不同时间草地火烧后群落地上生物量结构的变化

不同时间草地火烧后,群落地上生物量结构发生不同程度的变化,最明显的是火烧地各层没有立枯体组分,未烧地立枯体随季节推迟逐渐转向下层．火烧地茎矮化,各层段叶生物量皆高于未烧地,未烧地各层段茎叶比例高于火烧地．火烧地的光线通透系数高于未烧地．     

宁夏白芨滩国家级自然保护区地表甲虫群落多样性

2006年7—9月在宁夏白芨滩国家级自然保护区内选取5个不同样地,主要以巴氏罐诱法结合网捕等采集方法对各样地地表甲虫群落组成和多样性变化进行了调查。结果共获得甲虫标本1 896号,分属17科,其中拟步甲科数量最多,占25.58%;叶甲科次之,占20.99%;肖叶甲科、芫菁科和瓢虫科的数量也相对较多,它们共同构成该地区地表甲虫的优势类群。白芨滩样地地表甲虫的物种数和个体数量最丰富;长流水样地的多样性指数、均匀度指数、优势度指数最高;马鞍山样地的物种数、个体数量和与此相应的均匀度指数、多样性指数、丰富度最低。通过聚类分析显示白芨滩样地和大泉样地具有一定程度的相似性,长流水样地与磁窑堡样地相似性程度较高,马鞍山样地与其他4个地点差异最大。表明生境类型差异性与地表甲虫群落的物种多样性和相似性密切相关;荒漠化环境治理使地表甲虫栖息环境的空间异质性增大,从而增加了地表甲虫的多样性。     

Graphical analysis of steady-state kinetic data of multireactant enzymes.

The graphical analysis of steady-state kinetic data according to Eadie-Augustinsson-Hofstee (EAH plot) is illustrated for multisubstrate systems and compared with the double reciprocal plot (Lineweaver-Burk plot) commonly used. It is emphasized that the choice of graphical representation may be of crucial importance when a discrimination between alternative rate laws has to be made. A major advantage of the EAH plot is the high sensitivity to deviations from linearity at low substrate concentrations.     

喜树与南方红豆杉混交群落生活史型谱特征

研究了不同生境条件下喜树和南方红豆杉混交群落中喜树和南方红豆杉的生活史型谱特征。结果表明,喜树和南方红豆杉在S生活史型得分和比例均为0。喜树和南方红豆杉生活史型V主成分得分均以山地2最高,而纯林的生活史型V主成分得分最低,C也表现为山地2最高,而纯林最低。喜树种群的生活史型比例按照从山地、坡地、平地、纯林排序,V型比例逐渐上升而C型比例逐渐下降的趋势,这就构成了混交群落中喜树种群的生活史型谱。南方红豆杉种群的生活史型谱特征,主要表现为山地2和坡地V型比例最小,而C型比例最大,纯林种植中V型比例较高,而以纯林1的V型比例最高,C型比例最小。     

Downhill movement of litter and its implication for ecological studies in three types of forest in Japan

The amount of litter moving down the slope was measured in three types of forest, together with an examination of rain as a factor in bringing this about. The three forest types were a natural mixed stand ofPinus densiflora and hardwood trees (plot A), aCryptomeria japonica plantation (plot S) and aChamaecyparis obtusa plantation (plot H). The amount of moved litter was quite large in plots A and H, but relatively small in plot S. The rain factor had little influence on litter movement in plot A, but was the main cause of movement in plot S and (especially) plot H. It is suggested that measurement of litter input and output not only by traps above ground level, but also by ones on the ground is essential for determining the cycling of elements inC. obtusa forests. It is also suggested that the decomposition of leaf litter should be studied both on the soil surface and in the soil inC. obtusa forests.     

云南松林的枯枝落叶层持水效应初探

 本文通过对天然云南松林采取去除与保留林地枯枝落叶层(即土壤的A0层)的对比试验观测,得到如下结果：去枯与留枯相比较,前者较后者,年平均地表固体径流量高13倍,液体径流量高3.3倍,地表径流系数大3.4倍,云南松林枯枝落叶层的蓄积量及其最大吸水量分别为28.9t／ha和58.7m3／ha．在干季具有枯枝落叶层覆盖的林地土壤含水量始终高于地表裸露的林地,     

火烧及微地貌对高原湿草甸优势种华扁穗草地上部灰分含量及热值的影响

为探讨火烧干扰以及微地貌差异对高原湿草甸植被的影响,以高原湿草甸优势种华扁穗草( Blysmus sinocompressus Tang et F. T. Wang)为研究对象,分别在经历火烧干扰和未烧的湿地中选择平地和地垄作为样地,研究了不同生长期以及不同年份华扁穗草地上部的灰分含量和热值(包括干质量热值和去灰分热值)变化。结果表明：在火烧平地、火烧地垄、未烧平地和未烧地垄4类样地中,不同生长期以及不同年份间华扁穗草地上部的灰分含量和热值均有一定差异。在火烧平地、火烧地垄和未烧平地3类样地中,与生长初期相比,生长旺盛期华扁穗草地上部的灰分含量均降低,其干质量热值和去灰分热值均升高;而在未烧地垄样地中,与生长初期相比,生长旺盛期华扁穗草地上部的灰分含量显著升高,其干质量热值和去灰分热值则均略降低。从样地类型看,在生长旺盛期,平地样地中华扁穗草地上部的灰分含量均低于地垄样地,其干质量热值和去灰分热值均高于地垄样地,其中,其灰分含量在火烧平地样地中最低、在未烧地垄样地中最高;其干质量热值和去灰分热值在火烧地垄样地中均最低、在未烧平地样地中均最高,但总体无显著差异。随时间推移,火烧样地特别是火烧平地样地中华扁穗草地上部的灰分含量增加,而其干质量热值和去灰分热值则有所降低但总体上与未烧样地间无显著差异。总体上看,在火烧样地中,华扁穗草地上部的干质量热值和去灰分热值低于未烧样地;而在平地样地中,其干质量热值和去灰分热值高于地垄样地。研究结果显示：火烧干扰和微地貌差异对华扁穗草地上部的灰分含量和热值均有一定的影响,据此,建议将植物地上部的灰分含量和热值作为高原湿草甸植被优势种响应环境扰动的参考指标。     

逐步聚类法及其应用

本文介绍了一种非等级分类方法——逐步聚类法,并将其应用于翅果油树灌丛的数量分类研究,结果表明：逐步聚类法实现最优分类的目标过程,是依样方组内具有最小的离差平方和。样方组间具有最大的离差平方和为标准,使样方组内具有最大的同质性,样方组间具有最大的异质性,其分类结果与实际情况吻合度较高;其次,逐步聚类法只需计算每个样方到该样方形心的距离,可缩短计算时间和节省计算机内存单元,提高工作效率。 与模糊c—均值聚类和TWINSPAN结果相比,逐步聚类的结果类似于模糊c—均值聚类,即样方组内具有较高的同质性;在不要求分类结果具有明显上下级关系的前提下,逐步聚类结果要优于TWINSPAN。     

The influence of sample plot size on evaluations with Ellenberg indicator values

The effect of plot size was tested on heterogeneous and homogeneous data sets that were obtained by sampling grassland and forest vegetation on plots differing in size. Mean EIV for relevés revealed no differences among data sets from various plot sizes or between homogeneous and heterogeneous data sets. This is probably due to a similar indicator value for species newly occurring in plots with increasing plot size. Using EIV is thus a robust method even for data sets associated with wide range of plot sizes.     

松嫩草原不同时间火烧后群落特征的变化

松嫩草原早春火烧后,种类密度、物种多样性和丰富度增高,均匀度降低;晚春火烧后则相反．无论是早春火烧还是晚春火烧．群落高度降低,但晚烧更低．火烧能刺激羊草生长活力,晚烧作用更明显．火烧后,羊草叶产量增高,叶茎比例以晚烧地为最高．早烧后,群落地下现存量增多,晚烧相反．     

恢复措施对退化草地羊草种群有性生殖数量特征的影响

在封育和翻耙处理的退化羊草草地上,对羊草种群有性生殖的数量特征进行了比较研究．结果表明,翻耙样地羊草种群密度下降显著,生殖蘖密度变化不显著,生殖蘖穗长、节间长、生殖生长比率、穗节数、小穗数、小花数、饱满籽实数和结实率都有显著增长,籽实产量、净籽实重和千粒重分别是封育样地的2．68、3．49和1．3倍．在翻耙样地中,羊草种群发育有复小穗的生殖蘖比封育样地多16％,生殖蘖上复小穗的数量也显著增加,生殖蘖以相对少的小穗,生产了较多的小花和更多的籽实来提高种群的籽实产量．两个样地中羊草种群的生物量生殖分配在种群对生殖蘖RA1、生殖蘖对穗序RA4、穗序对籽实RA6 3个层次上无显著差异,而种群对穗序RA2、生殖蘖对籽实RA5的生殖分配差异显著,种群对籽实RA3的生殖分配差异极显著．     

福建长汀重建植被马尾松与木荷光合特性比较

比较了福建长汀水土流失区重建植被措施治理后,2个不同恢复程度生境中的马尾松(Pinus massoniana)与木荷(Schima superba)光合特性季节变化及日进程,结果表明:(1)马尾松净光合速率(Pn)具有明显的季节变化特征,其中恢复程度较低生境(样地Ⅰ)马尾松Pn最大值出现在秋季,恢复程度较高生境(样地Ⅱ)马尾松Pn春季最大,秋季次之;样地Ⅱ马尾松Pn日均值冬季显著低于样地Ⅰ(P<0.05),春季极显著高于样地Ⅰ(P<0.01),反映出样地Ⅱ马尾松抵御低温胁迫的能力强于样地Ⅰ马尾松.(2)样地Ⅰ和样地Ⅱ木荷Pn季节变化趋势一致,最大值均出现在夏季,且样地Ⅱ木荷Pn高于样地Ⅰ;此外,样地Ⅱ木荷Pn秋季仍维持在较高水平.说明重建植被措施治理后,木荷在恢复程度较高生境中生长良好.(3)根据气孔导度、胞间CO2浓度和气孔限制值的变化方向判断,夏季和秋季样地Ⅰ马尾松与木荷Pn主要受气孔因素影响,8:00后呈缓慢下降趋势,显示在长期较为恶劣的生境条件下,马尾松与木荷已形成一种趋同的生理生态适应机制,即通过气孔调节限制蒸腾失水,但这种适应是以降低光合速率为代价的,这也是样地Ⅰ马尾松与木荷生长缓慢的一个重要原因.(4)同一生境,木荷Pn与蒸腾速率(Tr)均明显高于马尾松,尤其样地Ⅱ2树种间的差异更显著,表明重建植被措施实施后,生态恢复程度较高生境中,木荷生长、竞争优势强于马尾松.     

Ligand-receptor interaction. Klotz-Hunston problem for two classes of binding sites and its solution

The problem of the affinity and quantity determination of two classes of binding sites for ligand-receptor interaction using either Scatchard or Klotz plots was considered. Klotz and Hunston previously solved this problem only for the case of a representation of experimental data using the Scatchard plot. Since their publication, it was the common view that only the use of the Scatchard plot allows solving this problem. However, in some cases, using the Klotz plot is more convenient for a representation of experimental data concerning ligand-receptor interaction, though usually, this plot was used only for the evaluation of receptor affinity with one class of binding sites. In the present paper, it was demonstrated that Klotz plot also could be used for the evaluation affinity and quantity of two classes of binding sites.     

择伐对吉林蛟河阔叶红松林群落结构及动态的影响

科学的森林经营能够优化林分结构,是调控森林生产力和生物多样性的有效手段。择伐作为森林经营的重要方式之一,其对森林结构以及群落动态的影响一直未有定论,因此迫切需要利用更加全面的数据对择伐及伐后林分特征的变化进行长期监测。根据森林大样地建立规范,2010年在吉林蛟河建立了42hm~2阔叶红松林动态监测样地,2011年冬季截取部分面积进行择伐经营,以经营样地为研究对象,运用数值变量描述采伐活动并分析择伐前后群落结构的变化;同时结合2015年的二次调查数据,以立地条件基本一致的对照样地为参照,比较林分水平和物种水平上死亡率、更新率的差异,并利用线性混合效应模型探究择伐活动对个体径向生长的影响。研究结果显示:经营样地的择伐强度为5.4%,受采伐干扰影响较大的物种主要包括色木槭、白牛槭、裂叶榆、胡桃楸、千金榆、水曲柳以及紫椴,采伐主要集中于林冠层树种,亚林层和灌木层个体很少涉及。择伐前后物种组成、径级结构等并未发生明显改变。5年间,经营样地和对照样地的林分密度都降低,对比对照样地,经营样地的死亡率较低,但其更新状况并未优于对照样地。从胸高断面积来看,经营样地整体的年平均生长量高于对照样地,表明择伐导致的稀疏对个体生长和存活起到了一定的促进作用。将采伐强度纳入线性混合效应模型中分析发现,胸径始终是影响个体生长的最重要因素,其次是树木个体之间的非对称竞争;采伐所涉及到的7个主要树种的年平均生长量均高于对照样地,但仅有紫椴的径向生长表现出对采伐干扰的显著响应。综合来看,低强度择伐对群落结构和动态的影响较小,不同物种的径向生长对择伐的响应存在一定差异。     

Influence of a deer carcass on Coleopteran diversity in a Scandinavian boreal forest: a preliminary study

We tested the effect of a large ungulate carcass on boreal forest biodiversity by contrasting the local abundance and diversity of Coleoptera around a roe deer Capreolus capreolus carcass and in a control plot, between 8 August and 3 September 2003, in southern Norway. The two plots differed both in occurrence and richness of species, which were almost double at the carcass plot, although the diversity indices were similar. The higher evenness of the control plot compensated for its lower number of species, probably because the carcass plot was a disturbed area, colonized by many species, which were represented by few individuals. The number of beetles captured each day correlated positively with temperature at the control plot, but not at the carcass plot, indicating that the presence of an abundant and concentrated resource increased the local activity of Coleoptera. The carcass is likely to create a particular microclimate, which could partly buffer against extremes of air-temperature variation. These preliminary results indicate that ungulate carcasses have a significant ecological impact, which should be further investigated to improve the management and restoration of European boreal forest ecosystems.     

长白山阔叶红松林表层土壤水分空间异质性的地统计学分析

采用时域反射仪对长白山原始阔叶红松林3块50 m×50 m样地表层土壤（0～7.5 cm）水分进行测定,应用地统计学的理论与方法对表层土壤水分的空间异质性进行分析.结果表明：研究区3块样地表层土壤水分变异系数分别为24.32%（样地1）、24.11%（样地2）和23.60%（样地3）,均属于中等变异性;该区表层土壤水分的理论变异模型为球状模型,具有高度的空间异质性,其空间异质性以空间自相关部分为主;表层土壤水分的结构比分别为57.9%（样地1,属中等相关性）、83.3%和90.0%（样地2和3,属强烈的空间相关性）;研究区表层土壤水分的变程在5.5～13.1 m,与贝叶斯方法估计的变程相差不大;通过克立格插值估计,研究区表层土壤水分含量的平均值分别为49.3%（样地1）、52.8%（样地2）和42.6%（样地3）.     

snp.plotter: an R-based SNP/haplotype association and linkage disequilibrium plotting package

snp.plotter is a newly developed R package which produces high-quality plots of results from genetic association studies. The main features of the package include options to display a linkage disequilibrium (LD) plot below the P-value plot using either the r2 or D' LD metric, to set the X-axis to equal spacing or to use the physical map of markers, and to specify plot labels, colors, symbols and LD heatmap color scheme. snp.plotter can plot single SNP and/or haplotype data and simultaneously plot multiple sets of results. R is a free software environment for statistical computing and graphics available for most platforms. The proposed package provides a simple way to convey both association and LD information in a single appealing graphic for genetic association studies. AVAILABILITY: Downloadable R package and example datasets are available at http://cbdb.nimh.nih.gov/~kristin/snp.plotter.html and http://www.r-project.org.     

牛脑V型质子转运ATP酶复合体依赖于温度的活性变化

在ＫＣｌ介质中牛脑Ｖ－型质子转运ＡＴＰ酶复合体活力温度的Ａｒｒｈｅｎｉｕｓ图在３３℃附近呈现明显的折点,同样做其Ｎ－［１－芘］马来酰亚胺（Ｎ－［１－Ｐ］Ｍ）的荧光－温度的Ａｒｒｈｅｎｉｕｓ图,发现其折点温度也为３３℃,当加入１００μｍｏｌ／ＬＮＥＭ（Ｎ－ｅｔｈｙｌｍａｌｅｉｍｉｄｅ）,ＡＴＰ酶复合体活力部分被抑制后的Ａｒｒｈｅｎｉｕｓ图折点下降为２７℃,加入０．７５－０．８５ｍｏｌ／Ｌ尿素则活力的Ａｒｒｈｅｎｉｕｓ图的折点变为３０℃。加入６％（Ｖ／Ｖ）的乙醇后,活力的Ａｒｒｈｅｎｉｕｓ图的折点上升为３８℃。加入ＮＥＭ,尿素和乙醇的内源荧光和Ｎ－［１－Ｐ］Ｍ标记的荧光测定,表明它们确实引起了牛脑Ｖ－型质子转运复合体构象的改变,这表明引起构象变化配基的加入,可改变牛脑Ｖ－型质子转运ＡＴＰ酶复合体的Ａｒｒｈｅｎｉｕｓ图折点温度,也说明牛脑Ｖ－型质子转运ＡＴＰ酶复合体Ａｒｒｈｅｎｉｕｓ图折点与酶复合体的构象直接相关。     

有序样方聚类在植被垂直划分中的应用

 本文介绍一种非等级分类方法——有序样方聚类法,并将其应用于山西绵山植被垂直带的划分,结果为：1,落叶阔叶林带(包含3个亚带：Ⅰ．落叶阔叶灌丛亚带,Ⅱ．松栎林亚带,Ⅲ．落叶阔叶林亚带),2．寒温性针叶林带和3,亚高山草甸带。基于黄金分割法(或Fisher’s法)的有序样方聚类法,是按照样方在空间(或时间)先后出现的序号和组内相似性最大,组间相似性最小的标准,对样方进行分类,因此,所得结果是最优的。与TWINSPAN的结果比较,在绵山植被遭到严重扰动的情况下,有序样方聚类要优于TWINSPAN。     

Detecting spatial patterns in species composition with multiple plot similarity coefficients and singularity measures

Recently, several multiple plot similarity indices have been presented that cure some of the problems associated with the approaches for the calculation of compositional similarity for groups of plots by averaging pairwise similarities. These new indices calculate the similarity between more than two plots whilst considering the species composition on all compared plots. The resulting similarity value is true for the whole group of plots considered (called neighborhood in the following). Here, we review the possibilities for multiple plot similarity calculation and additionally explore coefficients that examine multiple plot similarity between a reference plot (named focal plot in the following) and any number of surrounding plots. The latter represent measures of singularity. Further, we establish a framework for applying these two kinds of multiple plot measures to gridded data including an algorithm for testing the significance of calculated values against random expectations. The capability of multiple plot measures for detecting species compositional gradients and local/regional hotspots within this framework is tested. For this purpose, several artificial data sets with known gradients in species composition (random, gradient, central hotspot, hotspot bottom right) are constructed on the basis of a real data set from a Tundra ecosystem in northern Sweden (Abisko). The coefficients that best reflect the positions of the plots on the realized gradients in species composition are considered as performing best with regard to pattern detection. The tested measures of multiple plot similarity and singularity produced considerably different results when applied to one real and 4 artificial data sets. The newly proposed symmetric singularity coefficient has the best overall performance which makes it suitable for local/regional hotspot detection and for incorporating local to regional similarity analyses in reserve selection procedures.