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1.
Nicholas De Genova 《Dialectical Anthropology》2010,34(2):249-272
Workplace training offers a distinctly explicit and uniquely articulate site for the ethnography of the capital–labor relation as an ideological phenomenon, where the everyday work of hegemony is shown to be deeply grounded in the everyday hegemony of work. In this ethnographic account of a factory classroom devoted to introducing production workers to the precepts of Total Quality Management and training them in Statistical Process Control, the neoliberal reform of the labor process—which sought to accomplish a class decomposition of the company’s workforce in favor of an individualizing regime of workers’ personal responsibility and accountability for various quality control operations—repeatedly provoked the company’s Latino workers into angry and vociferous expressions of antagonism to management. Indeed, insofar as the management’s efforts to reform labor by decomposing the workforce as a class formation merely intensified the prevailing preconditions of their racial formation, they thereby only exacerbated anew the Latino workers’ antagonism as workers to the terms of their subordination. Thus, the generic (ostensibly race-neutral) reform of the labor process initiated under the aegis of “Total Quality Management” implicated the presumed management of “quality” in a concomitant reconfiguration of what was, effectively, a contemporary regime of racial management. 相似文献
2.
Gilligan’s (1982) refinement of Kohlberg’s theory on moral development operates on two theses: (1) females, more so than males,
reach moral decisions based on the personalities of the relevant individuals; and (2) female behaviors stemming from moral
decisions are based upon “care” and “responsibility for others.” This article accepts the first thesis but argues that the
second is incorrect. That is, self-interest—i.e., aiding “blood” kin and/or carefully monitoring reciprocity—rather than “altruism”
is argued to be the operant dynamic in forging distaff morality and resultant behavior. Six empirical examples are presented
as contraindicative of Gilligan’s second thesis. Finally, it is suggested that selection for the psychological traits of independence
and the mastery of subtle social chess yielded ancestral females who had more descendants—us—than did females with alternative
profiles.
Nancy S. Coney is a professor at Western Illinois University and is interested in both clinical and nonclinical aspects of
women’s psychology.
Wade C. Mackey is interested in biocultural anthropology and has authored two books on fathering:Fathering Behaviors (Plenum, 1995) andThe American Father (Plenum, 1996). 相似文献
3.
Hall NS 《Journal of the history of biology》2007,40(2):295-325
The requirement of randomization in experimental design was first stated by R. A. Fisher, statistician and geneticist, in
1925 in his book Statistical Methods for Research Workers. Earlier designs were systematic and involved the judgment of the experimenter; this led to possible bias and inaccurate interpretation
of the data. Fisher’s dictum was that randomization eliminates bias and permits a valid test of significance. Randomization
in experimenting had been used by Charles Sanders Peirce in 1885 but the practice was not continued. Fisher developed his
concepts of randomizing as he considered the mathematics of small samples, in discussions with “Student,” William Sealy Gosset.
Fisher published extensively. His principles of experimental design were spread worldwide by the many “voluntary workers”
who came from other institutions to Rothamsted Agricultural Station in England to learn Fisher’s methods. 相似文献
4.
Niles Eldredge 《Evolution》2009,2(1):35-54
Detailed analysis of Darwin’s scientific notes and other writings from the Beagle voyage reveals a focus on endemism and replacement of allied taxa in time and in space that began early in the journey. Though
it is impossible to determine exactly when Darwin became a transmutationist, the evidence suggests that he was conversant
with the transmutational ideas of Lamarck and others and testing (“experimenting” with) them—before he received a copy of
Lyell’s Principles of Geology, vol. 2, in November 1832, in which Lyell describes and disputes Lamarck’s theory. To the two rhea species of Patagonia and
the four mockingbird species of the Galapagos, we can now add the living Patagonian cavy (rodent) species, and its extinct
putatively related species that Darwin collected at Monte Hermoso (Bahia Blanca) in the Fall of 1832, as a replacement pattern
absolutely critical to the development of Darwin’s transmutational thinking. Darwin developed his first transmutational theory
by adopting “Brocchi’s analogy” (Rudwick 2008)—i.e. that births and deaths of species are analogous to the births and deaths
of individuals. Births and deaths of species, as of individuals, are thus explicable in terms of natural causes. Darwin explored
these themes and the replacement of the extinct cavy by the modern species explicitly in his February 1835 essay (Darwin 1835a).
相似文献
Niles EldredgeEmail: |
5.
Victoria N. Alexander 《Biosemiotics》2009,2(1):77-100
Hackles have been raised in biosemiotic circles by T. L. Short’s assertion that semiosis, as defined by Peirce, entails “acting
for purposes” and therefore is not found below the level of the organism (2007a:174–177). This paper examines Short’s teleology and theory of purposeful behavior and offers a remedy to the disagreement.
Remediation becomes possible when the issue is reframed in the terms of the complexity sciences, which allows intentionality
to be understood as the interplay between local and global aspects of a system within a system. What is called “acting for
purposes” is not itself a type of behavior so much as a relationship between a dynamic system that “exists for a purpose”
and its microprocesses that “serve purposes.” The “intentional object” of philosophy is recast here as the holistic self-organized
dynamics of a system, which exists for the purpose of self-maintenance, and that constrains the parts’ behaviors, which serve
the purpose of forming the system. (A “system” can be any emergent, e.g. an abiotic form, an adapted species, a self, a conditioned response, thought, or a set of ideas.) The self-organized whole,
which is represented to the parts in their own constrained behaviors, assumes the guiding function so long attributed to the
mysterious “intentional object.” If emergent self-causation is not disallowed, creative originality, as well as directionality, becomes part of the definition of purposeful behavior. Thus, key tools used here, required for understanding emergence, come
from poetics rather than semoitics. In the microprocesses of self-organization, I find what I call “accidental” indices and
icons — which are poetic in the sense that they involve mere metonymic contiguity and metaphoric similarity — and which are
preferentially selected under constrained conditions allowing radically new connections to habituate into an “intentional”
self-organized system that, not coincidentally, has some of the emergent characteristics of a conventional symbolic system.
相似文献
Victoria N. AlexanderEmail: |
6.
Jeffrey H. Schwartz 《Primates; journal of primatology》1983,24(2):231-240
Although most mammals develop relatively large double anterior palatine fenestrae that patently communicate with the nasal
cavity, four extant primates—Homo sapiens, Pongo, Pan andGorilla—do not. While these four have closed-down these foramenal structures,Homo sapiens andPongo are unique in forming a single foramen palatally. Among fossil taxa,Homo, Australopithecus, Sivapithecus (=Ramapithecus) andRudapithecus also develop a single foramen palatally. Dryopithecines, the presumed fossil apes, preserve the two patent fenestrae. In
light of dental features that are considered diagnostically “hominid,” which are also found in the orangutan, it is suggested
that this “ape,” rather thanPan, is phylogenetically closer toHomo. 相似文献
7.
8.
Haïtham Sghaier Issay Narumi Katsuya Satoh Hirofumi Ohba Hiroshi Mitomo 《Theorie in den Biowissenschaften》2007,126(1):43-45
All theories related to the evolution of Deinococcus radiodurans have a common denominator: the strong positive correlation between ionizing-radiation resistance and desiccation tolerance.
Currently, the widespread hypothesis is that D. radiodurans’ ionizing-radiation resistance is a consequence of this organism’s adaptation to desiccation (desiccation adaptation hypothesis).
Here, we draw attention to major discrepancy that has emerged between the “desiccation adaptation hypothesis” and recent findings
in computational biology, experimental research, and terrestrial subsurface surveys. We explain why the alternative hypothesis,
suggesting that D. radiodurans’ desiccation tolerance could be a consequence of this organism’s adaptation to ionizing radiation (radiation adaptation hypothesis),
should be considered on equal basis with the “desiccation adaptation hypothesis”. 相似文献
9.
The vast network of Drosophila geneticists spawned by Thomas Hunt Morgan’s fly room in the early 20th century has justifiably received a significant amount
of scholarly attention. However, most accounts of the history of Drosophila genetics focus heavily on the “boss and the boys,” rather than the many other laboratory groups which also included large
numbers of women. Using demographic information extracted from the Drosophila Information Service directories from 1934 to 1970, we offer a profile of the gendered division of labor within Drosophila genetics in the United States during the middle decades of the 20th century. Our analysis of the gendered division of labor
supports a reconsideration of laboratory practices as different forms of work. 相似文献
10.
Christopher J. Manganiello 《Journal of the history of biology》2009,42(2):325-359
This article details the complex natural and cultural history of red wolf (Canis rufus) restoration in the American South. The decisions and methods utilized in the red wolf’s recovery after 1960 were unprecedented
and creative but not geographically limited. The federal red wolf recovery experiment highlights the debate over what constitutes
a species in a dynamic world, and the practical challenges and unexpected results in endangered species management in peopled
landscapes. This wildlife restoration story illustrates not only the “hands-on” management role humans played, and continue
to play, but also reveals cultural assumptions about what constitutes a “wild” wolf and about the necessity of wilderness.
The red wolf recovery project provides constructive lessons for future species restoration involving flora and fauna on public
and private land, and demonstrates human and animal engagement in the making of nature and culture. 相似文献
11.
Summary The shallow marine subtropical Northern Bay of Safaga is composed of a complex pattern of sedimentary facies that are generally
rich in molluscs. Thirteen divertaken bulk-samples from various sites (reef slopes, sand between coral patches, muddy sand,
mud, sandy seagrass, muddy seagrass, mangrove channel) at water depths ranging from shallow subtidal to 40m were investigated
with regard to their mollusc fauna >1mm, which was separated into fragments and whole individuals.
Fragments make up more than 88% of the total mollusc remains of the samples, and their proportions correspond to characteristics
of the sedimentary facies. The whole individuals were differentiated into 622 taxa. The most common taxon,Rissoina cerithiiformis, represented more than 5% of the total mollusc content in the samples. The main part of the fauna consists of micromolluscs,
including both small adults and juveniles. Based on the results of cluster-, correspondence-, and factor analyses the fauna
was grouped into several associations, each characterizing a sedimentary facies: (1) “Rhinoclavis sordidula—Corbula erythraeensis-Pseudominolia nedyma association” characterizes mud. (2) “Microcirce sp.—Leptomyaria sp. association” characterizes muddy sand. (3)”Smaragdia spp.-Perrinia stellata—Anachis exilis—assemblage” characterizes sandy seagrass. (4) “Crenella striatissima—Rastafaria calypso—Cardiates-assemblage” characterizes muddy seagrass. (5) “Glycymeris spp.-Parvicardium sueziensis-Diala spp.-assemblage” characterizes sand between coral patches. (6) “Rissoina spp.-Triphoridae —Ostreoidea-assemblage” characterizes reef slopes. (7) “Potamides conicus—Siphonaria sp. 2—assemblage” characterizes the mangrove.
The seagrass fauna is related to those of sand between coral patches and reef slopes with respect to gastropod assemblages,
numbers of taxa and diversity indices, and to the muddy sand fauna on the basis of bivalve assemblages and feeding strategies
of bivalves. The mangrove assemblage is related to those of sand between coral patches and the reef slope with respect to
taxonomic composition and feeding strategies of bivalves, but has a strong relationship to those of the fine-grained sediments
when considering diversity indices. Reef slope assemblages are closely related to that of sand between coral patches in all
respects, except life habits of bivalves, which distincly separates the reef slope facies from all others. 相似文献
12.
The Laptev Sea still ranks among the less known regions of the world’s ocean. Here, we describe the distribution and composition of macrobenthic communities of the eastern shelf and identify key environmental control factors. Samples were collected from dredge catches carried out at 11 stations at depths between 17 and 44 m in August/September 1993 during the TRANSDRIFT I cruise of the Russian R/V “Ivan Kireev.” A total of 265 species were identified from the samples, mostly crustaceans (94). Species numbers per station ranged from 30 to 104. Macrobenthic community distribution clearly showed a depth zonation, consisting of a “Shallow” zone (<20 m), dominated by the crustaceans Mysis oculata (Mysidacea) and Saduria entomon (Isopoda) as well as molluscs, an “Intermediate” zone (20–30 m), characterised by a clear dominance of the bivalve Portlandia arctica, and a “Deep” zone (>30 m) with bivalves P. arctica and Nuculoma bellotii as well as brittle stars Ophiocten sericeum and Ophiura sarsi being most abundant. According to a correlation analysis between faunal and environmental data a combination of duration of ice cover and water depth, respectively, showed the highest affinity to macrobenthic distribution. We conclude that the food input to the benthos, which is largely related to ice-cover regime, and the stress due to the pronounced seasonal salinity variability, which is primarily related to water depth, are prime determinants of macrobenthic community distribution and major causes of the prominent depth zonation in the Laptev Sea. Within the depth zones, sediment composition seems to be most significant in controlling the patterns in the distribution of the benthic fauna. 相似文献
13.
The chemical composition of secretions from opisthonotal (oil) glands in four species of the oribatid mite genus Oribotritia (Mixonomata, Euphthiracaroidea, Oribotritiidae) was compared by means of gas chromatography—mass spectrometry. The secretions
of all, O. banksi (from North America) and three Austrian oribotritiids (O. berlesei, O. hermanni, O. storkani), are shown to be based on certain unusual compounds, the iridoid monoterpenes chrysomelidial and epi-chrysomelidial and
the diterpene β-springene. These components probably represent general chemical characteristics of oribotriid oil glands.
Their relative abundance in the secretions along with further components (mainly saturated and unsaturated C13-, C15-, C17-hydrocarbons, and the tentatively identified octadecadienal) led to well-distinguishable, species-specific oil gland secretions
profiles. In addition a reduced set of “Astigmata compounds” (sensu Sakata and Norton in Int J Acarol 27:281–291, 2001)—namely the two monoterpenes neral and geranial—could be detected in extracts of O. banksi nevertheless indicating the classification of euphthiracaroids within the (monophyletic) group of “Astigmata compounds-bearing”-Oribatida.
These compounds are considered to be apomorphically reduced in all Austrian species. Our findings emphasize the potential
of chemosystematics using oil gland secretion profiles in the discrimination of morphologically very similar, syntopically
living or even cryptic oribatid species. 相似文献
14.
Kalman Applbaum 《Culture, medicine and psychiatry》2009,33(2):185-215
In this paper, I analyze documentary evidence from a pharmaceutical company’s strategic marketing campaign to expand the sale
of an antipsychotic medication beyond its conventional market. I focus on the role of the managerial function known as channel
marketing, the task of which is to minimize friction, achieve coordination and add value in the distribution of the company’s
products. However, the path to achieving these objectives is challenged because members of the marketing channel, or intermediaries,
may not be contractual members of the channel; in fact they may have widely divergent goals or may even be hostile to the
manufacturer’s efforts at control. This can be construed to be the case for physicians and others who are in the pharmaceutical
manufacturer’s distribution channel but not of it. Their views and actions must somehow be brought into alignment with the
manufacturer’s goals. This paper seeks to show part of the process from the manufacturer’s strategic standpoint, in which
potential dissenters are incorporated into the pharmaceutical company distribution channel. The routinization of this incorporation
results in the diminishment of psychiatry’s professional autonomy by means of what is—paradoxically to them, but not to a
student of marketing—a competitive threat. The paper concludes with a discussion of corporate power.
相似文献
Kalman ApplbaumEmail: |
15.
Nationalization and Globalization Trends in the Wild Mushroom Commerce of Italy with Emphasis on Porcini (
Boletus edulis
and Allied Species). This paper presents an historical overview of wild mushroom commerce in Italy, with a focus on recent trends in the production
of porcini (Boletus edulis and closely allied species). Over the past century, two major trends—nationalization and globalization—have been apparent
in the wild mushroom commerce of Italy. First, a simplified national mushroom menu has emerged through processes of governmental
regulation and culinary fashion, but it has come at the expense of differing, localized mushroom traditions which may suffer
under the European Union’s free trade principles. Second, Italy has emerged as a focal point of a global market for a small
number of mushroom species—particular porcini. While the name porcini has become synonymous with Italian cuisine, and in spite
of a vibrant tradition of recreational mushroom collecting in Italy, most of the porcini commercially available in Italy or
exported by Italy are no longer of Italian origin. Porcini and other mushrooms now flow into Italy from all over the world—especially
from China and eastern Europe—and are then often exported as “Italian porcini.” This globalization of the wild mushroom trade,
while offering significant income to rural producers and processors around the globe, has other effects as well, for example,
a kind of national branding as “Italian” of globally-produced products, of which porcini is one, that is in direct opposition
to some of the European Union’s rules for regional denominations.
Processi di Nazionalizzazione e Globalizzazione nel Commercio Italiano dei Funghi spontanei, con Particolare Riguardo ai Porcini ( Boletus edulis e Specie Affini). Questo articolo presenta una panoramica storica sul commercio dei funghi spontanei in Italia, con particolare riguardo alle recenti tendenze nella produzione dei porcini (Boletus edulis e specie affini). Nello scorso secolo si sono osservate due tendenze principali—di nazionalizzazione e di globalizzazione—nel commercio dei funghi spontanei in Italia. In primo luogo si è affermata nel territorio nazionale una tradizione limitata al consumo di un numero contenuto di specie, sia per effetto di alcune normative che di mode culinarie, ma ciò è avvenuto a discapito di tradizioni locali più ricche, che potrebbero ulteriormente risentire dei principi per il libero scambio all’interno dell’Unione Europea. In secondo luogo, l’Italia si è posta in evidenza come un punto nodale per il mercato globale di alcune specie fungine, in particolare dei porcini. Nonostante quest’ultimo termine sia tradizionalmente associato alla cucina italiana, e nonostante esista in Italia una vivace e radicata tradizione nella raccolta amatoriale dei funghi, la maggior parte dei porcini ivi commercializzati (allo stato fresco, essiccati o variamente conservati) o esportati verso altri paesi non sono più di origine locale. I porcini e altre specie fungine giungono attualmente in Italia da ogni parte del mondo—in modo particolare dalla Cina e dall’Europa orientale—e sono successivamente spesso esportati come “prodotti Italiani.” Questo processo di globalizzazione del mercato dei funghi spontanei, pur offrendo un significativo introito ai raccoglitori e commercianti rurali su tutto il globo, è responsabile di altri effetti, come per l’appunto una sorta di marchio nazionale “Italiano” su alcuni prodotti di provenienza globale, come per l’appunto i porcini, cosa che contrasta con alcune delle regole dell’Unione Europea in materia di denominazioni regionali.相似文献
16.
17.
Amir Neori 《Journal of applied phycology》2011,23(1):143-149
Freshwater fish culture is generally considered the largest sector in world aquaculture. Several of the leading species consume
“green water” plankton. This plankton—mostly microalgae (phytoplankton) and also bacteria, protozoa and zooplankton—grows
in man-made fertilized water impoundments. The quantity of “green water” microalgae consumed by fish and shrimp is estimated
here at a quarter billion ton fresh weight a year, about three and a half times as much as the entire recognized aquaculture.
This estimate is based on the quantities of the microalgae consumed and the efficiencies of their use for growth by the main
species in aquaculture. The cost of producing “green water” microalgae by the aquaculturists—mostly in SE Asia—is low. The
populations in “green water” are biologically managed by the cultured fish themselves. The fish with their different feeding
habits help “manage” the composition of the plankton and the overall water quality as they grow. The aquaculturists further
manage “green water” through simple means, including water exchange and fertilization. Cost is remunerated partially by the
income from sales of the fish and partially by bio mitigation services that “green water” polyculture ponds provide the aquaculturists
in treating farm and household waste. A comprehension of the scale and importance of the microalgae sector to world aquaculture
should lead to more research to improve understanding of algal population dynamics, growth factors, and efficiency of food
chains. The consequent improved control of the plankton’s interaction with fish and shrimp production in “green water” will
undoubtedly contribute much to the expansion in production of seafood. 相似文献
18.
Ronald Parsley 《Paleontological Journal》2009,43(11):1406-1414
Gogiid eocrinoids from the Lower Cambrian (Balang Formation — Guizhoueocrinus) and basal Middle Cambrian (Kaili Formation — Sinoeocrinus, Globoeocrinus) in Guizhou Province, China are found in great numbers and are extremely well preserved as high fidelity molds in shale/mud
sized siliciclastics. Because of their numbers, complete ontogenetic growth sequences have been observed. Significant differences
in growth patterns (heterochrony) are present between Lower and Middle Cambrian genera: thecal plates tend to be paedomorphic
in development, while the sutural pores developed between them are peramorphic in their development. Because of the large
surface area of theca and brachioles relative to the size of the attachment area, considerable drag in ambient currents would
necessitate a strong attachment medium. Anchoring by “biogluing”, possibly by collagen, directly to the substrate or to biodetritus
is proposed as the method of attachment. 相似文献
19.
Jeffrey W. Adelberg Maria P. Delgado Jeffery T. Tomkins 《In vitro cellular & developmental biology. Plant》2010,46(1):95-107
Residual nutrients from Murashige and Skoog medium were analyzed following a 5-wk multifactor experiment. Plant density, sugar
concentration, and plant growth regulators (benzyladenine and ancymidol) were examined using four genotypes of daylily (Hemerocallis) to determine which factors most influenced nutrient use. Active nutrient uptake was observed for 11 nutrients (potassium,
sodium, copper, phosphorus, iron, calcium, magnesium, manganese, boron, sulfur, and zinc) with lower concentrations in spent
medium than in the tissue water volume (fresh-dry mass expressed as mL H2O). Two patterns of nutrient use were visualized by correlative analysis of nutrient uptake. Greatest growth lowered plant
nutrient concentrations of potassium, sodium, phosphorus, iron, and copper in all genotypes, and luxuriant uptake was indicated
with least growth. Potassium, sodium, iron, and copper concentrations in plant dry matter were equal to or exceeded what is
observed in vigorously growing nursery plants. However, phosphorus concentration in plant dry matter was low enough to be
considered deficient when compared to Hemerocallis plants in nursery production. With a second group of nutrients (calcium, magnesium, manganese, and boron), the genotype,
“Barbara Mitchell” lacked active uptake and was deficient. Calcium concentration was low in all plants compared to Hemerocallis grown under nursery conditions (“Barbara Mitchell” was the lowest concentration) despite active uptake by the other three
genotypes—“Brocaded Gown,” “Mary’s Gold,” and “Heart of a Missionary.” Magnesium concentration in these three genotypes was
low enough in vessels with greatest growth to question its adequacy at high densities. Increased sucrose in medium reduced
the dry matter concentrations of all tested nutrients. Plant growth regulators had less impact on nutrient use than genotype
and plant density. Nutrient uptake may be an important physiological component of genotypic variation. 相似文献
20.
The ciliostatic activity of the chloroform-extractable endo- and exometabolites of 5 strains of filamentous fungi—Alternaria sp.,Aspergillus glaucus group,Aspergillus versicolor, Cladosporium sphœrospermum, Penicillium sp. andUlocladium sp.—isolated from molded walls of a dwelling—on tracheal cilia from 1-d-old chicksin vitro was evaluated. Endometabolites ofAlternaria sp. andA. versicolor and exometabolites ofUlocladium sp. were the most active, these extracts stopped the ciliary movement within 1 d. The results are discussed in relation to
the health status of people living in “moldy” dwellings. 相似文献