所采用的方法满足进行旱地农田土壤气体CO₂浓度廓线研究的要求;在0～30cm土层中,上层土壤气体中的CO₂向上垂直扩散要比下层土壤快;在作物旺盛生长期,大气CO₂浓度升高200±40μmol·mol^-1使0～30cm土层的土壤气体CO₂浓度显著提高14%±5%(t检验P<0.001).     

Criteria for the selection of strains of entomopathogenic fungi Verticillium lecanii for solid state cultivation

The objective of this study was the selection of strains of Verticillium lecanii for solid-state fermentation (SSF) containing cuticle of Sphenarium purpurascens as an inducer of proteases and chitinases. The selection criteria were: growth at low water activity (a_W), enzymatic activities (proteases and chitinases) and CO₂ production rate. Three strains of V. lecanii were studied ATCC 26854, ATCC 46578 and a wild strain (WS). The strains ATCC 26854 and WS presented the best biomass production at low a_W (0.957). Highest rates of clearing zones of casein and chitin were obtained for strains ATCC 26854 and WS. Best results of CO₂ production in SSF were obtained by using V. lecanii ATCC 26854 which showed a maximal value (2.3 mg CO₂ g IDM⁻¹ h⁻¹) at 36 h of cultivation. Although clearing zones of casein and chitin were partial criteria for strain selection. It was concluded that growth a low water activities and CO₂ production rate, were more reliable criteria for selecting strains of V. lecanii for solid state culture using cuticle of insect as the main C and N source.     

Influence of elevated CO2 and ozone concentrations on late blight resistance and growth of potato plants

Potato plants (Solanum tuberosum L. cv. Indira) with high susceptibility to the late blight pathogen Phytophthora infestans were exposed for 4 weeks to two different CO₂ concentrations (400/700 ppm) combined with ambient and double ambient ozone concentrations (first experiment) and with 1/5 ambient and ambient ozone concentrations (second experiment) in climate chambers. Leaves of the potato plants were then inoculated with Phytophthora infestans zoospores. Plants from the “high CO₂” variant showed a significantly increased resistance to the pathogen, verified by visual evaluation and quantitative real-time PCR, whereas plants treated with double ambient ozone were slightly more susceptible. An increase in the constitutive activities of the PR-proteins β-1,3-glucanase and osmotin in leaves of plants exposed to 700 ppm CO₂ correlated with the increase in resistance at this CO₂-concentration. Biomass parameters were barely affected by the elevated CO₂-concentration but decreased with increasing ozone concentrations. Biochemical analyses revealed that the content of starch as well as the content of soluble sugars in leaves were highest at the double ambient ozone/700 ppm CO₂ variants pointing to an ozone-induced inhibition of assimilate allocation from leaves to tubers. Leaf C/N-ratio increased at elevated CO₂-concentrations due to a decrease in N-content. The effect of the ozone- and CO₂-induced biochemical changes on the resistance response of potato towards Phytophthora infestans is discussed.     

Cyanide-induced transition from endogenous carbohydrate to lipid oxidation as indicated by the carbon-13 content of respiratory CO2

The respiration of thin aerated discs of potato tuber tissue rises sigmoidally through 24 h. Aged disc respiration is ostensibly resistant to concentrations of cyanide which inhibit the respiration of fresh discs. It has been shown that cyanide-resistant respiration does not represent indifference to the inhibitor, but is rather due to the suppression of one respiratory carbon path and the evocation of another. The predominant respiratory carbon path of aged discs in the absence of cyanide comprises glycolysis linked to the tricarboxylic acid cycle. The carbon path mediating the cyanide-induced respiration reflects tricarboxylic acid cycle-independent lipid degradation.

The respiratory substrate at any time was deduced by comparing the ¹³C/¹²C ratio of respired CO₂, collected from discs in the presence or absence of cyanide, with the ¹³C/¹²C ratios characterizing endogenous potential metabolites. The determination of the predominant respiratory substrate in potato discs, which have an endogenous substrate reserve, proved possible because the relative concentrations of the stable carbon isotopes in endogenous compounds such as lipid and starch are widely different.     

CO_2浓度升高对水体硝化、反硝化作用的影响研究进展

大气CO_2浓度升高潜移默化地影响着水体生态系统的碳循环过程.然而,该过程如何影响与其耦合的氮循环过程仍不明确.水体硝化、反硝化过程作为水体氮循环的重要环节,必然会对大气CO_2浓度升高产生一系列的响应.本文总结了国内外关于大气CO_2浓度升高对水体理化性质、硝化作用、反硝化作用及N形态转化影响方面的研究工作,发现大气CO_2浓度升高会降低水体的p H,增加水中CO_2和HCO_3^-含量,但对富营养化与寡营养化水体中硝化、反硝化作用的影响具有明显差异.大气CO_2浓度升高抑制寡营养化水体的硝化作用和反硝化作用,降低N2_O的释放通量,抑制富营养化水体的硝化作用,但当水体pH在7～9时,可能促进反硝化作用,增加N2_O的释放通量,最终可能导致水体中NH_4^+的积累及NO_3^-浓度的降低,影响水体中微生物的多样性.在此基础上提出目前相关研究存在的瓶颈问题及值得深入探讨的科学问题,为进一步深入理解温室效应背景下全球CO_2浓度升高对水体生态系统N循环的影响提供参考.     

CO2浓度升高对水体硝化、反硝化作用的影响研究进展

大气CO₂浓度升高潜移默化地影响着水体生态系统的碳循环过程.然而,该过程如何影响与其耦合的氮循环过程仍不明确.水体硝化、反硝化过程作为水体氮循环的重要环节,必然会对大气CO₂浓度升高产生一系列的响应.本文总结了国内外关于大气CO₂浓度升高对水体理化性质、硝化作用、反硝化作用及N形态转化影响方面的研究工作,发现大气CO₂浓度升高会降低水体的pH,增加水中CO₂和HCO₃^-含量,但对富营养化与寡营养化水体中硝化、反硝化作用的影响具有明显差异.大气CO₂浓度升高抑制寡营养化水体的硝化作用和反硝化作用,降低N₂O的释放通量,抑制富营养化水体的硝化作用,但当水体pH在7~9时,可能促进反硝化作用,增加N₂O的释放通量,最终可能导致水体中NH₄⁺的积累及NO₃^-浓度的降低,影响水体中微生物的多样性.在此基础上提出目前相关研究存在的瓶颈问题及值得深入探讨的科学问题,为进一步深入理解温室效应背景下全球CO₂浓度升高对水体生态系统N循环的影响提供参考.     

An Improved Squash-Slide Freezer

Liquid CO₂ is suited to more widespread use than the solid form, through its more extensive availability and much longer “shelf-life” in storage. Earlier models of devices for freezing squash-bearing slides used a chilled metal plate, but Bowen's design (Stain Techn., 31: 87-90, 1956) allowed the CO₂ to expand below and in direct contact with the slide. In the present model, the jet of CO₂ is directed downward within an insulated chamber which holds the slide. Advantages are: economy in the use of CO₂, facilitation in handling of slides, and quiet operation. CO₂ cylinders with built-in riser pipes are recommended for use in the vertical position.     

呼伦贝尔地区贝加尔针茅草甸草原土壤CO2排放特征

采用Li-8150多通道土壤碳通量自动观测系统,于2009年6月—2010年6月对呼伦贝尔地区贝加尔针茅草甸草原土壤呼吸进行连续野外观测,分析该地区土壤CO₂通量排放特征.结果表明: 生长季内贝加尔针茅草甸草原土壤呼吸日动态呈单峰曲线,最高值出现在13:00—15:00,最低值出现在5:00—6:00,土壤呼吸呈明显的季节变化,与土壤温度和土壤含水量季节动态相吻合.土壤呼吸与各层土壤温度和土壤含水量关系可以用线性模型和指数-乘幂模型来表示;土壤呼吸与各层土壤温度呈显著的指数回归关系,Q₁₀变化范围分别为1.68～2.14和3.03～3.60,非生长季土壤温度对土壤呼吸的影响更为显著;生长季内土壤呼吸与10 cm土壤含水量呈显著正相关.2009和2010年土壤CO₂年排放量分别为488.47和507.20 g C·m^-2·a^-1,生长季排放量约占年排放量的90%.     

CO2浓度升高和不同氮肥水平下源库处理对粳稻茎鞘非结构性碳水化合物积累和转运的影响

为探究CO₂浓度升高和不同氮肥水平下源库处理对粳稻茎鞘非结构性碳水化合物(NSC)积累和转运的影响,利用开顶式气室(OTC),设置2个CO₂浓度([CO₂]):对照(背景大气,a[CO₂])和在背景大气[CO₂]基础上升高200μmol·mol^-1(e[CO₂])。以常规粳稻"南粳9108"为试验材料,在OTC内采用盆栽方式,设置低N(N1,10 g N·m^-2)、中N(N2,20 g N·m^-2)和高N(N3,30 g N·m^-2)3个施N水平。抽穗期源库改变设剪叶(LC)和疏花(SR)处理,以不处理为对照。测定并计算了抽穗期和成熟期叶片N含量、茎鞘NSC积累量(TM_NSC)、NSC表观转运量(ATMNSC)及其对籽粒产量的表观贡献率(AC_NSC)。采用方差分析、相关分析和逐步回归方法对上述观测数据进行分析。结果表明,[CO₂]升高显著降低抽穗期叶片N含量,显著促进中N水平的NSC积累。在不同[CO₂]和N水平下,SR处理均导致成熟期茎鞘TM_NSC显著升高,ATM_NSC和AC_NSC显著降低;在背景大气和不同N水平下,LC处理均显著降低成熟期TM_NSC,显著提高ATM_NSC,但[CO₂]升高下LC处理对成熟期TM_NSC和ATM_NSC均无显著影响。LC处理对籽粒产量及其构成未产生显著影响。粒叶比越高,成熟期TM_NSC和千粒重越低,ATM_NSC、AC_NSC、籽粒产量和收获指数越高。综合影响AC_NSC的因素为粒叶比、抽穗期和成熟期TM_NSC;综合影响籽粒产量的因素为粒叶比、成熟期叶片N含量和TM_NSC,这些综合影响均可用多元回归模型定量表述。     

施肥对旱地全膜覆盖垄沟种植马铃薯耗水特征及产量的影响

用化肥减量和分期施肥、增施有机肥来替代化肥是提高半干旱区全膜覆盖垄沟种植马铃薯水、肥利用效率的有效途径.在4年大田定位试验基础上,设置传统施肥(F)、化肥减量25%花期追施(DF)、化肥减量50%花期追施并增施有机肥(OF)3种养分管理模式,通过测定马铃薯不同生育期的土壤含水量和产量,计算阶段耗水量和水分利用效率,研究施肥方式对半干旱区马铃薯耗水过程的调控及其对产量和水分利用效率的影响.结果表明: 马铃薯花期的土壤贮水量DF最高,但处理间差异不显著;花后DF和OF的耗水深度较F有明显增加趋势.与F相比,2011—2014年DF花前耗水量显著下降,花后耗水量分别增加了36.2%、23.0%、24.8%和19.0%;OF未显著降低马铃薯花前耗水,但2011、2012年花后耗水量增加了20.7%和16.3%.DF的马铃薯块茎产量在2012—2014年较F平均增加2595.1 kg·hm^-2,水分利用效率(WUE)在2013、2014年分别显著增加14.4%和6.3%,达到显著差异;OF在2011—2014年平均马铃薯块茎产量较F增加了2945 kg·hm^-2,且WUE在2012—2014年显著高于F.DF和OF均能显著调节马铃薯花前花后耗水量,使马铃薯块茎产量、水分利用效率增加,但OF的增加幅度更大.     

植物光合CO2响应模型对光下(暗)呼吸速率拟合的探讨

运用LI-6400便携式光合作用系统测定了不同光强(2000、1500、1000和500 μmol·m^-2·s^-1)和两种O₂浓度(21%和2%的O₂)下冬小麦(Triticum aestivum)灌浆期旗叶的CO₂响应曲线, 比较了现有CO₂响应模型(生化模型、直角双曲线模型和直角双曲线修正模型)拟合给出光下(暗)呼吸与测量值之间的差异。结果显示, 直角双曲线修正模型所给出的光下呼吸速率拟合值与测量值最为接近。植物光合作用对大气CO₂响应(A/C_a)的拟合结果优于光合作用对胞间CO₂浓度(A/C_i)的拟合。然而, 所有模型基于A/C_a拟合的光下(暗)呼吸在整体上与测量值存在显著差异(p < 0.05), 推测与现有模型没有考虑CO₂浓度对光呼吸和光下暗呼吸速率的影响有关。对小麦的试验结果表明, CO₂浓度对光呼吸和光下暗呼吸均有显著影响: 随着CO₂浓度的增加(0-1400 μmol·mol^-1), 不同光强下的表观光呼吸变化范围分别为5.035-11.670、4.222-11.650、4.330-10.999和3.263-9.094 μmol CO_2·m^-2·s^-1; 光下暗呼吸的变化范围分别为0.491-2.987、0.457-2.955、0.545-3.139和0.448-3.139 μmol CO₂·m^-2·s^-1。回归分析发现, 表观光呼吸和光下暗呼吸与CO₂浓度之间均存在较好的相关性。然而, 将该回归关系整合到现有模型中, 是否会优化模型, 从而提高模型对相关光合参数估算的准确性尚有待于进一步研究。