不同水分条件对人参榕生长和生理的影响

以3年生人参榕(Ficus microcarpa)为试材,采用盆栽调控水分的方法,研究5种不同的水分处理(基质最大含水量的90%～100%,70%～80%,50%～60%,30% ～ 40%和10%～20%)对人参榕生长和生理的影响,为栽培生产提供理论依据.结果表明:随着浇水量的减少,人参榕的株高、冠幅、块根增量均显著下降(P＜0.05);人参榕叶片的超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)、过氧化物酶(POD)活性显著增高(P＜0.05),细胞膜相对透性显著增强,脯氨酸和丙二醛(MDA)含量也显著增加;叶片净光合速率(Pn)和蒸腾速率(Tr)呈随浇水量的减少而显著降低;但叶片水分利用效率(WUE)呈显著增加趋势;各处理的叶片初始荧光(F0)和最大光量子效率(Fv/Fm)差异不显著.在各处理中,70%～80%的最大基质含水量的处理,其人参榕叶片的细胞膜相对透性最低,保护酶活性最弱,脯氨酸和丙二醛含量最低,净光合速率高,从而导致了人参榕具有生长最快、株高、冠幅和最大块根直径增量最大的特点.可见,70%～80%的最大基质含水量为是人参榕种植效果最好的水分管理模式.     

壳寡糖对干旱胁迫下油菜叶片生理指标的影响

以世界主要油料作物油菜(Brassica napus L.)为研究对象,研究了干旱胁迫下外施壳寡糖对叶片超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)和过氧化物酶(POD)活性、叶绿素荧光参数及叶片相对含水量的影响.结果表明:壳寡糖处理早期油菜叶片SOD和POD活性明显下降,后期SOD和POD活性明显升高;壳寡糖处理后脯氨酸含量明显升高.壳寡糖还能够诱导光系统Ⅱ最大光化学效率(Fv/Fm)、光系统Ⅱ有效光化学量子产量(Fv'/Fm')、光化学荧光猝灭系数(qP)和光系统Ⅱ电子传递量子产量(ΦPsⅡ)明显提高,同时初始荧光(Fo)和非光化学荧光猝灭系数(qN)明显降低.此外,壳寡糖还能够提高油菜叶片相对含水量.研究表明,外施壳寡糖改善了油菜抗旱相关的生理指标进而增强其抗旱能力.     

矮壮素对苦草矮化特征及生理指标的影响

沉水植物生长过高引起水体污染问题受到人们高度重视。本文在实验室模拟条件下,研究了0(CK)、0.01、0.02、0.10、0.20、0.50、0.75、1.00和1.25g.L-1共9个不同浓度矮壮素对苦草(Vallisnerianatans)矮化特征及生理指标的影响。结果表明:不同浓度处理30d后苦草株高具有显著差异性(P<0.05),且浓度越高矮化效果越显著;矮壮素使苦草叶宽增加、根长缩短,其中浓度在0.02～0.20g.L-1时苦草根冠比增加,浓度在0.01～0.50g.L-1时苦草株数增加明显;矮壮素浓度在0.10～0.50g.L-1时,苦草湿重增加61%～123%,将从水中或底泥中吸收更多N、P等营养物质,增强其净化水质的能力;当矮壮素浓度为0.02g.L-1时,不仅苦草矮化的效果较好,占据空间相对较小,而且苦草根长生长较长,根冠比较大,叶绿素含量增加,SOD、POD酶活性升高,苦草抗逆性增强,延缓植株衰老。因此,0.02g.L-1浓度矮壮素对苦草矮化较为适宜。     

不同盐度对苦草生理特征的影响

沉水植物耐盐性研究越来越受到人们高度重视。在室内模拟条件下,水体盐度设为2、3、4、5、6和8,及不加盐卤的对照组(记为0),每24 h测定苦草(Vallisneria natans)叶片叶绿素含量,SOD、POD和CAT 3种抗氧化酶活性,MDA含量及呼吸强度。结果表明:叶绿素a、叶绿素b含量和CAT酶活性随盐度增加呈降低趋势;SOD、POD酶活性、MDA含量随盐度增加呈先升后降趋势;盐度为2和3时叶绿素含量、抗氧化酶酶活性、MDA含量和呼吸强度与对照组相比差异性不显著(P>0.05),苦草生长状态较其它处理组好;盐度为4时,所测叶绿素含量、抗氧化酶活性和呼吸强度与对照组相比差异性显著(P<0.05),叶绿素含量明显降低,抗氧化酶活性升高,表现出了明显的抗逆性,呼吸强度降低;盐度为5、6和8时与对照组相比,苦草生长状态较差,并逐步枯萎,第4 d死亡。因此苦草可应用于盐度低于3水体中沉水植被的恢复与重建。     

聚苯乙烯微塑料对黑藻生长及生理生化特征的影响

为探讨淡水环境中微塑料的污染对沉水植物产生的生理生化影响,选择典型沉水植物黑藻为供试材料,以粒径3 μm的聚苯乙烯微塑料颗粒(PS-MPs)为外源胁迫污染物,通过添加不同浓度的PS-MPs(5、10、30、50、100 mg·L^-1)设置不同暴露组及对照组,测定沉水植物的株高、生物量、叶绿素含量、抗氧化酶活性、光合荧光参数及荧光成像的变化特征。结果表明: 50～100 mg·L^-1PS-MPs下黑藻的株高显著下降;较低浓度下(如5 mg·L^-1)黑藻的鲜重显著升高,但随着PS-MPs暴露浓度进一步增加,黑藻鲜重降低,干重无显著变化。黑藻叶绿素总量、叶绿素a和叶绿素a/b均随PS-MPs浓度的增加呈显著下降趋势,叶绿素b无明显变化。PS-MPs处理下超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)、过氧化氢酶(CAT)和过氧化物酶(POD)活性均随胁迫浓度的增加呈先上升后下降的趋势,叶绿素荧光参数(F_o、F_m、F_v/F_m)均呈下降趋势,而稳态下的PSⅡ反应中心关闭程度(1-Q_p-Lss)总体呈上升趋势,这可能与PS-MPs抑制黑藻PSⅡ反应中心有关。黑藻的荧光成像强度随PS-MPs浓度的增加而降低,在PS-MPs浓度为10 mg·L^-1及以下时,黑藻叶片表现出正常的光合活性;当PS-MPs为30 mg·L^-1及以上时,叶片边缘的光合强度小于茎秆及其周边,叶片呈现发黄、残叶等现象。推测黑藻基本能适应低浓度PS-MPs(0～30 mg·L^-1)的污染水域,而在PS-MPs高于30 mg·L^-1的污染水域中其生长和光合作用将受到抑制。     

土壤盐分及水分含量对落羽杉幼苗生长的影响

One year old Taxodium distichum seedlings were grown in pots with varied soil water and salt (NaC1) levels (alone and in combination) under greenhouse conditions to determine their effects on the growth and biomass allocation of the seedlings. The results showed that there were significant effects of soft salt and water contents on the relative height growth, relative stem diameter growth, biaomass increment and allocation, shoot/root ratio, seedling survival, ratio of branch to stem area, ratio of leaf mass to stem area, and ratio of leaf mass to branch area. According to the biomass increment, relative height growth and relative stem diameter growth, 20 treatments were classified into 3 groups by means of systematic cluster analysis. The first one was the treatments waterlogging, flooding, waterlogging 0.15% NaC1, flooding 0.15% NaC1, and waterlogging 0.3% NaC1, which had a high growth, the second one was the treatments flooding 0.45% NaC1, flooding 0.3% NaCl, 75% of field capacity, and 75% of field capacity 0.15% NaCl, which had a medium growth, and the last onewas the treatments 50% of field capacity, 50% of field capacity 0.15% Nat1, waterlogging 0.45% Nat1,25% of field capacity, 25% of field capacity 0.15% NaC1, 75% of field capacity 0.3% NaC1, 75% of field capacity 0.45% NaC1, 25% of field capacity 0.3% NaC1, 50% of field capacity 0.3% NaC1, 50% of field capacity 0.45% NaC1, and 25% of field capacity 0.45% NaC1, which had a poor growth.     

Na代替K对番茄、玉米幼苗生长及若干生理指标的影响

在有K无Na、有Na无K、无K无Na三种培养液中培养番茄和玉米幼苗,试验表明,在有Na无K液的培养下,番茄和玉米幼苗叶片游离脯氨酸含量比无K无Na溶液培养的低;可溶性糖含量和叶绿素a/b比值比无K无Na溶液培养的高;Na可以提高过氧化物酶活性。因此,在一定程度上Na可代替K对番茄、玉米幼苗的生长起促进作用。     

叶面喷施6-BA对高温胁迫下甜椒幼苗生长和叶片生理生化指标的影响

以‘P13201’甜椒品种为材料,在光照培养箱内采用营养液栽培法,研究了叶面预喷施不同浓度6-BA(5、10、20、50μmol/L)溶液对高温胁迫(40℃/30℃昼/夜)下甜椒幼苗的生长及生理生化指标的影响,探讨缓解甜椒高温胁迫的最佳6-BA浓度。结果显示:(1)高温胁迫致使甜椒幼苗的各生长指标及叶绿素含量显著下降,且10μmol/L 6-BA处理下的株高、茎粗、地上干重、根干重与常温对照(28℃/18℃昼/夜)差异不显著,其幼苗的地上鲜重、根鲜重、叶绿素a、叶绿素b及叶绿素总含量在各处理中降幅也最小。(2)高温胁迫下甜椒幼苗叶片的PSⅡ实际光化学量子产量(Yield)、PSⅡ实际光化学效率(ФPSⅡ)、PSⅡ最大光化学效率(Fv/Fm)显著下降,非光化学猝灭(NPQ)显著升高;相比其他处理组,10μmol/L 6-BA溶液处理下的各荧光参数变化幅度最小,特别是NPQ与对照差异不显著。(3)甜椒叶片中O-·2产生速率、抗氧化酶(SOD、APX、POD)活性、丙二醛(MDA)含量及相对电导率受高温胁迫后显著增大,但10μmol/L 6-BA溶液处理下O-·2产率、MDA含量及相对电导率显著小于T0处理(蒸馏水+高温)下的各值,而其SOD、APX、POD活性则表现相反,相比T0处理,显著升高了50.5%、79.4%、50.3%。研究表明,高温显著抑制了甜椒幼苗正常生长,致使叶片中各抗逆生理生化指标变幅大增,而叶面喷施适宜浓度的6-BA有利于高温胁迫下抗氧化酶活性的升高及光能的捕获与转换,有效缓解高温胁迫伤害,维持甜椒幼苗的正常生长,并以10μmol/L 6-BA溶液处理效果最好。     

壳聚糖处理对不同紫色土壤种植下蚕豆共生固氮影响的研究

本研究采用盆栽实验和实验分析相结合的方法,观察壳聚糖对蚕豆共生固氮体系的影响。结果表明：经壳聚糖溶液处理的蚕豆植株其盛花期根瘤数量明显多于空白;经壳聚糖溶液处理的蚕豆植株固氮酶活性明显好于空白;处理后其植株生物量的差异不大。本文还对以上结果的产生原因进行了初步的分析和探讨。     

Ammonium content, nitrogenase activity and heterocyst frequency within the leaf cavities of Azolla filiculoides Lam

Abstract Ion selective new microelectrodes have been used to measure the ammonium concentrations within the various leaf cavities from the apical to the basal ones, of Azolla filiculoides Lam. Ammonium is present in solution within all leaf cavities, and its concentration varies considerably from the apex to the base. Median leaf cavities, which have the highest rate of nitrogenase activity, contain 0.6–0.8 mM of ammonium and exhibit numerous cyanophycin granules accumulated within the Anabaena vegetative cells. Basal cavities contain 6 mM ammonium, the lowest nitrogenase activity and lowe cyanophycin granules in Anabaena . The mechaniems involved in ammonium accumulation in the basal leaf cavities are discussed.     

Growth behaviour of Azolla pinnata at various salinity levels and induction of high salt tolerance

Azolla pinnata is an extremely NaCl-sensitive plant and cannot tolerate an external NaCl concentration beyond 30 mM. Preincubation of plants in 20 mM NaCl for 18 days, followed by stepwise transfer (10 mM NaCl per day) made them able to grow at an otherwise lethal NaCl concentration of 60 mM at rates comparable to the growth of unadapted plants in 20 mM NaCl. Plants, not preincubated in 20 mM NaCl or preincubated for a duration shorter than 18 days were unable to survive and did not grow in 60 mM external NaCl. Na+, K+ and Ca2+ concentrations in the control, NaCl-stressed and adapted plants differed significantly indicating that adaptation involved the development of a capability in the plants to regulate ion concentration.     

无藻萍的RAPD分析及其在三膘组满江红种间关系研究中的应用

从满江红Azolla Lam.萍-藻共生体中提取DNA进行的RAPD系统分析通常忽视了满江红样品的异质性。本研究通过获得无藻的满江红,比较有藻萍、无藻萍和离体藻之间的RAPD指纹图谱。发现从有藻萍中提取DNA的扩增反应来源于萍藻双方DNA的共同影响。依引物和植物样本的不同,共生双方对扩增产物的贡献结果不同,说明了用无藻萍进行RAPD检测的重要性。对满江红三膘组5个种的11个无藻萍样本进行了RAPD分析,由9个引物产生的127个DNA多态片段用于计算样本间的Jaccard相似系数和UPGMA树状聚类图。结果     

丛枝菌根真菌对牡丹生长及相关生理指标的影响

以采自山东省菏泽牡丹园的牡丹'凤丹'种子为试材,采用盆栽的方法研究了接种丛枝菌根(Arbuscular mycorrhizal,AM)真菌Glomus mosseae、Glomus versiforme和Glomus intraradices对牡丹幼苗生长及生理生化特性的影响.结果表明:(1)不同AM真菌的侵染率不同,并以G.mosseae的侵染率最高,为48.3%;(2)AM真菌能够促进牡丹幼苗生长,接种G.mosseae的植株干重比对照显著提高了69.5%;(3)AM真菌能够提高牡丹的叶绿素、可溶性糖、可溶性蛋白、矿质元素(N、P、K)含量和硝酸还原酶活性,并对可溶性蛋白含量和硝酸还原酶活性的影响达显著水平.(4)植株总干重与菌根侵染率、硝酸还原酶活性、叶绿素含量呈极显著正相关,与可溶性糖、可溶性蛋白含量呈显著正相关.研究发现,G.mosseae是最适宜牡丹接种的优良菌种.     

Effects of sodium dodecyl sulphate on the aquatic macrophytes Azolla and Lemna

Abstract

In this work, we determined the tolerance to sodium dodecyl sulphate (SDS) of Azolla filiculoides and of Lemna minor. The presence of the detergent in the media affected growth more than the chlorophyll content. On the basis of the effect indices, Lemna is more tolerant to SDS than Azolla. The fern had a better capacity, compared with duckweed, to remove and accumulate the pollutant.     

Growth and survival of Azolla filiculoides in Britain I. Vegetative production

Azolla filiculoides Lam. causes serious weed problems in Britain, but its long-term survival might be limited by winter death. The aim of this study was to establish the low temperature responses and limitations of A. filiculoides sporophytes.
In the laboratory, normal vegetative growth was shown to continue at 5°C. Reddening of plants was a response to low temperature and high light conditions which could be prevented by shading. Adult plants died after short (18 h) exposure to −4°C but survived sub-zero temperatures >−4°C. Evidence was found of seasonal changes in chill tolerance, but not in freeze tolerance.
In outdoor culture, plants survived encasement in ice and air temperatures to −5°C. Additional evidence suggested that natural populations can readily survive air temperatures much lower than this. Microclimatic effects are likely to be responsible for this discrepancy between laboratory and outdoor culture results.
Three phenotyes were identified; survival, colonizing and mat forms.     

不同光照条件下4种满江红(Azolla)品系体内多酚氧化酶活性的变化

在生物学观察测定基础上,引入生化测定方法探讨不同光照条件下卡洲满江红３００１ 、小叶满江红４０１８ 、杂交萍９０４６ 和回交萍ＭＨ３１ 四个红萍品系体内多酚氧化酶（ＰＰＯ） 活性变化趋势。结果表明,光照影响各满江红品系的生长速率与抗霉腐病能力,随着光照强度减弱,各品系的生长速率和抗霉腐病能力都下降。在低光下,供试的满江红品系生物量与体内ＰＰＯ 活性的相关性显著（ｒ＝ ０ ．９５６０） 。低光下满江红各品系生长速率、抗霉腐病能力和体内ＰＰＯ 活性的从高到低依次为卡洲满江红３００１ 、杂交萍９０４６ 、小叶满江红４０１８ 和回交萍ＭＨ３１ 。从生理、生化角度讨论了满江红耐荫性与体内多酚氧化酶活性的关系。     

Effect of phosphorus on Azolla and its utilization in rice culture in Niger

The trials to use Azolla as a green manure for rice culture were made in the Niger basin.Azolla pinnata (Niger isolate) was used for the experiments. The effect of phosphorus on the growth and N₂-fixation was examined in the field and in the laboratory. The growth rate and N content were maximum with P 3.1 ppm culture solution under laboratory conditions. The threshold P content for the growth was 0.5–0.6% in the dry matter. Maximum N content was 4.1% in the laboratory culture. In the field culture, the effect of P fertilizer on the growth and N yield of Azolla was tested. The split application of 6.5 kg P ha⁻¹ per 13 days was most effective in stimulating the growth of Azolla. One kg of P as triple superphosphate produced 3.66 kg N in the Azolla. Maximum growth rate and N content in the field trials was 4.3 days (doubling time) and 2.3%, respectively. The lower productivity in the field in comparison with the laboratory culture was considered to be due to higher temperature and light intensity. the growth of Azolla was suppressed in the hot season in the Niger basin. The growth rate and N content were reduced during the high temperature period over 30°C on an average. The effect of inoculation of Azolla on rice yield was tested in the field experiment. The grain yield was increased 27% by Azolla incolation over the treatment without Azolla inoculation in — N fertilizer treatments. While the growth of Azolla with rice plants did not attain saturated density (1.8 kg fresh weight m⁻²), the effect on the grain yield was comparable to 40 kg N ha⁻¹ as urea.     

不同培养基对发菜细胞生长和光合活性的影响

研究测定了发菜(NostocflagelliformeBorn.etFlah.)细胞在不同培养基中的生长速率、光合作用和叶绿素荧光活性。结果显示培养11d后:Detmer培养基中叶绿素a的含量为1.08mg/L,Kratz-Myers培养基中叶绿素a的含量为1.87mg/L,水生104号培养基中叶绿素a的含量为1.21mg/L,BG11培养基中叶绿素a的含量为2.18mg/L,表明在BG11培养基中培养的细胞具有最高生长速率;与另外4种不同浓度的BG11培养基相比,上述BG11培养基培养的发菜具有最大的光合速率Pm(218.1μmolO2.mg-1chla.h-1)和最高的PSII光化学效率(Fv/Fm=0.349)。实验结果表明,BG11是适合发菜生长的培养基,对其光合作用和叶绿素荧光活性具有显著促进作用。     

The Development of Microsporangium and Microspore in Azolla

This paper presents a detailed report on the developmental progresses of the microsporangium and its microspores in Azolla filiculoides Lam., and shows the morphologicaI structures of the respective developmental stares with the aid of scanning electron photographs. The entire developmental progress may be divided into six stages: ( 1 ) The microspore mother cell initiating stage The microsporangium initial on the placenta of the sporocarp gave rise a sporogenous cell, and then divided four times to form sixteen microspore mother cells; (2) The meiotic stage–The microspore mother cells initiated meiosis inside their calIose walls. The radial and inner tangential walls of the tapetum were dissolved at the same time and followed by the formation of a sporoplasmodium; (3) The microspore shrinking Ⅰ–After the callose walls of tetrads was dissolved, those microspores that just released from the callose walls shrunk intensely and became spherical later again. The sporoderm of microspores was principally synthesized in this stage, and the volume of microspores became evidently increased. The microspores then gradually moved to the periphery of the sporoplasmodium; (4) The microspore shrinking Ⅱ-Each microspore formed a large vacuole and gave rise the second contraction. The periphery of the sporoplasmodium was gradually dissolved; (5) The massulae forming stage–The sporoplasmodium was dissolved successivelly, and the undissolvable granules and organelle membrane residues. became aggregated into the compartmental layer, and the microsporangium was divided into several large vesicles, each vesicle will form a massulae; (6) The microspore germinating stage–The ,natured microspores inside the massulae each gave rise an androgonial initial which divided two times to form four antherozoid mother cells and then gave rise the antherozoids. The relationships between the various morphological structures and their functions in the microsporangium developmental progress have breify discussed. In addition, our viewpoints have compared with those of previous investigations.