Soil microbial communities drive the resistance of ecosystem multifunctionality to global change in drylands across the globe

The relationship between soil microbial communities and the resistance of multiple ecosystem functions linked to C, N and P cycling (multifunctionality resistance) to global change has never been assessed globally in natural ecosystems. We collected soils from 59 dryland ecosystems worldwide to investigate the importance of microbial communities as predictor of multifunctionality resistance to climate change and nitrogen fertilisation. Multifunctionality had a lower resistance to wetting–drying cycles than to warming or N deposition. Multifunctionality resistance was regulated by changes in microbial composition (relative abundance of phylotypes) but not by richness, total abundance of fungi and bacteria or the fungal: bacterial ratio. Our results suggest that positive effects of particular microbial taxa on multifunctionality resistance could potentially be controlled by altering soil pH. Together, our work demonstrates strong links between microbial community composition and multifunctionality resistance in dryland soils from six continents, and provides insights into the importance of microbial community composition for buffering effects of global change in drylands worldwide.     

Nitrogen and phosphorus dynamics of a tallgrass prairie ecosystem exposed to elevated carbon dioxide

A tallgrass prairie ecosystem was exposed to ambient and twice-ambient CO₂ concentrations in open-top chambers and compared to unchambered ambient CO₂ during the entire growing season from 1989 through 1991. Dominant species were Andropogon gerardii (C₄), A. scoparius (C₄), Sorghastrum nutans (C₄) and Poa pratensis (C₃). Nitrogen and phosphorus concentrations in A. gerardii, P. pratensis and dicotyledonous herbs above ground biomass were estimated by periodic sampling throughout the growing season in 1989 and 1990. In 1991, N and P concentrations in peak biomass were estimated by an early August harvest. N and P concentrations in root production as a function of treatment were estimated using root ingrowth bags that remained in place throughout the growing season. Total N and P in above- and belowground biomass were calculated as products of concentration and peak biomass by species groups. N concentration in A. gerardii and dicotyledonous herb aboveground biomass was lower and total N higher in elevated CO₂ plots than in ambient CO₂ plots. N concentration in P. pratensis aboveground biomass was lower in elevated CO₂ plots than in ambient, but total N did not differ among treatments in 2 out of 3 years. In 1990, N concentration in root ingrowth bag biomass was lower and total N greater in elevated CO₂ than in ambient CO₂ plots. Root ingrowth bag biomass N concentration did not differ among treatments in 1991, but total N was greater in elevated CO₂ plots than in ambient CO₂ plots. P concentration was lower under elevated CO₂ compared to ambient in 1989, but did not differ substantially among treatments in 1990 or 1991. In all years, total P in aboveground A. gerardii and root ingrowth bag biomass was greater under elevated CO₂ than ambient. P concentration and total P in P. pratensis was similar among treatments.     

Nitrogen released from different plant residues of the Loess Plateau and their additions on contents of microbial biomass carbon, nitrogen in soil

An incubation method was used to investigate the nitrogen release characteristics from the residue of ten plant species which commonly grow in the northern part of the Loess Plateau. The effect of the residue on soil microbial biomass carbon (SMBC) and soil microbial biomass nitrogen (SMBN) was also determined. There were significant differences in the total N content and the C/N ratios among the different types of plant residue. The total N content of the residues ranged from 6.61 to 32.78 g kg^?1. The C/N ratio of the residue ranged from 14 to 65. There was an immediate increase in soil N after alfalfa, erect milkvetch, and korshinsk peashrub residue was added to the soil. In contrast, soil N decreased after elm, sea buckthorn, and wild peach residue was added to the soil. The soil N content remained relatively low for 14–34 days and then increased. This indicated that N immobilization occurred during the early portion of the incubation period when elm, sea buckthorn and wild peach residue was added to the soil. Soil N levels were low during the entire incubation period when simon poplar, locust, Stipa bungeana, and old world bluestem residue were added to the soil. The addition of plant residue significantly increased SMBC and SMBN in all treatments. The SMBC and SMBN values were greatest in treatments containing plant residue with high total N content and low C/N ratios. The C/N ratios of korshinsk peashrub, sea buckthorn, and wild peach residues were similar, but the amount of N released from these residues and the effects of the residue on SMBC and SMBN in soil were significantly different. This indicates that not only the C/N ratio but also the chemical composition of the plant residue affected decomposition. It is important to consider C and N release characteristics from plant residue in order to adjust the C and N balance of soil when revegetating degraded ecosystems.     

Nitrogen released from different plant residues of the Loess Plateau and their additions on contents of microbial biomass carbon, nitrogen in soil

An incubation method was used to investigate the nitrogen release characteristics from the residue of ten plant species which commonly grow in the northern part of the Loess Plateau. The effect of the residue on soil microbial biomass carbon (SMBC) and soil microbial biomass nitrogen (SMBN) was also determined. There were significant differences in the total N content and the C/N ratios among the different types of plant residue. The total N content of the residues ranged from 6.61 to 32.78 g kg^?1. The C/N ratio of the residue ranged from 14 to 65. There was an immediate increase in soil N after alfalfa, erect milkvetch, and korshinsk peashrub residue was added to the soil. In contrast, soil N decreased after elm, sea buckthorn, and wild peach residue was added to the soil. The soil N content remained relatively low for 14–34 days and then increased. This indicated that N immobilization occurred during the early portion of the incubation period when elm, sea buckthorn and wild peach residue was added to the soil. Soil N levels were low during the entire incubation period when simon poplar, locust, Stipa bungeana, and old world bluestem residue were added to the soil. The addition of plant residue significantly increased SMBC and SMBN in all treatments. The SMBC and SMBN values were greatest in treatments containing plant residue with high total N content and low C/N ratios. The C/N ratios of korshinsk peashrub, sea buckthorn, and wild peach residues were similar, but the amount of N released from these residues and the effects of the residue on SMBC and SMBN in soil were significantly different. This indicates that not only the C/N ratio but also the chemical composition of the plant residue affected decomposition. It is important to consider C and N release characteristics from plant residue in order to adjust the C and N balance of soil when revegetating degraded ecosystems.     

A model of the long-term response of carbon allocation and productivity of forests to increased CO2concentration and nitrogen deposition

We present a simple theoretical analysis of the long term response of forest growth and carbon allocation to increased atmospheric [CO₂] and N deposition. Our analysis is based on a recent model which predicts that plant light-use efficiency increases with [CO₂] but is independent of plant N supply. We combine that model with simple assumptions for nitrogen fluxes in the soil. A quasi-equilibrium analysis of the short term tree and soil pools is then used to develop a simple graphical depiction of the long term carbon and nitrogen supply constraints on total growth, stem growth and foliar allocation. Our results suggest that long-term growth responses to [CO₂] and N deposition depend strongly on the extent to which stem allocation and foliage allocation are coupled. At one extreme (‘no coupling’), when stem allocation is fixed and independent of foliage allocation, there is no response of total growth or stem growth to increased [CO₂] unless N deposition increases. At the other extreme (‘linear coupling’), when stem allocation is proportional to foliage allocation, there is a significant long-term increase in total growth following a doubling of [CO₂], even when N deposition is unchanged, but stem growth decreases because of a long-term decrease in foliage allocation. For both types of coupling, total growth and stem growth increase with increasing N deposition. In the case of linear coupling, however, the N deposition response of stem growth is significantly larger than that of total growth, because of a long-term increase in foliage allocation. We compare our results with those obtained previously from an alternative model of canopy light-use efficiency involving a dependence on the foliar N:C ratio in addition to [CO₂]. Our results highlight the need for more experimental information on (i) the extent to which canopy light-use efficiency is independent of N supply, and (ii) the relationship between foliage allocation and stem allocation.     

26年长期施肥对土壤微生物量碳、氮及土壤呼吸的影响

研究长期小麦连作施肥条件下土壤微生物量碳、氮,土壤呼吸的变化及其与土壤养分的相关性。以陕西长武长期定位试验为平台,应用氯仿熏蒸-K2SO4提取法、碱液吸收法和化学分析法分析了长达26a不同施肥处理农田土壤微生物量碳、微生物量氮和土壤呼吸之间的差异及其调控土壤肥力的作用。长期施肥及种植作物,均能提高土壤微生物量碳、氮含量,尤其是施用有机肥,土壤微生物量碳、氮含量高于单施无机肥的处理,土壤呼吸量也提高15.91%—75.73%,而施用无机肥对于土壤呼吸无促进作用。土壤微生物生物量碳氮、土壤呼吸与土壤有机质、全氮呈极显著相关。长期有机无机肥配施可以提高土壤微生物量碳氮、土壤呼吸,氮磷肥与厩肥配施对提高土壤肥力效果最好。微生物量碳氮及土壤呼吸可以反映土壤质量的变化,作为评价土壤肥力的生物学指标。     

Interactions among plants,bacteria, and fungi reduce extracellular enzyme activities under long‐term N fertilization

Atmospheric nitrogen (N) deposition has enhanced soil carbon (C) stocks in temperate forests. Most research has posited that these soil C gains are driven primarily by shifts in fungal community composition with elevated N leading to declines in lignin degrading Basidiomycetes. Recent research, however, suggests that plants and soil microbes are dynamically intertwined, whereby plants send C subsidies to rhizosphere microbes to enhance enzyme production and the mobilization of N. Thus, under elevated N, trees may reduce belowground C allocation leading to cascading impacts on the ability of microbes to degrade soil organic matter through a shift in microbial species and/or a change in plant–microbe interactions. The objective of this study was to determine the extent to which couplings among plant, fungal, and bacterial responses to N fertilization alter the activity of enzymes that are the primary agents of soil decomposition. We measured fungal and bacterial community composition, root–microbial interactions, and extracellular enzyme activity in the rhizosphere, bulk, and organic horizon of soils sampled from a long‐term (>25 years), whole‐watershed, N fertilization experiment at the Fernow Experimental Forest in West Virginia, USA. We observed significant declines in plant C investment to fine root biomass (24.7%), root morphology, and arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) colonization (55.9%). Moreover, we found that declines in extracellular enzyme activity were significantly correlated with a shift in bacterial community composition, but not fungal community composition. This bacterial community shift was also correlated with reduced AM fungal colonization indicating that declines in plant investment belowground drive the response of bacterial community structure and function to N fertilization. Collectively, we find that enzyme activity responses to N fertilization are not solely driven by fungi, but instead reflect a whole ecosystem response, whereby declines in the strength of belowground C investment to gain N cascade through the soil environment.     

Altered ecosystem carbon and nitrogen cycles by plant invasion: a meta-analysis

Plant invasion potentially alters ecosystem carbon (C) and nitrogen (N) cycles. However, the overall direction and magnitude of such alterations are poorly quantified. Here, 94 experimental studies were synthesized, using a meta-analysis approach, to quantify the changes of 20 variables associated with C and N cycles, including their pools, fluxes, and other related parameters in response to plant invasion. Pool variables showed significant changes in invaded ecosystems relative to native ecosystems, ranging from a 5% increase in root carbon stock to a 133% increase in shoot C stock. Flux variables, such as above-ground net primary production and litter decomposition, increased by 50-120% in invaded ecosystems, compared with native ones. Plant N concentration, soil NH+4 and NO-3 concentrations were 40, 30 and 17% higher in invaded than in native ecosystems, respectively. Increases in plant production and soil N availability indicate that there was positive feedback between plant invasion and C and N cycles in invaded ecosystems. Invasions by woody and N-fixing plants tended to have greater impacts on C and N cycles than those by herbaceous and nonN-fixing plants, respectively. The responses to plant invasion are not different among forests, grasslands, and wetlands. All of these changes suggest that plant invasion profoundly influences ecosystem processes.     

Ecosystem constraints to symbiotic nitrogen fixers: a simple model and its implications

The widespread occurrence of N limitation to net primary production (NPP) and other ecosystem processes, despite the ubiquitous occurrence of N-fixing symbioses, remains a significant puzzle in terrestrial ecology. We describe a simple simulation model for an ecosystem containing a generic nonfixer and a symbiotic N fixer, based on: (1) a higher cost for N acquisition by N fixers than nonfixers; (2) growth of fixers and fixation of N only when low N availability limits the growth of nonfixers, and other resources are available; and (3) losses of fixed N from the system only when the quantity of available N exceeds plant and microbial demands. Despite the disadvantages faced by the N fixer under these conditions, N fixation and loss adjust N availability close to the availability of other resources, and biomass and NPP in this simple model can be substantially but only transiently N limited. We then modify the model by adding: (1) losses of N in forms other than excess available N (e.g., dissolved organic N, trace gases produced by nitrification); and (2) constraints to the growth and activity of N fixers imposed by differential effects of shading, P limitation, and grazing. The combination of these processes is sufficient to describe an open system, with input from both precipitation and N fixation, that is nevertheless strongly N-limited at equilibrium. This model is useful for exploring causes and consequences of constraints to N fixation, and hence of N limitation, and we believe it will also be useful for evaluating how N fixation and limitation interact with elevated CO₂ and other components of global enviromental change.     

Ectomycorrhizal fungi associated with Pinus sylvestris seedlings respond differently to increased carbon and nitrogen availability: implications for ecosystem responses to global change

The ectomycorrhizal (ECM) symbiosis can cause both positive and negative feedback with trees under elevated CO₂. Positive feedback arises if the additional carbon (C) increases both nutrient uptake by the fungus and nutrient transfer to the plant, whereas negative feedback results from increased nutrient uptake and immobilization by the fungus and reduced transfer to the plant. Because species of ECM fungi differ in their C and nitrogen (N) demand, understanding fungal species‐specific responses to variation in C and N supply is essential to predict impacts of global change. We investigated fungal species‐specific responses of ECM Scots pine (Pinus sylvestris) seedlings under ambient and elevated CO₂ (350 or 700 μL L⁻¹ CO₂) and under low and high mineral N availability. Each seedling was associated with one of the following ECM species: Hebeloma cylindrosporum, Laccaria bicolor and Suillus bovinus. The experiment lasted 103 days. During the final 27 days, seedlings were labeled with ¹⁴CO₂ and ¹⁵N. Most plant and fungal parameters were significantly affected by fungal species, CO₂ level and N supply. Interactions between fungal species and CO₂ were also regularly significant. At low N availability, elevated CO₂ had the smallest impact on the photosynthetic performance of seedlings inoculated with H. cylindrosporum and the largest impact on seedlings with S. bovinus. At ambient CO₂, increasing N supply had the smallest impact on seedlings inoculated with S. bovinus and the largest on seedlings inoculated with H. cylindrosporum. At low N availability, extraradical hyphal length increased after doubling CO₂ level, but this was significant only for L. bicolor. At ambient CO₂, increasing N levels reduced hyphal length for both H. cylindrosporum and S. bovinus, but not for L. bicolor. We discuss the potential interplay of two major elements of global change, elevated CO₂ and increased N availability, and their effects on plant growth. We conclude that increased N supply potentially relieves mycorrhiza‐induced progressive N limitation under elevated CO₂.     

氮沉降增加情景下植物-土壤-微生物交互对自然生态系统土壤有机碳的调控研究进展

大气氮沉降增加倾向于促进受氮限制陆地生态系统地上生物量,但是对地下碳过程和土壤碳截存的影响结果迥异,导致陆地生态系统“氮促碳汇”的评估存在很大的不确定性。大气氮沉降输入直接影响微生物活性或间接影响底物质量,改变凋落物和土壤有机质(SOM)的分解速率和分解程度,进而影响土壤有机碳(SOC)的积累与损耗过程。过去相关研究主要集中在土壤碳转化过程和碳储量动态方面,缺乏植物-微生物-SOM交互作用的理解,对土壤碳截存调控的生物化学和微生物学机理尚不清楚。本文以地下碳循环过程为主线,分别综述了氮沉降增加对植物地下碳分配、SOC激发效应、微生物群落碳代谢过程的影响,深入分析SOM化学稳定性与微生物群落动态的关系。该领域研究的薄弱环节体现在:(1)增氮倾向于降低根系的生长和周转,对根际沉积碳分配(数量和格局)的影响及驱动因素不明确;(2)虽然认识到氮素有效性影响土壤激发效应的方向和强度,但是氧化态NO-3和还原态NH+4输入对有机质激发效应的差异性影响及潜在机理知之甚少;(3)微生物碳利用效率(CUE)是微生物群落碳代谢的关键表征,能够很好地解释土壤碳的积累与损耗过程;由于缺乏适宜的测定方法,难以准确量化土壤微生物的CUE及微生物生物量的周转时间;(4)增氮会抑制土壤真菌群落及其胞外酶活性,对细菌群落组成的影响尚未定论,有关SOM化学质量与土壤微生物群落活性、组成之间的耦合关系尚不清楚。未来研究应基于长期的氮添加控制实验平台,结合碳氧稳定性同位素示踪、有机质化学、分子生物学和宏基因组学等方法,深入分析植物同化碳的地下分配规律、微生物碳代谢和周转、有机质化学结构与功能微生物群落的耦合关系等关键环节。上述研究将有助于揭示植物-土壤-微生物交互作用对SOC动态的调控机制,完善陆地生态系统碳-氮耦合循环模型,有效降低区域陆地碳汇评估的不确定性,并可为陆地生态系统应对全球变化提供科学依据。     

The effect of fire on microbial biomass: a meta-analysis of field studies

Soil microbes regulate the transfer of carbon (C) from ecosystems to the atmosphere and in doing so influence feedbacks between terrestrial ecosystems and global climate change. Fire is one element of global change that may influence soil microbial communities and, in turn, their contribution to the C dynamics of ecosystems. In order to improve our understanding of how fire influences belowground communities, we conducted a meta-analysis of 42 published microbial responses to fire. We hypothesized that microbial biomass as a whole, and fungal biomass specifically, would be altered following fires. Across all studies, fire reduced microbial abundance by an average of 33.2% and fungal abundance by an average of 47.6%. However, microbial responses to fire differed significantly among biomes and fire types. For example, microbial biomass declined following fires in boreal and temperate forests but not following grasslands fires. In addition, wildfires lead to a greater reduction in microbial biomass than prescribed burns. These differences are likely attributable to differences in fire severity among biomes and fire types. Changes in microbial abundance were significantly correlated with changes in soil CO₂ emissions. Altogether, these results suggest that fires may significantly decrease microbial abundance, with corresponding consequences for soil CO₂ emissions.     

杉木人工林土壤微生物生物量和碳源利用能力对模拟氮沉降和干旱的响应

杉木林是我国亚热带地区最主要的人工林和重要的碳汇。本研究以杉木人工林为对象,通过设置氮素添加(40 kg N·hm^-2·a^-1)和隔离降雨(-50%)试验分别模拟氮沉降和干旱,在夏季(7月)和冬季(1月)采集表层土壤,通过磷脂脂肪酸、平板计数、Biolog等方法综合分析土壤微生物生物量、数量及碳源利用能力。结果表明: 土壤微生物生物量及微生物组成在两季节间存在显著差异;氮添加和隔离降雨可在一定程度上减少可培养细菌和真菌的数量,细菌数量较真菌数量对氮添加和隔离降雨的响应更敏感。隔离降雨显著抑制了土壤中微生物的碳源利用能力,而氮添加无显著影响。土壤细菌数量与微生物碳源利用能力呈显著正相关,表明可培养细菌是介导微生物碳转化的关键组分。本研究强调了氮沉降和干旱对亚热带杉木人工林表层土壤微生物的影响,可为评估未来全球变化情景下亚热带森林生态系统的土壤微生物生态功能提供科学依据。     

Biomass production in a nitrogen-fertilized,tallgrass prairie ecosystem exposed to ambient and elevated levels of CO2

Increased biomass production in terrestrial ecosystems with elevated atmospheric CO₂ may be constrained by nutrient limitations as a result of increased requirement or reduced availability caused by reduced turnover rates of nutrients. To determine the short-term impact of nitrogen (N) fertilization on plant biomass production under elevated CO₂, we compared the response of N-fertilized tallgrass prairie at ambient and twice-ambient CO₂ levels over a 2-year period. Native tallgrass prairie plots (4.5 m diameter) were exposed continuously (24 h) to ambient and twice-ambient CO₂ from 1 April to 26 October. We compared our results to an unfertilized companion experiment on the same research site. Above- and belowground biomass production and leaf area of fertilized plots were greater with elevated than ambient CO₂ in both years. The increase in biomass at high CO₂ occurred mainly aboveground in 1991, a dry year, and belowground in 1990, a wet year. Nitrogen concentration was lower in plants exposed to elevated CO₂, but total standing crop N was greater at high CO₂. Increased root biomass under elevated CO₂ apparently increased N uptake. The biomass production response to elevated CO₂ was much greater on N-fertilized than unfertilized prairie, particularly in the dry year. We conclude that biomass production response to elevated CO₂ was suppressed by N limitation in years with below-normal precipitation. Reduced N concentration in above- and belowground biomass could slow microbial degradation of soil organic matter and surface litter, thereby exacerbating N limitation in the long term.     

The photosynthesis – leaf nitrogen relationship at ambient and elevated atmospheric carbon dioxide: a meta-analysis

Estimation of leaf photosynthetic rate (A) from leaf nitrogen content (N) is both conceptually and numerically important in models of plant, ecosystem, and biosphere responses to global change. The relationship between A and N has been studied extensively at ambient CO₂ but much less at elevated CO₂. This study was designed to (i) assess whether the A–N relationship was more similar for species within than between community and vegetation types, and (ii) examine how growth at elevated CO₂ affects the A–N relationship. Data were obtained for 39 C3 species grown at ambient CO₂ and 10 C3 species grown at ambient and elevated CO₂. A regression model was applied to each species as well as to species pooled within different community and vegetation types. Cluster analysis of the regression coefficients indicated that species measured at ambient CO₂ did not separate into distinct groups matching community or vegetation type. Instead, most community and vegetation types shared the same general parameter space for regression coefficients. Growth at elevated CO₂ increased photosynthetic nitrogen use efficiency for pines and deciduous trees. When species were pooled by vegetation type, the A–N relationship for deciduous trees expressed on a leaf-mass basis was not altered by elevated CO₂, while the intercept increased for pines. When regression coefficients were averaged to give mean responses for different vegetation types, elevated CO₂ increased the intercept and the slope for deciduous trees but increased only the intercept for pines. There were no statistical differences between the pines and deciduous trees for the effect of CO₂. Generalizations about the effect of elevated CO₂ on the A–N relationship, and differences between pines and deciduous trees will be enhanced as more data become available.     

Changes in soil microbial biomass and community structure with addition of contrasting types of plant litter in a semiarid grassland ecosystem

Aims Elevated atmospheric CO₂ has the potential to enhance the net primary productivity of terrestrial ecosystems. However, the role of soil microorganisms on soil C cycling following this increased available C remains ambiguous. This study was conducted to determine how quality and quantity of plant litter inputs would affect soil microorganisms and consequently C turnover.Methods Soil microbial biomass and community structure, bacterial community-level physiological profile, and CO₂ emission caused by different substrate C decomposition were investigated using techniques of biological measurements, chemical and stable C isotope analysis, and BIOLOG-ECO microplates in a semiarid grassland ecosystem of northern China in 2006 and 2007 by mixing three contrasting types of plant materials, C₃ shoot litter (SC 3), C₃ root litter (RC 3), and C₄ shoot litter (SC 4), into the 10- to 20-cm soil layer at rates equivalent to 0 (C 0), 60 (C 60), 120 (C 120) and 240 g C m ?2 (C 240).Important findings Litter addition significantly enriched soil microbial biomass C and N and resulted in changes in microbial structure. Principal component analysis of microbial structure clearly differentiated among zero addition, C₃ -plant-derived litter, and C₄ -plant-derived litter and among shoot- and root-derived litter of C₃ plants; soil microorganisms mainly utilized carbohydrates without litter addition, carboxylic acids with C₃ -plant-derived litter addition and amino acids with C₄ -plant-derived litter addition. We also detected stimulated decomposition of older substrate with C₄ -plant-derived litter inputs. Our results show that both quality and quantity of belowground litter are involved in affecting soil microbial community structure in semiarid grassland ecosystem.     

长期施肥对红壤微生物生物量碳氮和微生物碳源利用的影响

采集湖南省祁阳县红壤长期定位施肥19年的土壤样品,分析长期不同施肥红壤的微生物生物量碳、氮和微生物碳源利用率,以揭示长期施肥对红壤微生物学性状的影响.结果表明：施肥19年后,有机肥单施或与化肥配合施用均显著提高土壤微生物生物量碳、氮和微生物碳源利用率.单施有机肥的土壤微生物生物量碳、氮含量分别为231和81 mg·kg^-1,化肥有机肥配施分别为148和73 mg·kg^-1,均显著高于化肥配施秸秆、不施肥和单施化肥;施用有机肥和化肥配施秸秆的土壤微生物生物量氮占全氮的比例平均为6.0%,显著高于单施化肥和不施肥.Biolog-ECO分析中,平均吸光值(AWCD)的大小为：化肥有机肥配施、单施有机肥>对照>单施化肥、化肥配施秸秆.单施有机肥或与化肥有机肥配施增加了红壤微生物对碳水化合物、羧酸、氨基酸、聚合物、酚类和胺类的碳源利用率;化肥配施有机肥的红壤微生物对聚合物类碳源利用率最高,化肥配施秸秆的红壤微生物对碳水化合物类碳源的利用率最高.表明施用有机肥能显著提高红壤的微生物生物量碳、氮和微生物碳源利用率,提高红壤肥力,保持作物高产.     

模拟氮沉降对华西雨屏区天然常绿阔叶林土壤微生物生物量碳和氮的影响

为理解模拟氮沉降对华西雨屏区天然常绿阔叶林土壤微生物生物量碳(MBC)和氮(MBN)的影响,通过一年野外模拟氮(NH₄NO₃)沉降试验,氮沉降水平分别为对照(CK, 0 g N·m^-2·a^-1)、低氮沉降(L, 5 g N·m^-2·a^-1)、中氮沉降(M, 15 g N·m^-2·a^-1)和高氮沉降(H, 30 g N·m^-2·a^-1),研究了氮沉降对天然常绿阔叶林土壤MBC和MBN的影响.结果表明: 氮沉降显著降低了0～10 cm土层MBC和MBN,且随氮沉降量的增加,下降幅度增大;L和M处理对10～20 cm土层MBC和MBN无显著影响,H处理显著降低了10～20 cm土层土壤MBC和MBN;氮沉降对MBC和MBN的影响随土壤深度的增加而减弱.MBC和MBN具有明显的季节变化,在0～10和10～20 cm土层均表现为秋季最高,夏季最低.0～10和10～20 cm土层土壤微生物生物量C/N分别介于10.58～11.19和9.62～12.20,表明在华西雨屏区天然常绿阔叶林土壤微生物群落中真菌占据优势.