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1.
Rachel Nordlinger 《Morphology》2010,20(2):321-341
If questions concerning affix ordering are among the central ones in morphological theory, then languages with templatic morphology
appear to provide the least interesting answer, since in these languages affix order must be simply stipulated in the form
of arbitrary position classes. For this reason, much recent research into templatic morphology has attempted to show that
affix order in such languages is in fact governed by underlying semantic or syntactic principles. The most fully articulated position in this respect is that
of Rice (Morpheme order and semantic scope, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, 2000), who provides a comprehensive analysis
of morpheme order across the Athapaskan languages and argues that it is largely determined by universal principles of semantic
(and syntactic) scope. If these principles of word formation are truly universal, we should expect to find evidence for them
in all similarly ‘templatic’ systems, including the head-marking languages of Australia. In this context, I discuss the order
of verbal affixes in Murrinh-Patha and show that these data cannot be adequately accounted for by syntactic or semantic accounts
of affix ordering, but rather provide strong support for the existence of templatic organization in morphological systems. 相似文献
2.
Alice C. Harris 《Morphology》2006,16(2):205-229
This paper addresses the issue of stranded modifiers and null heads through two otherwise unrelated constructions in Georgian.
In each construction, a word in the oblique form modifies part of the complex word following it. It is shown that null modifiers
in Georgian have a form different from that of the modifiers in the constructions at issue, and the latter cannot have null
heads. However, Baker’s [Baker, M. C. (1988). Incorporation: A theory of grammatical function changing. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.] alternative approach is not easily compatible with the derivational morphology of
these examples. I propose an analysis of external modifiers in terms of Beard [Beard, R. (1991). Natural Language and Linguistic Theory, 9, 195–229.], which addresses other bracketing paradoxes by permitting “the semantic features of an attribute [to] subjoin
with one and only one semantic feature of its head” (1991: 208). In this way I suggest a unified analysis of noun incorporation
and derived structures, drawing on a mechanism that must be included in the grammar for non-derived words as well. 相似文献
3.
The emergence of verb-particle constructions in Italian: locative and actional meanings 总被引:1,自引:1,他引:0
The paper deals with verb-particle constructions in Italian, i.e. complex predicates formed by a verbal base and a modifying
post-verbal particle. In recent years a lot of interest has been devoted to these constructions in the Germanic languages,
and investigation has been focusing mostly on their structure. Recently, some studies have shown that similar constructions
also exist in the Italian language. Our contribution adopts a constructionist approach and aims at improving our knowledge
of the properties of verb-particle constructions in Italian with particular reference to semantics and Aktionsart. The paper shows that Italian post-verbal particles contribute to the Aktionsart of verb-particle constructions. Even though Italian does not present a coherent system of actional particles, there are nonetheless
some traces of regularity. One case in point is the emergence of a specific verbparticle construction with via ’away’ that
developed an actional function. The paper also discusses the diachronic and synchronic relationship between verbal prefixes
and post-verbal particles, trying to determine whether these two strategies cooperate or compete in the expression of locative
and aspectual meanings.
The article is the result of the close collaboration of both authors; however, for academic purposes, Claudio Iacobini is
responsible for Sects. 2, 2.1, 2.4, 2.5, 3, 3.1, 3.2 and 5, and Francesca Masini for Sects. 1, 2.2, 2.3, 3.3, 3.4 and 4. 相似文献
4.
For the computational analysis of biological problems-analyzing data, inferring networks and complex models, and estimating model parameters-it is common to use a range of methods based on probabilistic logic constructions, sometimes collectively called machine learning methods. Probabilistic modeling methods such as Bayesian Networks (BN) fall into this class, as do Hierarchical Bayesian Networks (HBN), Probabilistic Boolean Networks (PBN), Hidden Markov Models (HMM), and Markov Logic Networks (MLN). In this review, we describe the most general of these (MLN), and show how the above-mentioned methods are related to MLN and one another by the imposition of constraints and restrictions. This approach allows us to illustrate a broad landscape of constructions and methods, and describe some of the attendant strengths, weaknesses, and constraints of many of these methods. We then provide some examples of their applications to problems in biology and medicine, with an emphasis on genetics. The key concepts needed to picture this landscape of methods are the ideas of probabilistic graphical models, the structures of the graphs, and the scope of the logical language repertoire used (from First-Order Logic [FOL] to Boolean logic.) These concepts are interlinked and together define the nature of each of the probabilistic logic methods. Finally, we discuss the initial applications of MLN to genetics, show the relationship to less general methods like BN, and then mention several examples where such methods could be effective in new applications to specific biological and medical problems. 相似文献
5.
Most general theories on serial order working memory (WM) assume the existence of position markers that are bound to the to-be-remembered items to keep track of the serial order. So far, the exact cognitive/neural characteristics of these markers have remained largely underspecified, while direct empirical evidence for their existence is mostly lacking. In the current study we demonstrate that retrieval from verbal serial order WM can be facilitated or hindered by spatial cuing: begin elements of a verbal WM sequence are retrieved faster after cuing the left side of space, while end elements are retrieved faster after cuing the right side of space. In direct complement to our previous work—where we showed the reversed impact of WM retrieval on spatial processing—we argue that the current findings provide us with a crucial piece of evidence suggesting a direct and functional involvement of space in verbal serial order WM. We outline the idea that serial order in verbal WM is coded within a spatial coordinate system with spatial attention being involved when searching through WM, and we discuss how this account can explain several hallmark observations related to serial order WM. 相似文献
6.
Junko Tanaka-Matsumi 《Culture, medicine and psychiatry》1979,3(3):231-245
7.
Taste sorting and naming: can taste concepts be misrepresented by traditional psychophysical labelling systems? 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
Japanese and American subjects were required to sort filterpapers, soaked in taste stimuli, into categories that had conceptuallythe same taste. Both Japanese and Americans sorted in the samemanner, indicating similar conceptualization. Taste names weregiven to the taste categories obtained by using the traditionalfour basic taste naming system, common in tastepsychophysics. This method was seen to underestimate the numberof categories actually present. This suggests a re-assessmentof current psychophysical taste-naming techniques. 相似文献
8.
In cross-fostering, the young of one species are reared by adults of another. In our cross-fostering laboratory, two-way communication
by means of American Sign Language (ASL) brought the rearing conditions for chimpanzees much closer to those of human children
than was possible in earlier studies. At the same time, ASL provided a means by which chimpanzees could express their intelligence
in ways that permit closer comparisons with human children.
Cross-fostered chimpanzees can communicate with human observers whose only source of information is the American Sign Language
(ASL) signs of the chimpanzees. In order to show that the chimpanzees could name natural language categories — that the sign
DOG could refer to any dog, FLOWER to any flower, SHOE to any shoe — each test trial was a first trial in that tests slides
were presented only once. Analysis of errors showed that two aspects of the signs, gestural form and conceptual category,
governed the distribution of errors. Like human adults and human children who sign, the chimpanzees modulated their signs
in meaningful ways. Observations in field notes, video tape records, and systematic experiments illustrate how these modulations
were related to the verbal and nonverbal, context and how they made signs more visible, more versatile, and more informative. 相似文献
9.
In plant morphology, most structures of vascular plants can easily be assigned to pre-established organ categories. However,
there are also intermediate structures that do not fit those categories associated with a classical approach to morphology.
To integrate the diversity of forms in the same general framework, we constructed a theoretical morphospace based on a variety
of modalities where it is possible to calculate the morphological distance between plant organs. This paper gives emphasis
on shoot, leaf, leaflet and trichomes while ignoring the root. This will allow us to test the hypothesis that classical morphology
(typology) and dynamic morphology occupy the same theoretical morphospace and the relationship between the two approaches
remains a question of weighting of criteria. Our approach considers the shoot (i.e. leafy stem) as the basic morphological
structural unit. A theoretical data table consisting of as many lines as there are possible combinations between different
modalities of characters of a typical shoot was generated. By applying a principal components analysis (PCA) to these data
it is possible to define a theoretical morphospace of shoots. Typical morphological elements (shoots, leaves, trichomes) and
atypical structures (phylloclades, cladodes) including particular cases representing ‘exotic’ structures such as the epiphyllous
appendages of Begonia and ‘water shoot’ and ‘leaf’ of aquatic Utricularia were placed in the morphospace. The more an organ differs from a typical shoot, the further away it will be from the barycentre
of shoots. By giving a higher weight to variables used in classical typology, the different organ categories appear to be
separate, as expected. If we do not make any particular arbitrary choice in terms of character weighting, as it is the case
in the context of dynamic morphology, the clear separation between organs is replaced by a continuum. Contrary to typical
structures, “intermediate” structures are only compatible with a dynamic morphology approach whether they are placed in the
morphospace based on a ponderation compatible with typology or dynamic morphology. The difference in points of view between
typology and continuum leads to a particular mode of weighting. By using an equal weighting of characters, contradictions
due to the ponderation of characters are avoided, and the morphological concepts of continuum’ and ‘typology’ appear as sub-classes
of ‘process’ or ‘dynamic morphology’. 相似文献
10.
The interplay of the main factors affecting affix order in inflection (semantic scope, phonology, and morphological templates)
can be accounted for in an inferential-realizational Optimality-Theoretic model of morphology, which we present here. Within
this model, phonological form is spelled out by means of individual-language-particular realization constraints that associate
abstract morphosyntactic feature values with phonological forms and that are ordered among more general constraints governing
factors like scope and feature splitting. The data used to exemplify the application of our theory to affix order are drawn
from Haspelmath’s (A grammar of Lezgian, Mouton de Gruyter, Berlin, 1993) grammar of Lezgian, a language of the Northeast Caucasian family spoken largely in Dagestan
(Russia) and Azerbaijan. 相似文献
11.
Semantic Factors in Episodic Recognition of Common Odors in Early and Late Adulthood: a Review 总被引:2,自引:3,他引:2
Information on long-term memory for common odors is discussed.Olfactory parameters (i. e. familiarity, recognition, identification)and their relationship to current memory theory are highlighted.Emphasis is focused on the impact of semantic memory on episodicodor recognition. In contrast to previous research suggestingthat verbal/semantic factors play a negligible role in olfactorymemory, the present review indicates that episodic odor informationis mediated by factors that can be subsumed under the rubricof semantic memory. Specific odor knowledge, such as perceivedfamiliarity and identifiability, is strongly and positivelyrelated to episodic odor memory performance. Age-related impairmentsin various olfactory and cognitive parameters and the potentialdetrimental effects in episodic odor memory are discussed. Finally,the issue of whether olfactory memory should be conceptualizedas an independent process, or whether it shares characteristicswith memory for verbal and visual information, is addressed.Chem. Senses 22: 623633, 1997. 相似文献
12.
Tohno S Kobayashi M Shimizu H Tohno Y Suwannahoy P Azuma C Minami T Sinthubua A Mahakkanukrauh P 《Biological trace element research》2009,127(3):211-227
To elucidate compositional changes of the prostate with aging, the authors investigated age-related changes of elements in
the prostates and the relationships among their elements using Japanese and Thai. After ordinary dissections by students at
Nara Medical University and Chiang Mai University were finished, the prostates were resected from the subjects. Fifty-seven
Japanese subjects ranged in age from 65 to 101 years (average age = 82.5 ± 7.8 years), whereas 13 Thai subjects ranged in
age from 43 to 86 years (average age = 67.9 ± 11.9 years). After ashing with nitric acid and perchloric acid, element contents
were determined by inductively coupled plasma–atomic emission spectrometry. It was found that although there were no significant
correlations between age and seven element contents, such as Ca, P, S, Mg, Zn, Fe, and Na, in the prostates of Japanese, high
contents of Ca (>5 mg/g) and P (>4 mg/g) were contained in one fourth of the prostates of Japanese over 70 years of age. In
the prostates of Thai, a significant direct correlation was found between age and Ca content, but it was not found between
age and the other element contents, such as P, S, Mg, Zn, Fe, and Na. Regarding the relationships among their elements, extremely
significant direct correlations were found among the contents of Ca, P, Mg, Zn, and Na in the prostates of Japanese. In the
prostates of Thai, significant direct correlations were found among the contents of Ca, Mg, and Zn, but no significant correlations
were found between Ca and P contents and between P and Mg contents. Regarding the relationships among their elements, there
were differences between the prostates of Japanese and Thai. To examine whether element contents changed in prostatic hypertrophy,
the transverse width of the Japanese prostates was measured. No significant correlations were found between the transverse
width and element contents, such as Ca, P, S, Mg, Zn, Fe, and Na, in the Japanese prostates. Therefore, it is unlikely that
the increase of elements results in prostatic hypertrophy. 相似文献
13.
14.
A method of molecular design based on cross-linking of polyribonucleotide molecules with polymeric chelate bridges (anthracycline-Cu2+-…-Cu2+-anthracycline) was developed. The formation of polymeric chelate cross-bridges between neighboring polyribonucleotide molecules
in the particles of liquid-crystalline dispersions was shown to require the formation of external complex (anthracycline-polyribonucleotide).
The properties (shape, size, optical activity, etc.) of molecular constructions composed of different polyribonucleotides
were studied and compared. Molecular constructions on the basis of polyribonucleotides could be used as sensing elements with
adjustable properties in biosensor technology, nanobiotechnology, and molecular pharmacology. 相似文献
15.
Rochelle Lieber 《Morphology》2006,16(2):247-272
Selection—the tendency of derivational affixes to choose the category of their base—has most often been couched in terms of
syntactic categories such as Noun, Verb, and Adjective. In recent years several theories have claimed, however, that roots
are categoryless, and receive category only by virtue of being merged with functional projections of various sorts. This article
examines three such theories—Distributed Morphology, Borer’s Exo-Skeletal model, and DiSciullo’s Asymmetrical Morphology,
and determines that none of them can handle the phenomenon of affixal selection. We may, however, maintain the claim that
roots lack syntactic category if we make use of a system of lexical semantic categorization that allows us to state selection
in terms of semantic categories. It is shown that the framework of Lieber (2004) allows for such categorization, and moreover
that semantic categorization permits us to make generalizations that are not available in a theory in which selection is purely
on the basis of syntactic category.
I am grateful to the faculty and students of the University of Patras, Greece for discussion and comments on an earlier version
of this work. Thanks also to Sergio Scalise, Antonietta Bisetto, Chiara Melloni, and three anonymous reviewers for useful
comments. 相似文献
16.
Cristina Moya 《Evolution and human behavior》2013,34(4):265-272
Ethnic categories uniquely structure human social worlds. People readily form stereotypes about these, and other social categories, but it is unclear whether certain dimensions are privileged for making predictions about strangers when information is limited. If humans have been living in culturally-structured groups for much of their evolutionary history, we might expect them to have adaptations for prioritizing ethno-linguistic cues as a basis for making predictions about others. We provide a strong test of this possibility through a series of studies in a field context along the Quechua–Aymara linguistic boundary in the Peruvian Altiplano where the language boundary is not particularly socially meaningful. We find evidence of such psychological priors among children and adults at this site by showing that their age, and the social categories’ novelty affect participants’ reliance on ethno-linguistic inductive inferences (i.e. one-to-many predictions). Studies 1–3 show that participants make more ethno-linguistic inferences when the social categories are more removed from their real-world context. Additionally, in Study 4 when the category is marked with acoustic cues of language use, young children rely heavily on ethno-linguistic predictions, even though adults do not. 相似文献
17.
18.
《Ethology and sociobiology》1981,2(2):55-66
The role of language in social interaction has been given little attention by human ethologists. Social scientists have used a variety of scoring categories for verbal behavior, but they appear to rely upon subjective interpretations of motivation and function in making scoring decisions. In this paper an ethological perspective is applied to the development of language scoring categories. Scoring of these verbal behaviors is based almost entirely upon the objective “physical” criteria of presence of “key words” (usually a subject-predicate combination), word order, and vocal intonation. This method minimizes a priori subjective inferences about motivation and function. Interobserver agreement in scoring these objectively based verbal categories was high. A sequential analysis of within-individual and between-individual verbal behavior sequences revealed a number of consistent patterns of verbal interaction in the family mealtime situation studied. This demonstrated the usefulness of the verbal ethogram in investigating various social developmental issues. 相似文献
19.