The therapeutic effect of cortisone,somatotrophic hormone,and hesperedin methyl chalcone in suppressing experimental moniliasis in mice

Summary Female mice infected with moniliasis and treated with a mixture of cortisone, somatotrophic hormone, and hesperedin methyl chalcone showed a marked reduction in the severity of the infection; male mice similarly infected and treated were apparently unaffected. Factors such as the severity of the infection, sex of the animal, and particular doses and proportions used in influencing the response of the infected animal to this mixture are discussed.This paper is part of a study supported by Contract No. NONR 717(00) between the Office of Naval Research, Department of the Navy, and The Creighton University.A preliminary report of this study was presented before the 64th annual meeting of the Nebraska Academy of Sciences (Scherr, 1954b).     

Discussion: McCulloch-Pitts and related neural nets from 1943 to 1989

The McCulloch-Pitts paper “A Logical Calculus of the Ideas Immanent in Nervous Activity” was published in theBulletin of Mathematical Biophysics in 1943, a decade before the work of Hodgkin, Huxley, Katz and Eccles. The McCulloch-Pitts neuron is an extremely simplified representation of neural properties, based simply on the existence of a threshold for the activation of an action potential. This work has been supported in part by Grants from the University of Chicago Brain Research Foundation, and the U.S. Department of the Navy, Office of Naval Research (Grant No. N 00014-89J-1099).     

The effect of hormones on experimental moniliasis in mice

Summary By inoculating testosterone or estradiol alone and in combination with cortisone and somatotrophic hormone into male and female mice infected with moniliasis, it was shown that these sex hormones play a major role in modifying the course of the infection in these animals. The use of testosterone indicated that it had a marked synergistic activity with cortisone in enhancing the severity of the infection for both sexes. In addition, a mixture of testosterone and cortisone inoculated into normal mice at dosage levels which displayed no toxic effect when either agent was used alone, displayed a marked toxicity for male animals.These data also support the contention that the sex of the animal plays a major role in governing the response of normal or infected animals treated with cortisone and/or somatotrophic hormones.The possible implication of these data clinically is discussed.This paper is part of a study supported by Contract No. NONR 717(00) between the Office of Naval Research, Department of the Navy, and the Creighton University.A preliminary report of this work has been presented (Scherr, 1954a).     

longitudinal diffusion along the nephron during stop flow

A mathematical analysis is presented which shows that during stop flow experiments longitudinal diffusion of solute along the nephron is of too small a magnitude to interfere with the interpretation of data. This work was supported in part by contract NONR 595(17) with the Office of Naval Research, U.S. Navy.     

歼击飞行员飞行应激对同型半胱氨酸和皮质醇的影响

目的:探讨南部战区某旅歼击飞行员血清皮质醇(COR)和同型半胱氨酸(Hcy)联合检测的意义。方法:对歼击飞行员(A组)、地方健康体检人员(B组)、部队考学战士(C组)、空军地勤人员(C组)的血清COR、Hcy水平进行两两比较,通过Kruskal-Wallis统计学方法处理分析。结果:B组人员COR水平比A组、C组、D组人员低,差异有统计学意义(P<0.05);C组人员Hcy水平比A组、B组、D组人员高,差异有统计学意义(P<0.05)。结论:经常性的飞行训练可增强飞行员分泌激素的适应性,在航空保健工作中,COR联合Hcy监测及动态观察对保障飞行员的健康和飞行安全,提高部队战斗力具有一定的意义。     

On the use of hansen frequencies for estimating rates of behavior

When the occurrence of a behavior is governed by aPoisson process over time, then the mean rate of behavior can be estimated usingHansen frequencies, which record whether the behavior has occurred at least once or not at all in each of several time periods. Here this estimate of the mean rate of behavior, based onHansen frequencies, is compared with the usual estimate, and its properties as an estimate of the mean rate of behavior are discussed in cases where the behavior is not governed by aPoisson process.This research was supported in part by Navy Grant N00014-67-A-0285-0009 to the Department of Statistics, University of Chicago, and by a grant from the Alfred P. Sloan Foundation to the Department of Theoretical Biology.     

Steady-state diffusion through a finite pore into an infinite reservoir: An exact solution

An outline is given of an analysis that leads to an exact solution for the problem of steady-state diffusion through a finite thick pore into an infinite region surrounding the mouth of the pore. From this exact formula a simple expression for the flux is derived. This expression approximates the flux with a relative error of less than 3.42 per cent independently of the ratiol/a wherel is the length of the pore anda its radius. If desired, more accurate expressions for the flux can be obtained from the exact solution. This research was supported in part by Contract Nonr 595(17), Office of Naval Research, U.S. Navy.     

A phasic-tonic proprioceptor in the telson of the crayfish Procambarus clarki (Girard)

Summary A proprioceptor in the telson of the crayfish Procambarus clarki was found, which is made up of about five units. These show range fractionation, i.e. different threshold distributions and their response to bending of the telson has a transient and a stationary component. The peak frequencies reached during the period of the transient component were shown to increase with increasing bending velocity and had — with the exception of one case — the highest values when extension (contrary to flexion) was imposed. The position characteristic discharge frequencies of the stationary component and their variation with different telson positions were considerably smaller. The receptor signals movement and position to the central nervous system and is therefore called a phasictonic one.I am grateful to Prof. Dr. T. H. Bullock for his hospitality and interest in this work and also want to thank Mr. John W. Thorson for many constructive discussions. This work was aided by grants from the U.S. Public Health Service, National Science Foundation and Office of Naval Research to Prof. Dr. T. H. Bullock.     

Mouse mammary cells ind-valine medium

Summary Cells of a mouse mammary epithelial cell line as well as fibroblasts from a mouse mammary explant were severely inhibited from proliferating in a medium in whichd-valine was substituted forl-valine. After the first few days ind-valine medium, the number of epithelial cells did not increase despite the fact that a few percent continued to synthesize DNA. The cells did recognize the presence of thed-valine in the medium because cells ind-valine increased in volume and their numbers remained stationary, whereas cells without valine shrank and the cell numbers decreased with time. The NMuMG cells were obtained from Mr. Robert Owens and were produced with support from the National Cancer Institute, Biological Carcinogenesis Branch, Division of Cancer Cause and Prevention under the auspices of the Office of Naval Research and the Regents of the University of California. This project was funded by the National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, MD, Contract N01-CB-74094.     

Algal photosynthesis at increased hydrostatic pressure and constant pO2

Summary Rates of oxygen evolution, ¹⁴CO₂ uptake, and growth were measured in several species of algae and diatoms exposed to hydrostatic pressures up to 600 atm. All of the parameters measured decreased approximately linearly with increased pressure over the range tested. Oxygen evolution appears to be less sensitive to increased pressure than CO₂ fixation or growth.This paper was supported by Office of Naval Research Contract No. 00014-67-A-0387-0008 and intramural research grants from the University of Hawaii.This work is taken in part from a thesis to be submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy in the Department of Microbiology, University of Hawaii.     

Tissue culture of an ameloblastoma

Summary Explants of a highly differentiated type of ameloblastoma from the lower jaw of a 44-year-old white female were cultivated in roller tubes.Epithelial elements of squamous type which formed widespread sheets accounted for the major part of the outgrowth from such explants although fibroblastic cells sometimes were present.The epithelial cells were similar in structure and behaviour to those obtained from culture of the enamel organ although in some respects, such as the vigorous movement of undulating membranes, pinocytosis and the formation of perinuclear vacuoles, the tumor cells showed much more activity than those of normal tissue from the enamel organ.The tendency of emigration of the epithelial elements was shown by histological examination of the explants which were kept floating in the fluid medium.This investigation was supported by the Medical Research and Development Board, Office of the Surgeon General, Department of the Army, under Contract Nos. DA-49-007 -MD-447 and DA-49-007-MD-32 administered by Doctors T. G. Blocker, Jr. and C. M. PO-merat respectively.     

Fluorometric determination of octopamine in tissue homogenates by high-performance liquid chromatography

A rapid, sensitive method for quantitative determination of octopamine (a biogenic amine found in both vertebrate and invertebrate nervous tissue) has been developed using reversed-phase high-performance liquid chromatography. The biogenic amine is extracted with perchloric acid from tissue homogenates and derivatized witho-phthalaldehyde (OPT) prior to chromatography. Separation of the fluorescent octopamine-OPT adduct from other biogenic amines was achieved using a Bondapak C₁₈ reversed-phase column and isocratic elution with a methanol-(0.08 mol/liter) acetic acid (5050 by vol, pH 2.9) mobile phase. A variable wavelength fluorometer with an 8-l flow cell was used for detection (excitation 340 nm, 418 nm secondary filter). Linearity ranged from 500 pg to 30 ng injected onto the column. Recovery of internal standard added to tissue homogenates averaged 65.4% with a standard deviation of 3.1%. The method has been used for the determination of octopamine in ganglia ofAplysia californica.This work was supported by the Naval Medical Research and Development Command, National Naval Medical Center, Department of the Navy, Research Task No. ZF51.524.023.1007. The opinions and statements contained herein are the private ones of the authors and are not to be construed as official or reflecting the views of the Navy Department or the Naval Service at large.     

Researches on Leptospirosis ballum

Summary A case of an accidental human infection caused byLeptospira ballum, following a superficial scratch on a finger of the patient while handling a white mouse is described. This mouse proved to be a urinary carrier ofLeptospira ballum.Further investigations revealed that practically all mice of the same colony voidedLeptospira ballum with the urine.On examination of other mice-breeding colonies another colony infected withL. ballum was detected; in 1941 a strain which later also proved to beL. ballum, was isolated from the urine of a white mouse.The various strains were analysed; they were serologically identical toBorg Petersen's type strain although the virulence for guinea-pigs was much less.Mice from aL. ballum-positive colony proved to have no immunity to infection with virulentL. icterohaemorrhagiae, but — with one exception — remained alive and became carriers ofL. icterohaemorrhagiae, whilstL. ballum could not be detected any more in the urine of these mice.     

Fine structure of cilia in rat cerebral cortex

Summary Cilia have been demonstrated on granular neurons and astroglial cells in the fascia dentata, a part of the hippocampal region, in the rat. Every granular cell seems to possess one cilium, which shows an 8+1 pattern in the greater part of its length. This 8+1 pattern is shown to result from the displacement of one peripheral doublet of a 9+0 cilium into the middle of the cilium. The neuronal cilia have a two-centriole basal organization, and fine rootlets radiate from the basal body proper into the cytoplasm. The possible function and significance of these cilia are discussed on the basis of earlier literature.This study was supported in part by Grant NB 02215 of The National Institute of Neurological Diseases and Blindness, U.S. Public Health Service, in part by The Norwegian Research Council for Science and the Humanities. This aid is gratefully acknowledged. I am greatly indebted to Dr. Th. Blackstad for encouragement and advice during this study, to Mrs. J. L. Vaaland, Mr. B. V. Johansen and Mr. E. Risnes for technical assistance, and to Dr. B. Afzelius for valuable discussions.     

Comparative media studies in the isolation ofCandida albicans from pregnant women

Summary Rice agar and corn meal agar, with and without Tween 80, were evaluated clinically as directly inoculable selective and differential media for the isolation ofC. albicans from vulvovaginal specimens taken from pregnant women. Chlamydospore formation on these media was investigated as a criterion for the identification ofC. albicans.Of 301 patients cultured, 118 (39.2 %) gave positive cultures for yeast-like fungi of the genusCandida. Of 118 strains for which fermentation patterns were determined, 69 (58.5 %) gave the pattern forC. albicans. Of these, 56 (81.1 %) formed chlamydospores.Tween 80 was found to exert a very stimulating influence on chlamydospore production. Rice agar with Tween 80 appeared to be the most efficient medium for eliciting chlamydospores. However, since strains of 4 out of 6 species ofCandida isolated were found to sporulate it was concluded that chlamydospore formation is not a reliable criterion for the speciation ofC. albicans.Each of the 4 media served satisfactorily as a directly inoculable selective medium for the isolation of yeast-like fungi of the genusCandida from vulvovaginal specimens. None of the media appeared to preferentially stimulate chlamydospore production inC. albicans.Dr.Smith is Associate Professor in the Department of Microbiology; Dr.Taubert is a Fellow in the Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology; Mr.Towns is Laboratory Assistant in the Department of Microbiology.Supported in part by a grant from the Lederle Medical Faculty Awards Committee and in part by United States Public Health Service Grant E-3068.     

Ribosomal ribonucleic acids of cultured cells: A preliminary survey of differences among mammalian species detectable by polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis

Summary Ribosomal ribonucleic acids (rRNA's) of cultured cells from various species were compared by polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. Electrophoretic mobility of the 28 S RNA component varied according to species. Human cell 28 S rRNA was distinguishable from that of monkey cells. The mobility of chimpanzee 28 S rRNA was identical to that from human cells, but different from that of monkey cells. Cat, goat, and swine cell 28 S rRNA's were distinguishable from one another and from both human and monkey cell rRNA's. The mobilities of bovine, rabbit, rat, hamster, and mouse cell 28 S rRNA's were virtually identical to that from monkey cells. No apparent correlation existed between the mobility of 28 S rRNA and the currently accepted phylogenetic position of the donors. Normal cells, tumor cells, and virus-infected cells from the same species did not differ, but in some instances embryonic and adult cells were distinguishable. The 18 S rRNA components did not show variations comparable to those of the 28 S rRNA components. This work was supported by the Office of Naval Research and the Bureau of Medicine and Surgery, United States Navy, under a contract between the Office of Naval Research and the Regents of the University of California.     

Outgrowth of dentinal fibers observed in tissue culture

Summary In hanging-drop cultures of dental pulp of the permanent canines and molars of newborn kittens, outgrowth of dentinal fibers from the outer surface of young dentin was observed when the enamel organ was removed.The outgrowth started soon after explantation and the fibers reached a considerable length in a short period of time.Outgrowing fibers were not ramified, but usually showed a knot near their distal end.The potency of growth at the peripheral end of the dentinal fibers was positively established.This investigation was supported by the Medical Research and Development Board, Office of the Surgeon General, Department of the Army, under Contract Nos. DA-49-007-MD-447 and DA-49-007-MD-32, administered by Doctors T. G. Blocker, jr. and C. M. Pomerat respectively.     

Rhesus monkey micro mixed lymphocyte and mitogen reactivity: Optimal conditions and normal variability

Optimal conditions for the rhesus monkey micro mixed lymphocyte system with multiple automated harvesting of samples were evaluated. Parameters studied were cell concentration, length of culture period, methods of inactivation of cell populations, supplementation of media, type of culture plates, and changes in the reactivity of cells from individual animals over an extended time period. This work was supported in part by Portland Veterans Administration Hospital, Portland, Oregon, and the General Research Support Branch of the U.S. Public Health Service Grant RR00163, the Bureau of Medicine and Surgery, Navy Department, Work Unit No. M4318. 01.007ABG2. The opinions or assertions contained herein are the private ones of the authors and are not to be construed as official or reflecting the views of the U.S. Navy Department or the Naval service at large. The animals used in this study were handled in accordance with the provisions of Public Law 89–54 as amended by Public Law 91–579, “Animal Welfare Act of 1970,” and the principles outlined in the “Guide for the Care of Laboratory Animals,” U.S. Department of Health, Education, and Welfare Publication No. (NIH) 73-23.     

Notes on the vegetation of the Bougainville Peninsula,Osborn and Institut Islands,North Kimberley District,Western Australia

The Bougainville Peninsula is formed of basalt capped with mesaform remnants of a bauxitic duricrust. On the plateau so formed there is little soil and the vegetation comprises scattered stunted eucalypts with grasses and hummock grasses or an understorey of Acacia and other shrubs. Locally there are patches of woodland of Eucalyptus nesophila and E. miniata. On the basalt country below the plateau there is deciduous vine thicket in the less accessible parts, a patchy mixture of vine thicket and savanna elsewhere including communities of vine thicket with scattered emergent eucalypts. The Osborn Islands are similar except that the mesaform capping is generally of sandstone. It is concluded that fire is the principal factor regulating the balance between vine thicket and savanna. Up to 40 years ago the area was populated by aborigines and regularly burnt off but this has now ceased so that colonisation by vine thicket is in progress, in spite of the low rainfall of the area.These authors are indebted to the Amax Exploration Company for providing helicopter transport to the localities concerned and for approval to publish this paper: also to the staff of the Western Australian Herbarium, Mr M. I. Brooker, Mr J. Macorochie and Dr V. Semeniuk for the identification of botanical specimens.This author is indebted to the Department of Defence (Navy Office) for permission to join a naval patrol boat. The assistance of Lieutenants J. Wells, R. Gates and the crew of HMAS Attack is gratefully acknowledged. The co-operation of Mr T. P. Farrell (CRA Services) and the Mitchell Plateau Bauxite Company for providing helicopter transport is also appreciated.     

Laute und Lauterzeugung beim Süsswassertrommler Aplodinotus grunniens Rafinesque (Sciaenidae,Pisces)

Ohne ZusammenfassungDie Untersuchungen wurden im Sommer 1959 während eines sechsmonatigen Aufenthaltes in den USA durchgeführt und durch Mittel ermöglicht, die Prof. Hasler von Seiten des Office of Naval Research zur Verfügung standen.