The feeding activity of Colossoma macropomum larvae (tambaqui) in fishponds with water hyacinth (Eichhornia crassipes) fertilizer.

Analysis of macrophyte water hyacinth (Eichhornia crassipes) as an organic fertilizer of Colossoma macropomum (tambaqui) larvae in ponds is provided. Water hyacinth produce an organic fertilizer at the ratio of 100 g x m(-2) in tambaqui ponds. Two groups of 5,000 larvae were transferred to two fishponds with and without water hyacinth fertilizer and reared until day 43. The fertilized pond evidenced more plankton abundance during the entire production period when compared with the control pond (P < 0.001). The phytoplankton community in the pond was not significantly different than in gut contents (P > 0.05) in both ponds (with and without organic fertilizer). Fish larvae failed to show any preference or selectivity in relation to the different algae (P > 0.01) in the pond, but exhibited high ingestion selectivity for zooplankton (P < 0.05). Application of fertilizer increased (P < 0.05) the abundance of phytoplankton and zooplankton in the treatment pond. Since water hyacinth fertilizer is quite cheap and easily available, it may be conveniently used to enhance fish yield in ponds.     

Effect of the application of water hyacinth compost/vermicompost on the growth and flowering of Crossandra undulaefolia,and on several vegetables

The impact of the application of compost/vermicompost obtained from water hyacinth (Eichhornia crassipes, Mart. Solms) on plants was assessed in terms of growth and flowering of the angiosperm crossandra (Crossandra undulaefolia). Overall nine morphological, size, and yield attributes were studied in crossandra saplings raised on water hyacinth compost or vermicompost as compared to the untreated saplings. Application of vermicompost led to statistically significant improvement in the growth and flowering of crossandra compared to the untreated plants. The impact of compost was also beneficial but a little less distinct than the positive impact of vermicompost. Qualitative studies were simultaneously conducted in five kitchen gardens owned by farmers near Pondicherry. In three of these locations water hyacinth vermicompost was applied-and no other fertilizer-for months to different species of vegetables. Water hyacinth compost was similarly applied in another two locations. In all the locations no adverse effect on any of the plant species was observed. We believe these studies would help in dispelling the apprehension of farmers that compost/vermicompost obtained form a pernicious weed like water hyacinth may have deleterious effect on other plants.     

Microbial population,stability and maturity analysis of rotary drum composting of water hyacinth

Water hyacinth is a noxious aquatic weed growing over a wide variety of wetland. One of the effective methods of its treatment is rotary drum composting. Hence, microbial succession in the rotary drum composting of water hyacinth was studied along with stability and maturity. Different ratios of water hyacinth, cow dung and sawdust, i.e. 8: 1: 1, 7: 2: 1, 6: 3: 1, 5: 4: 1 and 10: 0: 0 (control), respectively, were taken. A total weight of 150 kg was maintained. Maximum degradation was observed in the trial 3 (6: 3: 1), which showed maximum temperature rise up to 56.5°C. The total mesophilic bacterial count changed from 4.73 × 10¹² to 2.5 × 10⁷ colony forming unit (CFU)/g compost during the composting period. Spore forming population reached the highest count of 3.3 × 10¹⁰ CFU/g in the thermophilic phase of composting. Actinomycetes, streptomycetes and fungi counts decreased to about 2.4 × 10⁷ CFU/g, 6.5×10⁵ CFU/g and 6.79 × 10⁵ CFU/g, respectively, at the end of composting period. A maximum reduction of 78.7% in oxygen uptake rate and 90.6% in CO₂ evolution rate was observed. This showed the highest stability of the compost sample. But the maximum volatile solids reduction of 45.9% signified the high content of recalcitrant lignocellulosic material. Indicator organisms were reduced to acceptable standards of sanitation.     

苏南地区稻麦轮作系统对不同有机无机复混肥的响应

通过田间试验,研究了苏南地区2006-2007年稻麦轮作体系下,施用菜粕堆肥有机无机复混肥(RCC)、猪粪堆肥有机无机复混肥(PMC)、中药渣堆肥有机无机复混肥(CMC)和化肥(CF)对小麦和水稻;产量及氮素利用率的影响.结果表明:各施肥处理的小麦和水稻产量均显著高于对照;RCC、PMC和CMC处理的小麦产量分别比化肥处理(6760 kg·hm-2)减少了13.1％、32.2％和39.3％;而不同有机无机复混肥处理的水稻产量(8504～9449 kg·hm-2)则显著高于化肥处理(7919 kg·hm-2),增产率达7.4％～19.3％.在小麦季,RCC、PMC和CMC处理的地上部干物质量、氮素积累量、氮素利用率普遍低于化肥处理,而水稻季则显著高于化肥处理或与之相当.综上,在苏南稻麦轮作体系下,3种有机无机复混肥均能提高水稻产量及氮素利用率,其中菜粕堆肥处理提高效果最为显著.     

Effectiveness of prostaglandin F2alpha in the initial treatment of bovine ovarian cysts

This study was conducted to evaluate the use of prostaglandin F2alpha (PGF2alpha) in the initial treatment of ovarian cysts in dairy cattle. Two hundred and sixty three cows diagnosed cystic on palpation per rectum were randomly assigned to one of three treatment groups (A, B or C). Cows in Groups A and B were treated with 25 mg i.m.of PGF2alpha at the time of diagnosis (Day 0), while cows in Group C received 100 mug of GnRH. Seven days following initial treatment (Day 7), cows from Group A that were not observed in estrus were treated with GnRH. Cows from Groups B and C were not treated. On Day 14, all cows that had not been inseminated received PGF2alpha. A blood sample was obtained from all cows on Days 0, 7 and 14 and was analyzed for progesterone (P4) using radioimmunoassay. Incidences of estrus were recorded and cows that were more than 60 d in milk at the time of diagnosis were bred when observed in estrus. The incidence of follicular cysts on Day 0 (as defined as P4 <0.5 ng/ml) was similar between groups and constituted about 40% of all cysts. There were significantly more cows pregnant to insemination within 7 d of initial treatment in Group B than in Groups A and C (P<0.05). After Day 14, the pregnancy rate was not statistically different between Group B and C, but Groups B and C had a statistically higher pregnancy rate than Group A from Day 21 to Day 35. At the end of the study, there was no statistical difference for the pregnancy rate between groups. We concluded that treatment of ovarian cysts diagnosed by per rectum examination with prostaglandin (at time of diagnosis and 14 d later for cows that were not inseminated) was as effective as initial treatment with GnRH followed by prostaglandins 14 d later for cows that were not inseminated previously. Cows that were initially treated with prostaglandins also tended to become pregnant sooner.     

Chemical and biological changes during composting of different organic wastes and assessment of compost maturity

Changes in organic C, total N, C:N ratio, activities of cellulase, xylanase and protease, and microbial population were determined during composting of different organic wastes such as mixture of sugarcane trash and cattle dung, press mud, poultry waste and water hyacinth biomass. There were losses of N in poultry waste and water hyacinth with the effect an initial increase in C:N ratio was observed which decreased later on due to decomposition. The activities of cellulase, xylanase and protease were maximum between 30 and 60 days of composting in various wastes. Similar trend was observed with respect to mesophilic bacterial and fungal population. Various quality parameters like C:N ratio, water soluble C (WSC), CO(2) evolution and level of humic substances were compared after 90 day composting. There was statistically significant correlation between C:N ratio and CO(2) evolution, WSC and humic substances. Significant correlation between CO(2) evolved and level of humic substances was also observed. The study shows that no single parameter can be taken as an index of compost maturity. However, C:N ratio and CO(2) evolved from finished compost can be taken as the most reliable indices of compost maturity.     

Sulphate uptake and metabolism in water hyacinth and salvinia during cadmium stress

Water hyacinth (Eichhornia crassipes (Mart.) Solms) and salvinia (Salvinia auriculata Aubl.) were exposed to toxic levels of Cd with the objective of evaluating its effect on sulphate uptake and metabolism. Plants were treated with 0 and 5 μmol L⁻¹ Cd for 3 days and, then sulphate uptake, ATP sulfurylase activity, soluble thiol content and Cd-binding complexes were determined. Water hyacinth showed a lower sulphate uptake, but its kinetic parameters were not affected by Cd. In salvinia, however, both V_max and affinity to sulphate (1/K_m) decreased with Cd treatment. The ATP sulfurylase activity increased in Cd-treated plant of both species, except in the roots of salvinia. In the presence of Cd water hyacinth always exhibited higher activity of this enzyme. The total soluble thiol content was always higher in water hyacinth. In Cd treated plants it increased in the leaves of water hyacinth, but decreased in salvinia. Cysteine content increased only in water hyacinth leaves, while γ-glutamylcysteine content increased in the two parts of the plants of both species after Cd treatment, especially in water hyacinth. Glutathione contents, on the contrary, after Cd treatment, reduced in both parts of the plants of water hyacinth but only in the leaves of salvinia. The unidentified thiol fraction content increased with Cd treatment in both species, especially in water hyacinth. Root and leaf extracts of both species showed peaks with maxima at A₂₆₅/A₂₈₀. In treated plants these peaks coincided with Cd content peaks indicating the formation of Cd-binding peptides. It was estimated that in the presence of Cd about 97% of Cd was associated with these complexes and water hyacinth had 28% more Cd-binding peptides than salvinia. Despite its lower sulphate uptake, water hyacinth showed higher rates of sulfur reduction and assimilation into soluble thiols. Possibly, glutathione is used in water hyacinth roots to synthesize hitherto unidentified Cd-binding peptides.     

曲美布汀联合双歧三联活菌胶囊治疗肠易激综合征

目的观察曲美布汀联合双歧三联活菌胶囊治疗肠易激综合征的临床疗效。方法将83例肠易激综合征患者随机分为A、B、C三组,A组40例给予曲美布汀联合双歧三联活菌胶囊治疗,B组24例单用曲美布汀治疗,C组19例单用双歧三联活菌胶囊治疗,疗程4周后,观察各组疗效和不良反应。结果A、B、C三组的总有效率分别为92.5%、75.0%和68.4%,三组疗效比较,差异有显著性(P<0.05)。A组疗效优于B组和C组(P<0.05),B组和C组疗效差异无显著性(P>0.05)。治疗中A组和B组出现不良反应,C组未发现不良反应,但各组差异无显著性(P>0.05)。结论曲美布汀联合双歧三联活菌胶囊治疗肠易激综合征能达到了满意的疗效,两药联合治疗效果要优于单用曲美布汀或双歧三联活菌胶囊的治疗效果。     

Culture of rotifers with reference to some physico-chemical properties of water in nursery pond

Rotifers were cultured with five different organic and inorganic fertilizers in nursery ponds. Of the fertilizers used, mustard oil cake gave significantly (p < 0.01) higher production of rotifers than that of mohua oil cake followed by cow-dung, wheat bran, mixture of NPK and control. The higher production of rotifers was directly related with the higher doses of fertilizers. Among the rotifer species identified, the abundance of Brachionus caudatus and B. forficula were significantly (p < 0.01) higher than others. Available N, available P, exchangeable K and exchangeable Ca and exchangeable Mg were generally higher in ponds where organic fertilizers were used. Proximate composition of rotifers varied depending on the kinds of fertilizers. The multiple correlations of physico-chemical properties were highly significant (p < 0.01) with the growth and production of B. caudatus (R = 0.995), B. forficula (R = 0.932), Trichocerca capucina (R = 0.917), B. patulus (R = 0.901) and B. angularis (R = 0.892) and simply significant (p < 0.05) in the case of Keratella tropica (R = 0.880), Hexarthra intermadia (R = 0.875), B. calyciflorus (R = 0.864) and Filinia spp. (R = 0.856) contributing 91.20%, 86.86%, 84.09%, 81.18%, 79.57%, 77.44%, 76.56%, 74.65% and 73.27% of total effect of water properties on the growth of these species, respectively. The residual effect of nine different physico-chemical properties of water on the production of rotifers was 78.92% which indicates that these properties of water had only 21.08% influence on the production of rotifers.     

Improvement of antioxidant and defense properties of Tomato (var. Pusa Rohini) by application of bioaugmented compost

Nutrient management practices play a significant role in improving the nutritional quality of tomato. The present study deals with the evaluation of compost prepared using Effective Microorganisms (EM), on antioxidant and defense enzyme activities of Tomato (Lycopersicon esculentum). A field experiment with five treatments (control, chemical fertilizer and EM compost alone and in combination) was conducted in randomized block design. An increment of 31.83% in tomato yield was recorded with the combined use of EM compost and half recommended dose of chemical fertilizers (N₅₀P₃₀K₂₅ + EM compost at the rate of 5 t ha⁻¹). Similarly, fruit quality was improved in terms of lycopene content (35.52%), antioxidant activity (24–63%) and defense enzymes activity (11–54%), in tomatoes in this treatment as compared to the application of recommended dose of fertilizers. Soil microbiological parameters also exhibited an increase of 7–31% in the enzyme activities in this treatment. Significant correlation among fruit quality parameters with soil microbiological activities reveals the positive impact of EM compost which may be adopted as an eco-friendly strategy for production of high quality edible products.     

金双歧联合四联疗法对幽门螺杆菌感染的治疗

目的观察金双歧联合四联疗法根除幽门螺杆菌(H.pylori)的临床疗效。方法选取福建省立金山医院南院2015年8月1日至2017年8月1日300例H.pylori感染患者,随机分为A组(50例,采用雷贝拉唑、枸橼酸铋钾、克拉霉素和阿莫西林治疗)、B组(50例,在A组基础上联用金双歧治疗)、C组(50例,采用雷贝拉唑、枸橼酸铋钾、阿莫西林和呋喃唑酮治疗)、D组(50例,在C组基础上联用金双歧治疗)、E组(50例,采用雷贝拉唑、枸橼酸铋钾、呋喃唑酮和四环素治疗)、F组(50例,在E组基础上联用金双歧治疗)。观察各组患者的临床疗效及不良反应。结果 A、B、C、D、E和F组患者的H.pylori根除率按PP分析分别为81.4%、95.7%、82.2%、95.8%、97.9%和97.9%,而各组患者H.pylori根除率按ITT分析分别为70.0%、88.0%、74.0%、92.0%、92.0%和94.0%,A组和B组,C组和D组H.pylori根除率的PP分析和ITT分析比较差异有统计学意义(P0.05);E组和F组根除率的PP分析和ITT分析比较差异无统计学意义(P0.05)。A、B、C、D、E和F组的总不良反应率分别为30.2%、10.9%、31.1%、10.4%、53.2%和22.9%,其中A组和B组,C组和D组,E组和F组总不良反应率差异均有统计学意义(P0.05)。结论金双歧联合四联疗法可提高H.pylori根除率,减少患者不良反应,可推荐用于H.pylori感染患者的根除治疗。     

Performance of constructed wetlands in the reduction of cadmium in a sewage treatment cum fish farm at Kalyani, West Bengal, India

The distribution pattern of cadmium was investigated in waste stabilization ponds designed for three-step sewage treatment processes. The overall mean concentration of cadmium in water and sludge was reduced by 30% and 33%, respectively, from the inlet of the anaerobic pond to the final outlet of the maturation pond. The level of cadmium in water hyacinth, plankton and fish remained higher in all the samples collected from the anaerobic or facultative pond compared to the last maturation pond. It may be reasonable to conclude that three-step ecological treatments accompanied by physical, chemical and biological processes of the waste stabilization ponds were effective in reducing the load of cadmium from sewage effluents.     

有机肥和无机肥对稻田养分循环的影响

一、引言研究养分在农田生态系统中的循环,是农业生态学的重要内容之一。对有机肥和无机肥肥效及其对农作物产量的影响曾有过不少研究。虽然大量研究表明有机肥对水稻产量的作用与化肥一样有效,甚至更好,也有许多试验,尤其是一些长期对比试验表明有机肥对作物产量的作用不及化肥,只是使用有机肥的试验小区有很长的残效,连续使用20年家畜肥的小区停肥40年后,大麦产量仍为对照化肥小     

Effect of carbide sludge (lime) on bioavailability and leachability of heavy metals during rotary drum composting of water hyacinth

Abstract

The bioavailability and leachability of heavy metals play a major role in the toxicity of heavy metals in the compost applied for soil conditioning. A rotary drum composter was used for the study of heavy metal bioavailability and leachability during water hyacinth composting with a mixture of cattle manure, sawdust and lime. Lime was added in 1, 2 and 3% to the mixture of water hyacinth, cattle manure and sawdust at a ratio of 6:3:1 respectively. Influences of physico-chemical parameters on heavy metal bioavailability and leachability were studied during the process. The bioavailability of heavy metals solubility and diethylene triamine penta-acetic acid extractability was examined. The toxicity characteristics leaching procedure (TCLP) test was performed for assessing the hazardous properties of compost. The nutrients and the total concentration of heavy metals were increased during the composting process. The lime was very effective in reducing water solubility, plant availability and leachability of the selected heavy metals (Zn, Cu, Mn, Fe, Ni, Pb, Cd and Cr) during the process. The addition of lime provided a buffer against the decrease in pH and a sufficient amount of Ca that would improve the metabolic activity during composting. The addition of an excess amount of lime slowed the metabolic activity of the microbes due to its high alkalinity. The TCLP test confirms that the heavy metals concentrations in the control and in the lime-amended compost were below the threshold limits.     

Update on the treatment and prevention of ocular thelaziosis (Thelazia callipaeda) in naturally infected dogs from Spain

This study examines the therapeutic and year-round prophylactic efficacy of different formulations used in dogs in three Spanish areas where canine thelaziosis is endemic. The study was conducted as a Good Clinical Practice, multicentre, randomised field study in privately owned outdoor dogs naturally infected with Thelazia callipaeda. The active pharmaceutical ingredients tested were: an oral formulation of milbemycin oxime 12.5 mg combined with praziquantel 125 mg (A), a subcutaneous sustained-release formulation of moxidectin 10 g (B), a moxidectin 2.5% weight/volume (w/v) spot-on formulation combined with imidacloprid 10% w/v (C), and an eye drop formulation (6 µg) of ivermectin 10 mg/ml diluted 10% in propylene glycol (D). Infected dogs were randomly allocated to treatment Groups A, B, C and D. Dogs testing negative for T. callipaeda inspection in two visits (Day 7/Day 14 and D30) were enrolled in the prophylaxis trial and reallocated to the corresponding study group (A, B, C or D). Treatment efficacy ranged from 70.4% recorded in Group A 1 week after treatment, to 100% recorded in Group C on Day 30 and in Group B on Day 60. Treatment was more efficacious in Group D (85.7% 1 week after treatment) than A, but was never 100% efficacious as in Groups B and C. Year-round prophylactic efficacy was 83.3% in Group A, 100% in Group B, 93.5% in Group C and 87.5% in Group D. In conclusion, products containing moxidectin were highly efficacious both in treating and preventing canine thelaziosis. Milbemycin also emerged as a good option. However, the off-label use of topical or subcutaneous ivermectin should be avoided due to possible adverse reactions such as pruritus, irritation or redness. In endemic areas, monthly prophylaxis to limit the spread of T. callipaeda to new areas across Europe and reduce zoonotic risks is essential.     

Assessing the agronomic and environmental effects of the application of cattle manure compost on soil by multivariate methods

Multivariate analysis was used for interpreting data from a pot experiment using samples of three Spanish soils. Samples of soil fertilized with compost were compared with untreated control samples. We also compared the effect of adding the compost to soil with a controlled moisture content of 50% of its water holding capacity (WHC), and to a near-saturated soil (95% WHC). Hierarchical cluster analysis (HCA) and principal component analysis (PCA) were used; they perfectly differentiated sample groups both as a function of the treatment applied and by sampling date. The compost samples were characterized by higher pH, electrical conductivity (EC), organic matter (OM) content and cation exchange capacity (CEC), together with nutrient concentrations than the control pots. The pots with a soil–compost mixture at 95% WHC presented lower values of EC, CEC, inorganic N, K, Na and B than the mixtures at 50% WHC. Multivariate methods may therefore be useful for the analysis and interpretation of a large number of data in soil research.     

Growth of water hyacinth (Eichhornia crassipes (Mart.) Solms) in the middle Paraná River (Argentina)

The productivity of water hyacinth in the middle Paraná River was measured at three initial biomass levels by means of periodic harvesting of plants contained in 2 m² floating baskets. The measuring period extended between August 1981 and July 1982. Initial biomass densities were 2, 5 and 10 kg (fw) m^–2.Compared with inner island ponds, flowing waters connected to the main river showed better conditions for water hyacinth growth. The duration of the growth period was some 30% longer than in island ponds, probably due to the relatively warmer river waters. Productivity ranged between 108 and 164 g (fw) m ^–2 d^–1 (annual average) for the lower and higher initial biomass values, respectively.     

酪酸梭菌活菌胶囊治疗慢性末端回肠炎疗效评价

目的观察和评价酪酸梭菌活菌胶囊(商品名:阿泰宁)治疗慢性末端回肠炎的临床疗效。方法采用随机对照研究方法,将入组患者随机分为酪酸梭菌联合甲硝唑组、酪酸梭菌组和甲硝唑组,进行治疗,疗程均为4周。治疗期间观察患者的症状、体征及肠镜下变化,治疗结束后评价药物的疗效。结果酪酸梭菌联合甲硝唑组和酪酸梭菌组总有效率分别为97.5%(39/40)和95%(19/20),且治疗中未见不良反应或副作用。酪酸梭菌联合甲硝唑组和酪酸梭菌组总有效率都高于单用甲硝唑组(P<0.01),酪酸梭菌联合甲硝唑组和酪酸梭菌组之间差异无统计学意义(P>0.05)。结论酪酸梭菌活菌胶囊是治疗慢性末端回肠炎的一种安全有效的微生态药品,其疗效优于单用甲硝唑。     

Integrated vermi-pisciculture--an alternative option for recycling of solid municipal waste in rural India

Vermicomposts as a biofertilizer can be a great option for pond manuring as they never cause any long term harm to the soil like chemical fertilizer. In this study vegetable and horticulture waste was used as an important media for vermiculture. Three separate cemented tanks (6 m(3) each) were used in the system as control tank, vermicompost fertilized tank and inorganic fertilizer manured tank. Monoculture of fish was carried out with cat fish, Clarias batrachus. The produced earthworms were used as fish feed. Regular monitoring of water parameter was conducted in three different ponds. Specifically, the algal biomass variation was quite helpful in analyzing the behavior of the ponds. NPK value of soil samples were analyzed intermittently to know the eutrophication level. Despite the hot summer temperature in northern part of India, which is not ideal for fish growth, we have recorded an encouraging growth performance in organic manured pond along with inorganic fertilizer treated and control pond. Among eutrophicated pond, the fish biomass from vermicompost fed pond showed an increasing trend compared to inorganic fertilizer treated pond. Water retention capacity of vermicompost pond soil was better in comparison to other ponds. Result shows that the low cost model by integrating two production system vermiculture and pisciculture could be a commercially and environmentally viable option.     

单侧外固定架对胫腓骨严重开放性骨折的临床疗效

目的:探讨单侧外固定架对不同部位胫腓骨严重开放性骨折的临床治疗效果及关节恢复功能情况。方法:回顾性分析我院自2013年1月至2015年1月共收治胫腓骨严重开放骨折行单侧外固定术治疗患者,根据骨折部位的不同将所有病例分为三组,A组12例,为胫腓骨近端骨折或波及膝关节,固定时需要跨膝关节固定,B组30例,为胫腓骨中段骨折,固定时不跨关节,C组18例,为胫腓骨远端骨折或波及踝关节,固定时需跨踝关节固定。分别对其进行单侧外固定架手术治疗,术后对所有患者骨折愈合情况及膝、踝关节活动度统计,对比观察各组手术疗效。结果:所有手术均获得成功,无不良事件发生,A组下肢功能优良率为83.3%;B组为96.7%;C组为83.3%。下肢功能恢复情况B组与A、C组相比差异具有统计学意义(P0.05),A组与C组相比差异无统计学意义(P0.05)。A组膝、踝关节功能恢复优良率分别为膝66.7%,踝91.7%;B组为膝93.3%,踝96.7%;C组为膝94.4%,踝72.2%。膝关节功能恢复情况A组与B、C组相比差异具有统计学意义(P0.05),B组与C组相比差异无统计学意义(P0.05)。踝关节功能恢复情况C组与A、B组相比差异具有统计学意义(P0.05),A组与B组相比差异无统计学意义(P0.05)。结论:单侧外固定架对不同部位胫腓骨严重开放性骨折的治疗效果良好,关节恢复情况满意,值得临床推广。