小鼠受精卵早期发育过程中PKB/Akt对p21蛋白表达及定位的影响

初步探讨在小鼠受精卵早期发育过程中PKB/Akt对p21 蛋白表达及定位的影响。通过显微操作技术注射野生型、持续激活型及激酶失活型的PKB的mRNA,用免疫荧光方法检测p21蛋白的细胞定位、Western blot 方法检测p21蛋白的表达。结果显示在注射不同形式的PKB mRNA 后p21蛋白的表达无明显差别,但是细胞定位发生改变,PKB被激活后,p21蛋白滞留在胞浆中。因而初步认为在小鼠受精卵中,PKB/Akt通过影响p21 的细胞定位而影响细胞周期的进程。     

小鼠受精卵早期发育过程中PKB/Akt对p21蛋白表达及定位的影响

初步探讨在小鼠受精卵早期发育过程中PKB/Akt对p21蛋白表达及定位的影响。通过显微操作技术注射野生型、持续激活型及激酶失活型的PKB的mRNA,用免疫荧光方法检测p21蛋白的细胞定位、Western blot方法检测p21蛋白的表达。结果显示在注射不同形式的PKB mRNA后p21蛋白的表达无明显差别,但是细胞定位发生改变,PKB被激活后,p21蛋白滞留在胞浆中。因而初步认为在小鼠受精卵中,PKB/Akt通过影响p21的细胞定位而影响细胞周期的进程。     

激光共聚焦显微镜观察小鼠早期胚胎中PKB/Akt对微丝聚合的影响

在本实验中我们用优化的免疫荧光化学法结合激光共聚焦显微技术,观察了微丝在小鼠卵细胞不同期的分布情况及PKB/Akt对小鼠卵母细胞和早期胚胎的微丝聚合的影响。结果显示,在小鼠卵母细胞及早期胚胎中均有微丝的表达,且主要集中在纺锤体处的质膜处、极体及分裂沟处。注射激活型PKB/Akt mRNA能够增强微丝的聚集。相反,注射激酶失活型的PKB/AktmRNA减弱了微丝的聚合。因而我们认为PKB/Akt可以影响小鼠卵细胞和早期胚胎的微丝聚集。     

小鼠受精卵微注射Cdc25b mRNA可提高卵裂率并促进受精卵发育

为了观察Cdc25B蛋白及PKA/Cdc25B 信号途径在小鼠受精卵发育中的作用,将突变型和野生型Cdc25b转录成 mRNA,显微注射到小鼠受精卵中,放入含有或不含有dbcAMP的M16中,相差显微镜下观察受精卵卵裂情况;用蛋白激酶活性测定方法检测MPF的活性;利用Western 印迹检测Cdc2-Tyr15的磷酸化状态.结果显示,未加dbcAMP的Cdc25b- S321A mRNA注射组与Cdc25b-WT组相比,能够提前使受精卵发生G ₂/M期转变,导致卵裂,并明显提高卵裂率;MPF的活性测定和Cdc2-Tyr15磷酸化状态的检测结果也显示,Cdc25b-S321A组先于Cdc25b-WT组提前激活MPF.此外, Cdc25b-S321A mRNA注射组可以有效恢复由PKA引起的受精卵G ₂期阻滞,显著增加卵裂率;MPF的活性测定和Cdc2-Tyr15磷酸化状态的检测结果也显示,在PKA持续激活的情况下,对比于Cdc25b-WT组,Cdc25b-S321A组提前激活MPF.因此,在小鼠受精卵发育过程中PKA主要通过磷酸化Cdc25B的321位丝氨酸,从而调控MPF的激活与失活来控制有丝分裂进程.     

BMP9/PI3K/Akt信号通路抑制乳腺癌MDA-MB-231细胞生长

探讨骨形态发生蛋白9是否可通过其它非经典BMPs/SMAD信号通路来抑制人乳腺癌癌细胞MDA-MB-231的生长。本研究采用免疫组化方法检测临床乳腺癌患者癌组织和癌旁组织中BMP9、Akt总蛋白和Akt磷酸化蛋白表达,采用Western blot检测过表达BMP9或靶向干扰BMP9后,对乳腺癌细胞中PI3K/Akt信号通路中Akt总蛋白和Akt磷酸化蛋白表达的影响,通过裸鼠异位移植瘤动物模型证实BMP9可抑制乳腺癌生长,及其对细胞增殖核抗原PCNA表达改变。结果显示,临床乳腺癌患者癌组织中BMP9表达明显低于癌旁组织,癌组织中存在BMP9表达,Akt磷酸化蛋白表达明显降低;BMP9腺病毒感染MDA-MB-231后,MDA-MB-231/BMP9组的Akt磷酸化蛋白表达明显低于MDA-MB-231/GFP,干扰掉MCF7中内源性BMP9后,MCF7/si BMP9组Akt磷酸化蛋白表达明显高于MVF7/si NC组;裸鼠移植瘤动物模型在成瘤后的第21天,MDA-MB-231/BMP9瘤体大小为(0.329±0.047)明显小于MDA-MB-231/GFP(3.102±0.027),PCNA染色显示MDA-MB-231/BMP9的PCNA阳性率为(26.3±3.1)%,明显低于MDA-MB-231/GFP(57.8±5.3)%。由此得出结论,BMP9抑制乳腺癌MDA-MB-231细胞生长还可以通过抑制PI3K/Akt信号通路激活来发挥作用。     

Noggin抑制乳腺癌溶骨性骨转移的作用研究

该文主要研究头蛋白(Noggin)抑制乳腺癌溶骨性骨转移的可能作用机制。通过体外慢病毒感染的方法,将Noggin慢病毒感染乳腺癌MDA-MB-231细胞, Western blot检测Noggin表达情况,利用CCK8和流式细胞术检测细胞增殖和周期改变, Western blot检测BMPs/SMAD信号通路变化和PI3K/Akt/mTOR关键分子Akt和m TOR总的蛋白和磷酸化蛋白的改变,裸鼠胫骨贴骨注射乳腺癌细胞复制骨转移动物模型,通过X片检测Noggin对乳腺癌溶骨性骨缺损的影响,免疫组化检测乳腺癌骨转移组织中Akt总的蛋白、磷酸化蛋白以及细胞核增殖抗原PCNA的改变。Noggin组的Noggin蛋白表达明显升高, Noggin慢病毒感染MDA-MB-231细胞第3天, CCK8检测其吸光度值为(0.452±0.059),显著低于RFP组(0.683±0.064),并且将细胞周期阻滞在G1期; Western blot显示Akt和mTOR总的蛋白未发生改变、磷酸化蛋白表达明显降低;乳腺癌溶骨性骨转移动物模型中Noggin组的溶骨性缺损明显低于RFP组,免疫组化结果显示PI3K/Akt/mTOR中关键分子Akt磷酸化蛋白、PCNA表达明显降低。Noggin可能通过抑制PI3K/Akt/mTOR通路的激活来抑制乳腺癌的溶骨性骨转移。     

模拟微重力效应通过微丝骨架调控成骨细胞BMP2-Smad信号

细胞微丝骨架在力信号传导和基因表达调控中起重要作用。为了研究微丝骨架在模拟微重力效应调控成骨细胞BMP2-Smad信号中的作用,作者通过构建反映Smad活性的报告基因载体转染MC3T3-E1细胞,并通过报告基因活性分析、Western blot等方法检测了微丝骨架解聚剂和回转模拟微重力效应对BMP2诱导Samd磷酸化、核质分布和转录活性的作用。结果显示,构建的报告基因载体在成骨细胞中正确表达并响应BMP2;破坏微丝骨架会抑制BMP2诱导的Smad1/5/8蛋白磷酸化、入核及转录活性;回转抑制Smad1/5/8磷酸化、入核及其转录活性,而微丝骨架稳定剂可对抗回转的抑制作用。因此,认为回转模拟微重力效应可通过解聚微丝骨架抑制BMP2-Smad信号传导。     

Wee1B蛋白S15位点突变抑制小鼠1-细胞期受精卵的发育

为研究小鼠Wee1B蛋白S15位点磷酸化状态对小鼠1-细胞期受精卵发育的影响,构建pcDNA3.1/V5-His-TOPO-Wee1B-S15A（Ser突变成Ala）/D（Ser突变成Asp）突变体,体外转录成mRNAs. 对小鼠进行超排卵后当晚与雄鼠1∶1合笼,第2 d早取受精卵后培养至S期,显微注射Wee1B-WT(野生型)/KD（激酶失活型)-mRNAs和突变体Wee1B-S15A/D-mRNAs,观察其对受精卵发育、有丝分裂促进因子（MPF）活性及CDC2-pTyr15磷酸化状态的影响.结果表明,过表达Wee1B -WT和Wee1B-S15A/D可有效抑制受精卵有丝分裂进程,明显降低卵裂率. 过表达模拟磷酸化的突变明显抑制MPF的活性,CDC2-pTyr15磷酸化状态和MPF活性变化相一致. 因此,在小鼠1-细胞期受精卵有丝分裂过程中,PKA对小鼠Wee1B蛋白S15位点的磷酸化修饰是控制受精卵G2/M转换的重要方式.     

SMMC 7721肝癌细胞蛋白激酶B活性增高可驱动有功能的上皮钙粘着蛋白到细胞表面(英)

为了研究蛋白激酶B（PKB）对上皮钙粘着蛋白（E-cadherin）的调节,使用了用胰岛素处理的野生型SMMC 7721细胞及稳定表达持续激活PKB的SMMC 7721细胞株(Gag-PKB/SMMC 7721).用RNA印迹法和蛋白质印迹法检测细胞E-cadherin 表达,发现通过胰岛素刺激或在细胞中表达持续激活PKB从而增加PKB活性,不影响E-cadherin的转录和蛋白质合成,但用流式细胞术和免疫荧光定位E-cadherin,则发现PKB活性增加能明显驱动E-cadherin到细胞表面,从而导致部分通过E-cadherin途径的细胞粘聚增加和细胞调亡的抑制.因此,我们提供新的证据表明,增加PKB活性可驱动有功能的E-cadherin分子到细胞表面.     

小鼠GP73敲低质粒的构建

目的:用p SUPER-NEO空载体构建可以敲低小鼠高尔基蛋白73(m GP73)表达的重组质粒p SUPER-m GP73-si RNA,并鉴定其功能。方法:合成靶向m GP73基因区的3条小干扰RNA(si RNA)m GP73-si RNA1、m GP73-si RNA2和m GP73-si RNA3,通过细胞实验挑选干扰效率大于60%的si RNA,用于合成能够敲低m GP73的重组质粒;重组载体经双酶切和测序鉴定正确后转染4T1细胞,检测转染质粒后细胞内m GP73的m RNA水平;将重组质粒p SUPER-m GP73-si RNA经尾部静脉注射小鼠体内,测定小鼠胃组织中m GP73的m RNA水平。结果:构建了p SUPER-m GP73-si RNA重组质粒;在转染该载体后,小鼠乳腺癌4T1细胞m GP73的m RNA表达下调43%;小鼠体内注射该载体后,胃组织中m GP73的m RNA表达受抑制率为33%。结论:构建了针对m GP73敲低的p SUPER-m GP73-si RNA质粒,可以较明显地下调鼠细胞系和小鼠胃组织m GP73的表达。     

Protein kinase B/Akt may regulate G2/M transition in the fertilized mouse egg by changing the localization of p21(Cip1/WAF1)

Protein kinase B (PKB, also called Akt) is known as a serine/threonine protein kinase. Some studies indicate that the Akt signalling pathway strongly promotes G2/M transition in mammalian cell cycle progression, but the mechanism remains to be clarified, especially in the fertilized mouse egg. Here, we report that the expression of Akt at both the protein and mRNA level was highest in G2 phase, accompanied by a peak of Akt activity. In addition, the subcellular localization of p21(Cip1/WAF1) has been proposed to be critical in the cell cycle. Hence, we detected the expression and localization of p21(Cip1/WAF1) after injecting fertilized mouse eggs with Akt mRNA. In one-cell stage fertilized embryos microinjected with mRNA coding for a constitutively active myristoylated Akt (myr-Akt), p21(Cip1/WAF1) was retained in the cytoplasm. Microinjection of mRNA of kinase-deficient Akt(Akt-KD) resulted in nuclear localization of p21(Cip1/WAF1) . Meanwhile, microinjection of different types of Akt mRNA affected the phosphorylation status of p21(Cip1/WAF1) . However, there was no obvious difference in the protein expression of p21(Cip1/WAF1) . Therefore, Akt controls the cell cycle by changing the subcellular localization of p21(Cip1/WAF1) , most likely by affecting the phosphorylation status of p21(Cip1/WAF1) .     

Expression of constitutively active Akt/protein kinase B signals GLUT4 translocation in the absence of an intact actin cytoskeleton

The actin cytoskeleton has been shown to be required for insulin-dependent GLUT4 translocation; however, the role that the actin network plays is unknown. Actin may play a role in formation of an active signaling complex, or actin may be required for movement of vesicles to the plasma membrane surface. To distinguish between these possibilities, we examined the ability of myr-Akt, a constitutively active form of Akt that signals GLUT4 translocation to the plasma membrane in the absence of insulin, to signal translocation of an HA-GLUT4-GFP reporter protein in the presence or absence of an intact cytoskeleton in 3T3-L1 adipocytes. Expression of myr-Akt signaled the redistribution of the GLUT4 reporter protein to the cell surface in the absence or presence of 10 microm latrunculin B, a concentration sufficient to completely inhibit insulin-dependent redistribution of the GLUT4 reporter to the cell surface. These data suggest that the actin network plays a primary role in organization of the insulin-signaling complex. To further support this conclusion, we measured the activation of known signaling proteins using a saturating concentration of insulin in cells pretreated without or with 10 microm latrunculin B. We found that latrunculin treatment did not affect insulin-dependent tyrosine phosphorylation of the insulin receptor beta-subunit and IRS-1 but completely inhibited activation of Akt/PKB enzymatic activity. Phosphorylation of Akt/PKB at Ser-473 and Thr-308 was inhibited by latrunculin B treatment, indicating that the defect in signaling lies prior to Akt/PKB activation. In summary, our data support the hypothesis that the actin network plays a role in organization of the insulin-signaling complex but is not required for vesicle trafficking and/or fusion.     

Involvement of protein kinase B/AKT in early development of mouse fertilized eggs

The activation of AKT (also called protein kinase B) is thought to be a critical step in the phosphoinositide 3-kinase pathway that regulates cell growth and differentiation. In this report, we investigated the role of AKT in the regulation of mouse early embryo development. Injection of mRNA coding for a constitutively active myristoylated AKT (myr-Akt1) into one-cell stage fertilized eggs induced cell division more effectively than injection of wild-type AKT (Akt1-WT) mRNA, whereas microinjection of mRNA of kinase-deficient AKT (Akt1-KD) delayed the first mitotic division. Meanwhile, microinjection of different kinds of mRNA of AKT affected the phosphorylation status of CDC2A-Tyr15 and the activation of M-phase promoting factor (MPF). To investigate the intermediate factor between AKT and MPF, we then injected one-cell stage eggs first with Akt1-WT mRNA or myr-Akt1 mRNA and then with mRNA encoding either wild-type CDC25B (Cdc25b-WT) or a AKT-nonphosphorylatable Ser351 to Ala CDC25B mutant (Cdc25b-S351A). Cdc25b-S351A strongly inhibited the effect of AKT. Therefore, AKT causes the activation of MPF and strongly promotes the development of one-cell stage mouse fertilized eggs by inducing AKT-dependent phosphorylation of CDC25B, a member of the CDC25 phosphatase family. Our finding that CDC25B acts as a potential target of AKT provides new insight into the effect of AKT in the regulation of early development of mouse embryos.     

Protein kinase B/Akt phosphorylation of PDE3A and its role in mammalian oocyte maturation

cGMP-inhibited cAMP phosphodiesterase 3A (PDE3A) is expressed in mouse oocytes, and its function is indispensable for meiotic maturation as demonstrated by genetic ablation. Moreover, PDE3 activity is required for insulin/insulin-like growth factor-1 stimulation of Xenopus oocyte meiotic resumption. Here, we investigated the cAMP-dependent protein kinase B (PKB)/Akt regulation of PDE3A and its impact on oocyte maturation. Cell-free incubation of recombinant mouse PDE3A with PKB/Akt or cAMP-dependent protein kinase A catalytic subunits leads to phosphorylation of the PDE3A protein. Coexpression of PDE3A with constitutively activated PKB/Akt (Myr-Akt) increases PDE activity as well as its phosphorylation state. Injection of pde3a mRNA potentiates insulin-dependent maturation of Xenopus oocytes and rescues the phenotype of pde3(-/-) mouse oocytes. This effect is greatly decreased by mutation of any of the PDE3A serines 290-292 to alanine in both Xenopus and mouse. Microinjection of myr-Akt in mouse oocytes causes in vitro meiotic maturation and this effect requires PDE3A. Collectively, these data indicate that activation of PDE3A by PKB/Akt-mediated phosphorylation plays a role in the control of PDE3A activity in mammalian oocytes.     

蛋白激酶B在小鼠1-细胞期受精卵中活性及表达变化

蛋白激酶B(proteinkinaseB ,PKB)发现于 1991年 ,属于丝 苏氨酸蛋白激酶 .因其激酶活性区的氨基酸序列与蛋白激酶C (proteinkinaseC ,PKC)和蛋白激酶A (proteinkinaseA ,PKA)同源性分别为 73%和 6 8% ,因此命名为PKB ,或PKA和PKC相关激酶(relatedtheAandCkinase ,RACK) [1] .另外 ,PKB被证明为逆转录病毒的癌基因v akt编码的蛋白产物 ,因此PKB又称AKT[2 ] .PKB分子量 6 0kD ,目前已知分为PKBα、β、γ三种 .PKBα广泛存在于机体各组织中 ,其活性受多种信息物质调节 .PKBβ在卵巢癌、胰腺癌细胞中过表达 ,PKBγ在大…     

The Akt substrate Girdin is a regulator of insulin signaling in myoblast cells

Akt kinases are important mediators of the insulin signal, and some Akt substrates are directly involved in glucose homeostasis. Recently, Girdin has been described as an Akt substrate that is expressed ubiquitously in mammals. Cells overexpressing Girdin show an enhanced Akt activity. However, not much is known about Girdin's role in insulin signaling. We therefore analyzed the role of Girdin in primary human myotubes and found a correlation between Girdin expression and insulin sensitivity of the muscle biopsy donors, as measured by a hyperinsulinemic–euglycemic clamp. To understand this finding on a cellular level, we then investigated the function of Girdin in C2C12 mouse myoblasts. Girdin knock-down reduced Akt and insulin receptor substrate-1 phosphorylation. In contrast, stable overexpression of Girdin in C2C12 cells strikingly increased insulin sensitivity through a massive upregulation of the insulin receptor and enhanced tyrosine phosphorylation of insulin receptor substrate-1. Furthermore, Akt and c-Abl kinases were constitutively activated. To investigate medium-term insulin responses we measured glucose incorporation into glycogen. The Girdin overexpressing cells showed a high basal glycogen synthesis that peaked already at 1 nM insulin. Taken together, we characterized Girdin as a new and major regulator of the insulin signal in myoblasts and skeletal muscle.     

Downregulation of Akt activity contributes to the growth arrest induced by FGF in chondrocytes

Unregulated FGF signaling produced by activating FGFR3 mutations causes several forms of dwarfism-associated chondrodysplasias in humans and mice. FGF signaling inhibits chondrocyte proliferation by activating multiple signal transduction pathways that all contribute to chondrocyte growth arrest and induction of some aspects of differentiation. Previous studies had identified the Stat1 pathway, dephosphorylation of the Rb family proteins p107 and p130, induction of p21 expression and sustained activation of MAP kinases as playing a role in the FGF response of chondrocytes. We have examined the role of Akt (PKB) in the response of chondrocytes to FGF signaling. Differently from what is observed in many other cell types, FGF does not activate Akt in chondrocytes, and Akt phosphorylation is actually downregulated after FGF treatment. By expressing a constitutively activated, myristylated form of Akt (myr-Akt) in the RCS chondrosarcoma cell line, we show that Akt activation partially counteracts the inhibitory effect of FGF signaling. The response of myr-Akt expressing cells to FGF is identical to parental RCS in the first few hours after treatment, but then diverges as myr-Akt cells show decreased p130 phosphorylation, increased cyclin E/cdk2 activity and continue to proliferate at a slow rate. Constitutive Akt activation does not affect p21 expression but appears to influence directly cdk/cyclin activity. On the other hand, the induction of differentiation-related genes is unchanged in myr-Akt cells. These results identify Akt downregulation as an important aspect of the response of chondrocytes to FGF that, however, only affects chondrocyte proliferation and not the ability of FGF to induce differentiation genes.     

Akt/PKB regulates actin organization and cell motility via Girdin/APE

The serine/threonine kinase Akt (also called protein kinase B) is well known as an important regulator of cell survival and growth and has also been shown to be required for cell migration in different organisms. However, the mechanism by which Akt functions to promote cell migration is not understood. Here, we identify an Akt substrate, designated Girdin/APE (Akt-phosphorylation enhancer), which is an actin binding protein. Girdin expresses ubiquitously and plays a crucial role in the formation of stress fibers and lamellipodia. Akt phosphorylates serine at position 1416 in Girdin, and phosphorylated Girdin accumulates at the leading edge of migrating cells. Cells expressing mutant Girdin, in which serine 1416 was replaced with alanine, formed abnormal elongated shapes and exhibited limited migration and lamellipodia formation. These findings suggest that Girdin is essential for the integrity of the actin cytoskeleton and cell migration and provide a direct link between Akt and cell motility.     

Isoform-specific regulation of adipocyte differentiation by Akt/protein kinase Balpha

The phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase (PI3K)/Akt pathway tightly regulates adipose cell differentiation. Here we show that loss of Akt1/PKBα in primary mouse embryo fibroblast (MEF) cells results in a defect of adipocyte differentiation. Adipocyte differentiation in vitro and ex vivo was restored in cells lacking both Akt1/PKBα and Akt2/PKBβ by ectopic expression of Akt1/PKBα but not Akt2/PKBβ. Akt1/PKBα was found to be the major regulator of phosphorylation and nuclear export of FoxO1, whose presence in the nucleus strongly attenuates adipocyte differentiation. Differentiation-induced cell division was significantly abrogated in Akt1/PKBα-deficient cells, but was restored after forced expression of Akt1/PKBα. Moreover, expression of p27^Kip1, an inhibitor of the cell cycle, was down regulated in an Akt1/PKBα-specific manner during adipocyte differentiation. Based on these data, we suggest that the Akt1/PKBα isoform plays a major role in adipocyte differentiation by regulating FoxO1 and p27^Kip1.     

Conditional knock-out of integrin-linked kinase demonstrates an essential role in protein kinase B/Akt activation

Protein kinase B (PKB/Akt) plays a pivotal role in signaling pathways downstream of phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase, regulating fundamental processes such as cell survival, cell proliferation, differentiation, and metabolism. PKB/Akt activation is regulated by phosphoinositide phospholipid-mediated plasma membrane anchoring and by phosphorylation on Thr-308 and Ser-473. Whereas the Thr-308 site is phosphorylated by PDK-1, the identity of the Ser-473 kinase has remained unclear and controversial. The integrin-linked kinase (ILK) is a potential regulator of phosphorylation of PKB/Akt on Ser-473. Utilizing double-stranded RNA interference (siRNA) as well as conditional knock-out of ILK using the Cre-Lox system, we now demonstrate that ILK is essential for the regulation of PKB/Akt activity. ILK knock-out had no effect on phosphorylation of PKB/Akt on Thr-308 but resulted in almost complete inhibition of phosphorylation on Ser-473 and significant inhibition of PKB/Akt activity, accompanied by significant stimulation of apoptosis. The inhibition of PKB/Akt Ser-473 phosphorylation was rescued by kinase-active ILK but not by a kinase-deficient mutant of ILK, suggesting a role for the kinase activity of ILK in the stimulation of PKB/Akt phosphorylation. ILK knock-out also resulted in the suppression of phosphorylation of GSK-3beta on Ser-9 and cyclin D1 expression. These data establish ILK as an essential upstream regulator of PKB/Akt activation.